A & P1: Chapters 1-16: Final Exam Study Guide

_____________________are small, phagocytic cells in the central nervous system.

Microglia

Thanks to exercise, there is an increase in the number of ______________ in muscle cells.

Mitonchondria

Which of the following cranial nerves are not involved with the eye?

Olfactory, trigeminal, facial, vestibulochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

_____________________have fewer branches than astrocytes.

Oligodendrocytes

What is the proper position of the erector spinae muscles situated from medially to laterally relative to the axis of the vertebral column.

Spinalis, Longissimus, Ilocostalis

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins. Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.

__________________________in the retina detect light to generate images.

Photoreceptors

Name the myelin sheath cells that would be found in your popliteal region

Schwann cells?

Which cranial nerve detects smell?

CN I

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

Cardiac. Cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.

Which organ system includes blood vessels and the heart?

Cardiovascular System

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic function of ATP?

Carrying oxygen to all tissues in the body.

If a patient is said to have second degree burns upon arrival. What would you look for on the patient to confirm the diagnosis?

Blisters

If we need to check for impingement of a nerve root from a bird's eye view, what plane would be necessary during a CT scan?

Coronal or Frontal Plane

Which layer of the skin is the thickest?

Dermis

A patient comes into the emergency department. During the physical exam, you note that a clear fluid is leaking from the nose. You notice that this is cerebrospinal fluid. Which bone has been likely fractured to allow for leakage?

Ethmoid Ethmoid divides cranial cavity and nasal cavity. Fracture of this bone will allow fluid to leak out from the brain into the nose.

____________________ transport vesicles bring something into a cell.

Endocytic

Which of the following components is NOT part of a synovial joint?

Epiphyseal plate cartilage A synovial joint contains articular cartilage, but not epiphyseal plate cartilage as a main component.

What is the movement called where an arm is extended and then is bent back towards the body?

Flexion Flexion is an angular movement that decreases the angle between the articulating bones by bringing the two bones closer together.

Rank from the first to the last steps in stages involved in a twitch contraction that correlate to the A, B, and C brackets at the top of the graph.

First is the latent period, which is the shortest and when the action potential is spread through the sarcolemma. Next, is the contraction period , when tension rapidly increases during crossbridge cycling. Finally, tension decreases during the relaxation phase

CHAPTER 1: INTRO TO A & P What learning modality is engaged when students participate in study groups?

Kinesthetic Learner

Cell division occurs during:

M phase

CHAPTER 9: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM What is NOT a bone to which the sternocleidomastoid muscle is attached? A. Mandible B. Temporal Bone C. Sternum D. Clavicle

Mandible

Which of the following is an unpaired facial bone?

Mandible

What varies from one isotope of an element to another isotope of the same element?

Mass Number

Thomas is experiencing severe discomfort and swelling in his left hypochondriac region. Which of the following organs could be a culprit?

Spleen, colon, left kidney

Which bone is not formed by intramembranous ossification?

Sternum Most flat bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. Although a flat bone, the sternum is formed via endochondral ossification.

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

Steroid.Yes, cortisol is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol.

If the gray area is burned, then this figure illustrates a __________.

second-degree burn A second-degree burn damages the epidermis and parts of the dermis and causes pain, blistering, and possibly scarring.

Which of the following would be found only in areolar tissue?

The most common cell type is the fibroblast, but areolar connective tissue also contains macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells

Found on arrector pili muscles in the dermis

alpha receptor

The major building block for proteins are_____________.

amino acids

The prefix ______________means "both."

amphi

A joint that is slightly movable is classified as a(n) _______________________ joint.

amphiarthrosis

White matter predominates in many places. Which of the following is the one location where white matter would not be heavily concentrated?

cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter.

The conscious part of the brain is the __________.

cerebrum

What brain region is responsible for learning, memory, and personality?

cerebrum

One of the primary functions of cartilage is to protect. Which of the following primarily protects where the ribs articulate with the sternum?

each rib ends in a costal cartilage. These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches.

The prefix ______________ means "within."

endo

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as:

endocrine

What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?

equilibrium

What type of blood cell transports oxygen throughout the body?

erythrocyte

The roof of the nasal cavity and the superior portion of the nasal septum are formed by the __________.

ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone also contributes to the orbits and forms the superior and middle nasal conchae.

Which of the following is not one of the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue?

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption is the persisting increased rate of breathing during recovery. It does not contribute to fatigue.

The root word _________means "water."

hydr

The exterior of the cell membrane can best be described as ______

hydrophilic

Cocaine causes increased availability of norepinephrine. Which of the following will be an effect of cocaine?

hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release Other effects include increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Which of the following is a dip below the normal resting membrane potential (more negative)?

hyperpolarization

The relative refractory period is caused by:

hyperpolarization During the relative refractory period, the axolemma is hyperpolarized and therefore further away from threshold and less likely to produce an action potential.

The prefix ______________ means "below."

hypo

The prefix ___________ means "below."

hypo-

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

hypocalcemia

The body region located below the stomach is the _______________ region.

hypogastric

The ___________________nerve originates from the medulla and travels below the tongue.

hypoglossal

Identify the cranial nerves NOT involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS.

hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

CHAPTER 16: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made?

hypothalamus

Oxytocin is a very important hormone. It is synthesized by which of the following?

hypothalamus

What part of the brain largely controls homeostatic functions?

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) made?

hypothalamus

One of the main causes of skin cancer are due to overexposure to the UV radiation from the sun. Which of the following protects us from this harm?

melanin

Exposure to UV radiation causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of:

melanin.

Which of the following hormones can be associated with seasonal affective disorder or SAD?

melatonin

The majority of the cerebral cortex is:

neocortex.

The soft, jelly-like substance inside intervertebral disks is called ________.

nucleus pulposus The nucleus pulposus is a resilient shock absorber.

In regards to the eye, which of the following DOES NOT occur during accommodation?

nystagmus

The large hole in the coxal bone is the:

obturator foramen.

Which of the following bones do not have a condyle(s)?

occipital has condyles

where the primary visual center located?

occipital lobe

Which division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) detects stimuli and carries them to the central nervous system (CNS)?

sensory

The root word ______________ means "attraction" or "loving."

phil

The root word ___________ means "fear" or "sensitivity to" something.

phob

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.

The cell membrane is composed mostly of _________________

phospholipids and proteins

The prefix _________ means "flesh."

sarco

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the:

sarcolemma

The structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle is called a/an __________________.

sarcomere

The storage and release of calcium ions is the key function of the:

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The storage and release of calcium ions is the key function of the:

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

scapula and clavicle

Which of the following would be most similar to a lysosome in regards to their primary function?

schwann cell????

Name the myelin sheath cells that would be found in your ankle:

schwann cells

Frequent handwashing removes the antimicrobial secretions of:

sebaceous glands. sweat glands.

In a muscle, __________.

the origin that elevates a structure is generally located above that structure The origin of a muscle that depresses a structure is located below the structure.

what structure contains the pineal gland?

the pineal gland is located in the enter of the brain.

The cerebellum functions in:

the planning and coordination of movement.

Ionic bonds result from:

the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.

When the diaphragm contracts, __________.

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases When the diaphragm contracts, its shape changes from dome-shaped to flat, so the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier.

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland is called __________________________.

thyroxine

To what part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?

tibial tuberosity

The channels that open when the axolemma reaches threshold depolarization are the:

voltage-gated Na ion channels Voltage-gated Na ion channels open at the threshold depolarization and Na influx causes a rapid depolarization to +30 mV.

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

water retention by the kidneys

Solution A and solution B are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution A contains 1% glucose, solution B contains 5% glucose. By osmosis:

water will move from solution A to solution B. Driven by the osmotic pressure, water will move from the solution with lower solute concentration to the solution with higher solute concentration.

Main component of the cytosol is _________________________

water.

The prefix ___________means "cell."

cyto

What pigment is derived from vitamin A?

retinal

When the sarcomere contracts and shortens, __________.

the A band stays the same The A band contains the thick filaments, and the length of the thick filament does not change during contraction.

What is the correct pathway of development of the cerebellum?

"neural tube, hindbrain, metencephalon, cerebellum"

During the absolute refractory period:

"no additional stimulus, no matter how strong, can produce an additional action potential"

What does the SQ3R method stand for?

