A & P I 2018 Chapter 6

apocrine sweat glands

Axillary, Anal, areolar, and pubic regions

Sex hormones

Sebaceous glands are activated by _______ during puberty in both sexes

external acoustic meatus

a function of cerumen is to lubricate the?

visual identification

color and density of hairs of scalp is specific to what hair function?

texture; pigmentation

differences in hair density are due primarily to difference in its _____ and _____.

Cholecalciferol

keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ______ when exposed to UV radiation.

collagen; dermis

lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin identify the predominant orientation of _____ fiber bundles in the __________.

merocrine sweat glands

most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are?

keratinocytes; keratin

the most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called _____.

corneum

the stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.

Cyst

A fluid filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful and can lead to scarring is what type of acne lesion?

blood vessels

A hemangioma is congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to _______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

Comedo

A sebaceous glands duct plagued with sebum is what type of acne lesion?

Regeneration; fibrosis

Damaged tissue are normally repaired in one of two ways: ________ and _____________.

merocrine sweat glands

Distributed throughout the body

Nucleus

During the process of keratinization, the _____ and organelles of the cell disintegrate and the cells start to die.

transdermal

the delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.

Sweat; sebaceous

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ____ glands, ______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

Holocene; sebum

Sebaceous glands are classified as ____ glands that discharge an oily, each secretion called _____.

Pustule

Some shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria is what type of acne lesion?

Secretion, thermoregulation, and protection

The 3 major functions of merocrine sweat glands are what?

Papillary

The _____ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.

Reticular layer

The _____ of the dermis forms the deeper, major portion of the dermis and extends from the papillary layer to the underlying subcutaneous layer.

keratin

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein _______.

Reticular; subcutaneous

The connective tissue fibers of the _____ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

Distribution of nerve fibers

The dermis of the skin has an extensive innervation, which refers to the?

dermal papillae

The epidermal ridges interdigitate with the?

All

The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of _____ tissue types. A) 2, b) 3, c) all

Stratum basale

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the?

subcutaneous

The main functions of the ______ layer -provides thermal insulation, protects the body, and acts as an energy reservoir

Stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the?

Collagen

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ______

Deep; superficial

The reticular layer is ____ and the papillary layer is ______.

Proteins; lipids

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ____ and ____ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct and noticeable odor.

Sweat; sebaceous

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands: _____ glands and _____ glands.

Epidermis; dermis

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the ____ and the ______.

Hypodermis

The subcutaneous layer is also know as the ______ or superficial fascia.

Epidermis; dermis

The two distinct layers of the integumentary consist of a layer of stratified squamous epithelium called the ______ and a deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue called the _______.

Merocrine; apocrine

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are _____ sweat glands, and ______ sweat glands.

Coreum, granulosum, spinosum

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep these layers are stratum ______, stratum _______, stratum ________ and stratum basale.

Epidermis; subcutaneous

Third-degree burns involve the _____, dermis, _____ layer. Which often are destroyed.

True

True or false: skin cancer can develop in people of any age.

True

True or false: the epidermis and dermis together secrete and absorb materials and play a role in immunity.

False

True or false: there are two major regions of the dermis: a superficial reticular layer and a deeper papillary layer.

Collagen; striae

When the skin is stretched beyond its capacity, some ____ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______.

albinism

____ is an ingerited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional.

periderm

_____ - layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium.

thin

______ covers most of the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

perpendicular

______ cute to the lines of cleavage often results in slow healing and increased scarring.

vernix caseosa

______- waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells.

mesenchyme

_______ - layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis.

pressure, vibration, cold

amount the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are? (what three things)

stop

as a result of the aging process, hair follicles can actually ______ production of hairs.

sebaceous glands

associated with hair follicles over much of the skin

heat retention

blanket of thick hair on scalp is specific to what hair function?

lanugo; vellus; terminal

during our lives, we produce three kinds of hair; _____, ______, and _____ hair.

granulosum and spinosum

epidermal dendritic cells are found in which two strata?

fingerprints

friction ridges are used as forensic tools because they can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces commonly called?

melanin; melanin

gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ______ production within the hair follicle, while white hair signifies the lack of _____ entirely.

sensory reception

hair root plexuses is specific to what hair function?

epidermal dendritic

immune cells found in the epidermis are called what type of cells?

dendritic

in addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal _____ cells which help to fight infection.

3-5

in first degree burns, the healing time averages about ____ days, and typically no scarring results.

edges; pathogens

in the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ______ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of _______ into the body.

a freckle is an area of excessive melanocyte activity. a nervus is caused by an increase in melanocyte numbers

in what important way does a freckle differ from a nervus.

hemoglobin

normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin and carotene.

stem; basale

repetitive mechanical stresses applied to the integument stimulate mitotic activity in the _____ cells of the stratum.

protection

scalp hair covers the scalp and shields it from sunburn and injury is what specific function of hair?

tactile cells

scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. these sensory cells are called ________.

epidermis; dermis

second-degree burns involve the _____ and part of the ______.

strata; thickness

skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters: the number of epidermal _____ in the epidermis and the relative ______ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the enter integument.

hair; exocrine; nerve

some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage; these include ____ follicles, _____ glands, nerve cells, and muscle fibers.

Spinosum

After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum _____ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.

Nodule

Can be prone to scarring is what type of acne lesion?

Port wine; blood vessels

Carvernous hemangiomas, sometimes called _____ stains, involve large dermal _____ and may last a lifetime.

Stratified squamous

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ ______ epithelium.

ceruminous glands

External acoustic meatus

Thick

Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ____ skin.

mammary glands

Glands associated with the Breast

Vasodilate; close

If the body is too warm, the dermal blood vessels ____ so more blood can travel _____ to the surface and excess can be lost.

granulosum

In the layer of the epidermis called stratum _____, the process of keratinization begins.

Corneum

In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum _____

4

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about _____ weeks

Collagen

Lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of _____ fiber bundles.

root

the hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair _____.

stratum basale

the layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the?

apocrine

the mammary glands of the breast are modified ______ sweat glands.

thick skin

the stratum lucidum is found only in _________.

granulation tissue

the vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called?

true

true or false in albinism, they have melanocytes but they aren't functional

false

true or false: Melanin plays a role in vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity.

true

true or false: all of us have about the same number of melanocytes, but we differ in the amount of melanin produced.

true

true or false: all people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.

false

true or false: in albinism, the individual usually has white hair, pale skin and pink irises because they dont have melanocytes

decrease/less

vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels _____, so relatively _____ blood can travel through them.

skin, liver, kidney

what three organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?

scar; fibrosis

when part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with _____ tissue. this process is known as _____.

basal cell carcinoma

which type of skin cancer originates in stratum basale?

keratinization

within the stratum granulosum begins a process called?