A & P II lab

Great saphenous vein (right and left)

a long superficial vein of the lower extremity that originates at the base of the first toe and ascends the medial leg and thigh to join the femoral vein at the proximal thigh. It drains blood from superficial vessels of the foot, leg, and thigh.

Deep femoral artery (right and left)

a proximal branch of the common femoral artery. It travels deep between two adductor muscles to run close to the femur. It supplies the hip joint, posterior thigh, and lateral thigh.

Radial artery (right and left)

a terminal branch of the brachial artery. It courses through the forearm on the lateral side (thumb side) to the wrist where it is palpable as the radial pulse medial. At the wrist, it divides into a superficial branch and deep branch that continue into the hand to connect with the superficial and deep palmar arches It supplies oxygenated blood to the elbow, forearm, hand, and digits.

Posterior tibial veins (right and left)

are formed from a network of veins from the plantar region of the foot. The posterior tibial veins and the anterior tibial veins join to form the popliteal vein. They drain blood from the plantar region of the foot and posterior leg.

Middle cerebral artery (right and left)

are terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries at the circle of Willis. The middle cerebral arteries branch in a lateral direction from the circle of Willis They supply blood to the lateral portions of the frontal, middle, and temporal lobes of the brain.

Hepatic veins

ascend from the side of the liver and join to the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the liver into the vena cava.

Renal arteries (right and left)

branch from the lateral sides of the abdominal aorta at the vertebral level L2. The right renal artery is longer than the left and passes posterior to the inferior vena cava. They supply blood to the kidneys and adrenal glands.

Inferior mesenteric artery

branches from the anterior abdominal aorta at the level of L4. It courses slightly to the left as it descends through the abdomen into the pelvis within the mesocolon. It supplies blood to the GI tract from the splenic flexure of the colon to the superior rectum.

Superior mesenteric artery

branches from the anterior surface of the aorta slightly inferior to the celiac trunk at the level of L1. It gives off its first branches after it passes posterior to the neck of the pancreas. It supplies the pancreas and GI tract from the distal duodenum to the transverse colon.

Fibular vein (right and left)

drain into the posterior tibial veins in the proximal leg. They parallel the fibular arteries in the lateral leg. Thy drain blood from the lateral leg.

Popliteal vein

formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins. It parallels the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa. Its name changes to the femoral vein when the vessel passes to the anterior thigh through the adductor hiatus. It drains blood from the leg and foot.

Common iliac vein (right and left)

formed by the union of the internal and external iliac veins. The left and right common iliac join to form the inferior vena cava after coursing through the pelvis alongside the common iliac arteries. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower extremity.

Hepatic artery proper

is a branch of the common hepatic artery. It courses in a superior direction from its origin toward the liver, and along its path, gives off the right gastric artery.

Right gastric artery

is a branch of the hepatic artery proper. It courses along the lesser curvature of the stomach and terminates by anastomosing with the left gastric artery. It supplies blood the distal end of the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Anterior tibial artery (right and left)

is a branch of the popliteal artery. It branches from the popliteal artery at the inferior popliteal fossa. It courses in an anterior direction and passes between the tibia and fibula to emerge in the anterior leg. It then descends down the anterior leg to cross the anterior ankle. When it crosses the ankle joint, its name changes to the dorsal pedal artery.

Deep brachial artery (right and left)

is a proximal branch of the brachial artery. It courses deep, spirals around the shaft of the humerus deep to the triceps brachii muscle, and joins with other vessels at the lateral elbow. It supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior arm.

Gastroduodenal artery

is an inferior branch of the common hepatic artery. It descends from its branch point toward the head of the pancreas. It supplies blood to the stomach, duodenum, and pancreatic head.

Inferior vena cava

is formed by the union of the common iliac veins and courses through the abdominal and thoracic cavities on the right side of the vertebral column. It ultimately drains blood into the right atrium of the heart. It drains blood from all areas of the body inferior to the level of the heart.