"survey, question, read, recite, and review"

What membrane potential must generally be met in order to achieve threshold?

-55 mV

The root word ________________ means "inflammation" or "disease."

-itis

Every three nucleotides in a gene code for how many amino acids?

1

Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal. 1. Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons. 2. cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell. 3. The G-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). 4. The binding of an odorant activates a G-protein which then detaches from the receptor. 5. The membrane is depolarized. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved.

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Place the classes of vertebrae in order as they are situated in the vertebral column from superior to inferior. 1. cervical vertebrae 2. coccygeal vertebrae 3. lumbar vertebrae 4. sacral vertebrae 5. thoracic vertebrae

1, 5, 3, 4, 2

Place the steps of longitudinal bone growth at the epiphyseal plate in the correct order from first to last.

1. Chondrocytes divide in the zone of proliferation. 2. Chondrocytes that reach the next zone enlarge and mature. 3. Chondrocytes die and their matrix calcifies. 4. Calcified cartilage is replaced with bone.

Place the steps of intramembranous ossification in the correct order starting with the earliest.

1. Osteoblasts develop in the primary ossification center from mesenchymal cells. 2. Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix, which calcifies, and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes. 3. Osteoblasts lay down trabeulae of early spongy bone, and some of the surrounding mesenchyme differentiate into the periosteum. 4. Osteoblasts in the pericardium lay down early compact bone.

Place the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order from first to last.

1. The chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. 2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the bone's external surface, bone begins to ossify from the outside, internal cartilage begins to calcify and the chondrocytes die. 3. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early spongy bone. 4. Cartilage replaced by bone; the epiphyses finish ossifying.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

12

How many phalangeal bones are in each hand?

14

Rank from the first to the last steps for the stages in generating an action potential.

1st: The membrane is at the resting potential (RMP), and voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed 2nd: Depolarization Stage- In response to a stimulus, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enter the cell, making the membrane potential less negative. 3rd: Repolarization Stage- Na+ channels close while voltafe-gated K+ channels open and K+ leave the cell, making the membrane potential more negative again.

MODULE 1 Kahoot: Human cells have 46 chromosomes. As the cell cycle ends, how many daughter cells do we have?

2

Place the following steps of endomembrane system function in the correct order. 1. Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the RER. 2. Ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins. 3. Proteins are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Modified proteins may be secreted from the cell by exocytosis. 5. Proteins are modified by the Golgi apparatus.

2, 3, 1, 5, 4

Place the following steps of bone repair in the correct sequence. 1. The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone. 2. A hematoma fills the gap between bone fragments. 3. Osteoblasts build a new bone callus. 4. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate the hematoma and a soft callus forms.

2, 4, 3, 1

From proximal to distal, what bones form the upper limb? 1. carpals 2. humerus 3. metacarpals 4. phalanges 5. ulna and radius

2, 5, 1, 3, 4

How many homologous chromosome pairs are present in most human cells?

23

For every ATP split into an ADP and a phosphate, the Na+/K+ pump moves _____ out of the cell and ______ into the cell.

3 Na+; 2 K+ The Na+/K+ pump maintains a high concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell and a high concentration of K+ ions inside the cell.

Determine the correct order of events that occur when light strikes photoreceptor cells. 1. The bipolar cell depolarizes. 2. Action potentials are sent to the brain via the optic nerve (CN II). 3. Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor. 4. Retinal ganglion cell produces action potentials.

3, 1, 4, 2

Place the following steps in order for motor control. 1. Upper motor neurons stimulate lower motor neurons. 2. Sensory information is relayed back to the cerebellum so movement can be modified if needed. 3. Upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex select a motor program. 4. Lower motor neurons stimulate a skeletal muscle to contract. 5. The basal nuclei enable the thalamus to stimulate upper motor neurons of the primary cortex.

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

A cell has 8 chromosomes at the START of mitosis; how many will each cell have at the end?

4

How many electrons are in the outermost shell of an atom with 15 electrons?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae exist in the vertebral column?

5

CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Determine the number of protons in an isotope of nitrogen with an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14.

7

The root word ______________________ cerebr- means "brain."

cerebr

Which of the following statements is accurate?

