A & P II - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

What actions does the Nervous System cause in the body? What specifically does the Endocrine System affects?

1. Secretion of Glands and muscles to contract. 2. Metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, virtually all body tissues.

Define: 1. Permissive effect 2.Synergistic effect 3. Antagonistic effect

1. hormone doesn't interfere with another. 2. hormone enhances another hormone. 3. hormone interferes with another hormone.

How much supply does the thyroid stores? T3/T4 contains what?

100. days 3 and 4 ions.

The Adenohypphysis is how much of the gland? Neurohypophysis?

3/4. 1/4

What glands are located superior to kidneys? Name the parts of the gland.

Adrenal Glands. Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla

Water Soluble Hormones:

Amines, Peptides, Proteins, Glycoproteins, Eicosanoids.

Name the front and back part of the pituitary gland

Anterior Pituitary Gland/ adenohypophysis. Posterior Pituitary / neurohypophysis

how do Water Soluble Hormones get the message to the cell?

Bind to receptors outside the cell --> sends first message of Hormone ---> hormone turns on second messenger, cyclic AMP ---> releases inside cell ---> Cyclic AMP activates enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions.

What are the cells in the parathyroid? what do they produce?

Chief(PTH) and oxyphil (Unknown)

Local or Long distance Travel: --Circulating or Endocrine Hormones? -Paracrines? -Autocrines?

Circulating or endocrine are hormones that travel to organs at a long distance. Paracrines :are local distance hormones that travel to adjacent cells Autocrines: Hormones that work on themselves.

hormones that stimulate cell growth and division?

EGF, PDGF, FGF, NGF, TAF, TGF cytokines

How do hormones get from gland to target organ

Endocrine Glands secrete hormone into interstitial spaces around the gland ---.> Capillaries ----> Blood transports hormone to Organ ---> Organ executes function.

What cells secrete T3/T4? What cells secrete CT? What hormonoe turns on Thyroid?

Follicular/ Parafollicular/ TSH

What cells are responsible for the fight or flight emergency hormones? What system does it involve?

Ganglion cells controlled by the autonomic system will tell chromaffin cells to produce the fight or flight hormones.

What cells produce the following? Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide.

Glucagon - alpha insulin - beta somatostatin - delta pancreatic polypeptid - f cells

How are hormone secretions controlled? Explain what negative feedback is.

Hormones are released in short burst by the endocrine glands. release is controlled by nervous system, chemical changes in the blood and other hormones. gland sends hormone to target organ. If target organ responds then sensors send signal back to the gland to stop releasing hormone. If it the hormone wasn't enough the sensor will tell the glad to send more hormone.

How do Hormone's bind to target organs? What happens when cells do not get enough hormone? What happens when they get to much? What is the name of the regulating mechanism for both? Describe the effect of hormone concentration.

Hormones bind to their target cell that have specific receptors. Like a key and a lock. When the hormone binds it delivers the message. When the cells get to much hormone, the receptors will decrease. This is called, down regulation. When they get to little, the receptors in the cell will increase. This is called, up regulation. Hormones have a powerful effect a very low concentrations.

hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia ?

Hypo - sugar is low in blood hyper - sugar is high in blood

What structure connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Infundibulum

What connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid?

Ithsmus

What are the different classes of hormones?

Lipid and Water Soluble.

Is the hypothalamus an endocrine gland? What systems does it connect? What functions does it regulate? What does it directly control and how.

No. Nervous and endocrine. Water balance and sex drive. Pituitary gland via hormones.

Name the Hormones of the Neurohypiphysis?

OT - oxytocin and ADH - andtideuretic hormone. released when needed. This hormones are produced by hypothalmus.

What does the Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produce? What does the supraoptic nucleus?

OT. ADH

What glands are embedded on the posterios surface of the thyroid?

Parathyroids

What gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle ? Whta cells? and functions?

Pineal Gland - Pinealcytes - sectres melatonin. Neuroglia cells.

Which gland is considered the master gland?

Pituitary gland

SAD. what is it?

Seosonal affected disorder. overproduction of melatonin during short winter days.

Lipid Soluble Hormones:

Steroids, Thyroid, Nitric Oxides

How does the Nervous System and the Endocrine System work together and why? What are the two combine systems called?

The two systems coordinate all body system functions. Nervous System controls organs via nerve impulses and inhibits or stimulates hormone release. Endocrine system controls organs via hormones, which are chemical messages and can also stimulate or inhibit nerve impulses. The two systems combine are called, Neuroendocrine System.

How do water soluble hormones travel in the blood? How do Lipid soluble hormones travel? Why are these transport mechanisms important when referring to Lipid soluble hormones?

Water soluble hormones travel in the blood easy because plasma is mainly water. So they can mix. Lipid Soluble hormones have to travel by proteins (lipoproteins) to the target organs because the blood is composed of mainly water and they do not mix. This transport mechanism is important because if these hormones roam in the blood they are going to be filtered out by the kidneys and excreted into the urine as a waste product and the messages will never get delivered to the target organs.

What are the three layers of Adrenal cortex? What hormones do they secrete?

Zona Glumerulosa (Alderstorone) Zona Fasciculata (Glucocorticoids) Zona Reticularis (Androgens)

What is productive stress called? harmful? What returns the body to homeostatis?

eustress, disstress. general adaptation syndrome

How do Lipid Soluble Hormones get the message to the cell.

go through plasma membrane --> activates receptors INSIDE the cell -->alters genes---> makes new proteins---. cell responds to new proteins formed according to the message of the hormone.

NSAID/aspirin, what does it do to prostaglandin?

inhibits enzyme which reduces imflamation.

Eicosanoids - Leukotrienes Prostaglandins

local hormones - stimulate second messenger. stimulate WBC, mediate imflamation. intensefys menstrual cramps /inflamation

Glucocroticoid is stimulated by what?

low blood levels of glucocorticoids. hyphotalamus releases CRH - pituitary release ACTH -- stimulates adrenal cortex to stimulate glucocorticoids.

High cortisol levels cause?

muscle wasting, immune suppresion and iulcers.

Acini Cells are located where? what do they produce? Islet Cells are located where? What do they produce?

pancreas/ digestive enzymes. pancreas. Langehans produce hormones.

what system controls the secretion of aldosterone? What hormone stimulates release of aldestorne when dehydrated?

renin-angiotensin-aldesterone system. ACTH

What is Amplification?

small amount of hormones can have a very BIG cascading effects.

Adrena Medulla hormones increases during what to fight or flight?

stress.

what gland is located behind the sternum and between lungs?

thymus