Hepatic portal vein

is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas by the union of veins draining the spleen and the mesentery. The vein enters the liver on its inferior side. It drains blood from the stomach, spleen, and GI tract into the liver.

Common hepatic artery

is one of the three branches of the celiac trunk. It is a short vessel that branches into the hepatic artery proper and the gastroduodenal artery. The two branches supply blood to the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas.

Left gastric artery

is the smallest of the three branches of the celiac trunk. It ascends toward the gastroesophageal junction and then descends along the proximal, lesser curvature of the stomach. It terminates by anastomosing with the right gastric artery. It supplies the proximal lesser curvature of the stomach

Renal vein (right and left)

parallel the renal arteries and connect to the lateral sides of the inferior vena cava. They renal drain blood from the kidneys into the vena cava.

External iliac artery (right and left)

the anterior branches of the common iliac arteries. Each external iliac artery courses through the abdominal cavity anterior to the internal iliac artery and passes deep to the inguinal ligament to enter into the femoral region. When it enters the femoral region, its name changes to the (common) femoral artery. They supply blood to the lower extremity.

Celiac trunk

the first branch of the abdominal aorta. It is a short "stump" of a vessel with three branches: splenic artery, left gastric artery, and the right common hepatic artery. It supplies blood to the liver, stomach, spleen and the superior half of both the duodenum and the pancreas.

Internal iliac artery (right and left)

the posterior branches of the common iliac arteries. They descend into the pelvic cavity posterior to the external iliac arteries. They supply blood to the pelvic viscera, gluteal region, hip, medial thigh

Common iliac artery (right and left)

the terminal branches of the descending aorta. The common iliac arteries are short vessels (4cm) located at the medial border of the psoas major muscle. They terminate by dividing into left and right internal and external iliac arteries.

Brachiocephalic vein (left and right)

are formed by the union of the internal jugular veins and the subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head and the upper extremity.

Capillaries

are microscopic vessels supplied by arterioles and drained by venules. **Capillaries are the site of nutrient, blood gas, and waste exchange between the cells of the body and the blood. **Histologically, capillaries are identified by their thin walls and small size. The lumenal diameter of a capillary is about the diameter of one red blood cell.

Muscular arteries or distributing arteries

are most of the named arteries in the body excluding the immediate branches of the aorta. The tunica media of a muscular artery consists mostly of smooth muscle with some sheets of fenestrated elastic tissue between the muscular layers.

Venules

are small vessels of the venous circulation that transport blood from capillaries to larger veins. Venules receive blood from capillary beds under low pressure, so their walls lack smooth muscle. This lack of smooth muscle in the tunica media causes the wall to be thin and resemble capillary walls in histological section. However, venules are much larger in size than capillaries with a lumenal diameter ranging from 15-20 microns, which is about 2-3 times the diameter of a RBC.

Veins

are the larger vessels o f the venous circulation. Veins drain blood away from venules toward the heart. Veins are categorized into medium and large veins depending upon their size. Most named veins are medium sized veins that consist of a tunica media that is thinner than the tunica media of a medium sized artery. The thickest tunic of a medium sized vein is usually the tunica adventitia.

Arterioles

are the smallest vessels of the arterial circulation and are the vessels that transport blood into capillary beds. The tunica media of arterioles can consist of 1-6 layers of smooth muscle, with the smallest vessels only containing a single layer.

Elastic arteries or conducting arteries

arteries closest to the heart (aorta, aortic branches, and pulmonary trunk). **Because of their proximity to the heart, these vessels are exposed to blood that is flowing through the lumen under high pressure.

The left coronary artery

branches from the left side of the ascending aorta

The right coronary artery

branches from the right side of the ascending aorta

anterior communicating arteries

connect the left and right anterior cerebral arteries.

posterior communicating arteries

connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries.

External jugular (right and left)

descends through the neck superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and drains into the subclavian vein. It drains blood from the exterior of the skull, neck, and face.