A compound made of a metal and a nonmetal is hydrophilic Ionic compounds are those containing a bond between a metal and nonmetal, and they are hydrophilic.

What best describes the structure of a synovial joint?

A fluid-filled cavity is found between the articulating bones.

Which of the following statements best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

A lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it.

Menisci tear:

A meniscus tear occurs in the rubbery knee cartilage

Sodium (Na) atoms have a single valence electron, and so each of these atoms has only one electron to share. Which of the following is true?

A molecule of sodium (Na2) will not exist in nature. If two sodium atoms were to form a nonpolar covalent bond, each atom would still only have two valence electrons and would not obey the octet rule. For this reason, the Na2 molecule would be very unstable and would degrade very quickly, and in turn will not exist in nature.

A muscle that opposes or slows an action is called a(n) __________.

A muscle that opposes or slows an action is called a(n) __________.

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

A solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte. Yes, colloids are large particles dispersed in body fluids. Since most proteins have a negative charge, they are also considered to be electrolytes.

Which of the following best describes actin filaments?

A thin filament made of two intertwining strands whose subunits bind together like beads on a string

Which of the following have trochanters?

A trochanter is tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone.

A. Tongue Muscles B. Neck and Shoulder Muscles C. Viscera D. Tongue and Pharynx E. Inner Ear F. Facial Muscles, Tongue, salivary glands. G. Facial Skin, and Muscles of Mastification H. Olfactory Epithelium I. Eyeball J. Eye Muscles

A. Hypoglossal XII (motor) B. Accessory XI (motor) C. Vagus X (mixed) D. Glossopharyngeal IX (mixed) E. Vestibulocochlear VIII (sensory) F. Facial VII (mixed) G. Trigeminal V (mixed) H. Olfactory I (sensory) I. Optic II (sensory) J. Trochlear IV (motor) K. Oculomotor III (motor) Abducens VI (motor)

Which of the following represents an exchange reaction?

AB + CD ? AD + BC

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________.

ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by cells called corticotrophs. It stimulates the development of the adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones.

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is:

ACTH If we deconstruct the name "Adrenocorticotropic hormone," "adrenocortico" means it has an effect in the adrenal cortex, and tropic hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands.

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

ADH The antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain water. It is stored in the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin) Yes, ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor. Return to Assignment

Sam is experiencing severe pain in his right Iliac region. He also arrived in your office with a 102 degree fever. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Appendicitis

A joint that allows only a small amount of movement is called a(n) __________.

Amphiarthrosis Examples include symphyses and syndesmoses.

What part of the brain is responsible for cognition?

cerebral cortex

The root word ______________ means "to secrete"

crine

__________________: neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction.

Acetylcholine

____________________________ : a type of chemically-gated ion channel located on the junctional folds of the muscle fiber.

Acetylcholine receptor

_________________: enzyme located in the synaptic cleft that breaks down acetylcholine.

Acetylcholinesterase

Which of the following is a hydrogen ion donor?

Acid

Which movement opposes adduction?

Abduction

Which type of angular movement moves a body part away from the midline of the body or another reference point?

Abduction

The shoulder is also known as the _____________ region

Acromial

What part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

Acromion

Damage to the pectoralis major would interfere with a person's ability to: A. Elevate the Scapula B. Abduct the Humerus C. Extend the Forearm D. Adduct the Humerus

Adduct the Humerus

Which of the following muscles is named for its action? A. Adductor Magnus B. Biceps Brachii C. Gluteus Maximus D. Deltoid

Adductor Magnus

The four DNA nucleotides are ________________

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

_________ tissue stores fat.

Adipose

The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in:

Adipose tissue

The thoracic and lumbar spinal cord attaches to what structure?

Adrenal Medulla The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

Which of the following glands secretes mineralocorticoids?

Adrenal cortex The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgenic steroids.

The binding of a myosin head to an actin molecule is termed a:

crossbridge

The hormone that helps regulate blood sodium concentration, by stimulating Na⁺ conservation in the kidneys is:

Aldosterone Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid from the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the retention of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions in the kidneys.

Which of the following is an example of matter? Blood Oxygen Metacarpal All of the Above

All of the Above

Which of these locations would you expect to find the MOST vasculature?

All of the above?????

Which of the following substances is not able to cross a plasma membrane via simple diffusion?