Internal jugular vein (right and left)

exits the skull through the jugular foramen and descends the neck alongside the common carotid artery. It joins with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. It mainly drains blood from the cranial cavity.

arch of aorta

is a 180 degree left bend of the aorta that arches over the left primary bronchus. Three blood vessels branch from the aortic arch.

Subclavian vein (right and left)

is a continuation of the axillary vein. It changes name after the axillary vein crosses the first rib. It drains blood from the axillary vein.

Basilic vein (right and left)

is a large superficial vein along most of its course. It ascends from the hand along the anterior-medial forearm and arm to join with the brachial vein at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. It drains the hand, forearm, and arm.

Cephalic vein (right and left)

is a large superficial vein that ascends from the hand along the anterior-lateral border of the forearm and arm to join with the axillary artery in the axilla. It drains the hand, forearm, and arm.

Median cubital vein (right and left)

is a superficial vein that connects the basilica and cephalic veins in the region or the cubital fossa. This vessel is often used as a site from which to draw blood during venipuncture.

Ulnar artery (right and left)

is a terminal branch of the brachial artery. It arises as a terminal branch of the brachial artery and courses through the anterior forearm on the medial side. At the wrist, the ulnar artery divides into a superficial and deep branch that continues into the hand to connect with the superficial and deep palmar arches. It supplies the forearm, hand, and digits.

right common carotid artery

is a terminal branch of the brachiocephalic trunk and the ** The right and left common carotid arteries branch from different vessels, but both vessels are located in the anterior-lateral region of the neck on their respective sides of the body. They ultimately bifurcate into a (right and left) external and internal carotid artery at the superior border of the laryngeal thyroid cartilage. It supplies blood to the internal and external carotid arteries.

Axillary vein (right and left)

is formed by the union of the basilica vein and brachial veins at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. It courses through the axilla to continue as the subclavian vein. It drains the shoulder, lateral thorax, and upper extremity.

(descending) thoracic aorta

is the continuation of the aortic arch and descends in the posterior mediastinum to the diaphragm.

left common carotid artery

is the second branch of the aortic arch. *** The right and left common carotid arteries branch from different vessels, but both vessels are located in the anterior-lateral region of the neck on their respective sides of the body. They ultimately bifurcate into a (right and left) external and internal carotid artery at the superior border of the laryngeal thyroid cartilage. It supplies blood to the internal and external carotid arteries.

Radial veins (right and left)

surround and parallel the radial artery and join the ulnar veins in the cubital fossa to drain blood into the brachial veins. It drains blood from the hand and lateral forearm.

Ulnar veins (right and left)

surround and parallel the ulnar artery and join the radial veins in the cubital fossa to drain blood into the brachial veins. It drains blood from the hand and medial forearm.

External carotid artery (right and left)

The external carotid artery is one of the terminal branches of the common carotid artery. It gives off several branches along its course and ends by branching into two vessels that supply the external head and face. It supplies blood to the neck (larynx, pharynx), face, tongue, and external head.

Internal carotid artery (right and left)

The internal carotid artery is one of the terminal branches of the common carotid artery. It enters into the skull through the carotid canal in the temporal bone, joins with vessels that form the circle of Willis, and forms terminal branches that supply the brain with oxygenated blood. It is the primary blood supply to the brain. It branches into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which are joined to the circle of Willis by vessel connections called communicating arteries.

Superficial and deep palmar arches

The lateral (thumb side) of the arches are supplied by the radial artery, and the medial side of the arches are supplied by the ulnar artery. Both arches course through the hand. Branches of the arches supply the hand and fingers.

Sublcavian artery (right and left)

The right subclavian artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic artery, and the left subclavian is the third branch of the aortic arch. The right and left subclavian arteries branch from different vessels, but both vessels course in a superior and lateral direction from their origins to cross the first rib, and when they do; their name changes to the axillary arteries. They supply blood to the brain, neck, shoulder, chest, and upper limb.

Vertebral artery (right and left)

The vertebral artery is the first branch from the subclavian artery. It ascends in the neck through transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae to enter the skull through the foramen magnum. When in the skull, the right and left vertebral arteries join anterior to the brainstem to form the basilar artery. It supplies blood to the brainstem by transporting blood to the basilar artery.

Anterior tibial veins (right and left)

They are formed from a network of veins on the dorsum of the foot. They ascend the anterior leg alongside the anterior tibial artery, pass between the tibia and fibula in the proximal leg, and emerge on the posterior leg to join with the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein. They drain blood from the dorsum of the foot and the anterior leg

Fibular artery (right and left)

a branch of the posterior tibial artery. It arises in the posterior proximal leg and descends down the lateral leg to the lateral malleolus. It supplies blood to the lateral leg.

Brachial artery (right and left)

a continuation of axillary artery. The name change occurs when the axillary artery crosses the inferior border of the teres major muscle. It descends through the arm along the medial border of the biceps brachi muscle. In the distal arm it passes deep to the bicipitial aponeurosis into the anterior elbow (cubital fossa). It terminates by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries in the antecubital fossa. It supplies oxygenated blood to the anterior arm, forearm, and hand.

Dorsal pedal artery (right and left)

a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. The name changes after the anterior tibial artery crosses the ankle. It courses through the foot on the dorsal surface toward the region between the first and second metatarsal. It supplies blood to the foot.

Femoral artery (right and left)

a continuation of the external iliac artery. Prior to the branching of the deep femoral artery this vessel is sometimes referred to as the common femoral artery It courses a short distance and branches to form the deep femoral artery. continues to descend down the medial thigh deep to the sartorius muscle. In the distal thigh, the vessel courses posterior to the vastus medialis muscle to go through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle (adductor hiatus) to enter the space posterior to the knee (popliteal fossa). After the branching of the deep femoral artery, the femoral artery is sometimes called the superficial femoral artery. It supplies the lower extremity.

Popliteal artery (right and left)

a continuation of the femoral artery. The name change occurs after the femoral artery passes into the posterior knee through the adductor hiatus. It descends through the middle of the posterior knee region (popliteal fossa) to enter into the posterior leg. Its name changes to the posterior tibial artery when it exits the popliteal fossa and enters into the posterior leg (crosses the inferior border of the popliteus muscle).

External iliac vein (right and left)

a continuation of the femoral vein after the femoral vein crosses deep to the inguinal ligament to enter the abdominal cavity. They parallel the external iliac arteries in the abdominal cavity and join the internal iliac veins to form the common iliac veins. They drain blood from the lower extremity.

Posterior tibial artery (right and left)

a continuation of the popliteal artery. The name change occurs after the vessel leaves the popliteal fossa (crosses inferior border of the popliteus muscle). It descends down the posterior leg deep to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in the direction of the medial malleolus. It courses posterior to the medial malleolus and then branches into plantar arteries that supply the plantar surface of the foot.

Femoral vein

a continuation of the popliteal vein. The name changes when the popliteal vein exits the popliteal fossa and passes through the adductor hiatus. It parallels the femoral artery as it ascends the thigh and changes name to the external iliac artery when it passes deep to the inguinal canal to enter the abdominal cavity.

Axillary artery (right and left)

a continuation of the subclavian artery. The name change occurs as the subclavian artery crosses the first rib. It courses through the axilla posterior to the pectoralis minor muscle and is surrounded by the cords of the brachial plexus. When it crosses the inferior border of the teres major muscle, the name changes to the brachial artery. It supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral thoracic wall, the shoulder, pectoral region, the axilla, and upper limb.

Abdominal aorta

a continuation of the thoracic aorta. The name change occurs after the thoracic aorta courses through the diaphragm. It descends through the abdominal cavity and terminates at the vertebral level L4 by dividing into left and right common iliac arteries.

brachiocephalic trunk

The first branch is the(artery). It travels a short distance and bifurcates into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.

left common carotid artery

The second branch .......

left subclavian artery.

The third branch......