Although it moves with its own concentration gradient, glucose must move through membrane proteins in the plasma membrane. This is facilitated diffusion, not simple diffusion.

Which directional term indicates the front side of the body?

Anterior (Ventral)

Pain the Right, Lower Quadrant is indicative of what condition?

Appendicitis

What influences the appearance and function of skeletal muscle?

Arrangement of the pattern of fascicles

_______________is inflammation of the joint.

Arthritis

What movement decreases the angle between the foot and tibia as the toes are pulled up toward the head?

Dorsiflexion

A natural result of aging is the thinning of the stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermal layer of the skin. What effects would you expect to see in the epidermis as this layer gets thinner?

As the epidermis thins, there will be higher incidences of lacerations in the elderly, due to the skin's inability to resist mechanical stresses.

Where would a gliding movement most likely occur?

Between the intercarpal joint of the wrist

Which of the following structures would be most vital to maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain-barrier?

Astrocytes

______________________are star-shaped cells.

Astrocytes

Which of the following is a logical organization?

Atoms, molecules, cells tissues

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?

Atoms. Atoms react through chemical bonding to form larger structures. Chemical bonding begins with atoms; it does not produce them. All of the structures that we cover in A&P are made from atoms through chemical bonding.

Which of the following muscles does NOT belong to the quadriceps femoris group?

Biceps femoris The biceps femoris belongs to the hamstring muscle group.

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Baroreceptors in the arteries send a signal to the brain that the blood pressure is low. The brain sends a chemical signal to the heart to increase its rate of pumping. This continues until the baroreceptors sense a normal blood pressure. This is an example of a negative feedback loop, which reduces the original stimulus, moving the system back towards equilibrium.

What is the most common type of skin cancer, which results in the formation of a nodule with a central "crater" that ulcerates?

Basal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis. It is typically found on skin that is regularly exposed to UV radiation.

What happens in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

Electron exchange occurs.

What description best matches the function of stereocilia?

Bending of the stereocilia produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells.

The part of the vertebra that articulates with the intervertebral disc is known as what?

Body

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to:

Bone

What do ligaments connect together?

Bones

What do skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue share in common?

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues are striated.

What do skeletal muscle contractions share in common with smooth muscle contractions?

Both types of contractions result from thick and thin filaments sliding past one another.

What is the function of a buffer system?

Buffer systems prevent large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution.

The occipital lobe is labeled __________ on the graphic.

C. The posterior lobe of each cerebral hemisphere is the occipital lobe. The neurons of the occipital lobe process all information relating to vision.

Which of these ions triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

Ca2+ Ca ions bind to a complex of proteins responsible for the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

What is the function of calcitonin?

Calcitonin reduces calcium levels in the blood by two main mechanisms: It inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which are the cells responsible for breaking down bone. When bone is broken down, the calcium contained in the bone is released into the bloodstream.

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

Calcitonin.

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

Calcitriol Parathyroid hormone promotes the formation of calcitriol.

__________________________ : a type of voltage-gated ion channel located on the axon terminal.

Calcium channel

Interpret what is meant by carbon-13.

Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with a mass number of 13.

What is NOT a function of cerumen?

Cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal.

Which of the following would be favorable for keeping microorganisms away from the tympanic membrane?

Cerumen serves as protective coating, trapping fine dust and repelling water away from the tympanic membrane

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?

Chloride.Yes, chloride is a major extracellular anion (negative ion).

Which of the following will have the MOST valence electrons?

Chlorine (atomic number 17)???????

Which of these structures would more than likely be found in the upper respiratory tract?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia is the type of respiratory epithelium found in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract

What fiber is commonly associated with fibrous joints?

Collagen

Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone?

Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces.

Which of the following tracts does NOT carry sensory stimuli?

Corticospinal tracts The corticospinal tracts are the largest descending motor tracts of the spinal cord.

Which of the following best describes a cell's response to being placed into an extracellular solution that is hypertonic to the cytosol?

Crenation

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease Yes, a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

The three main components of all cells include the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the________________?

Cytoplasm

What part of the cell does translation take place?

Cytoplasm

Cytosine can be found in which of the following?

Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA,

The skin plays a role in the manufacturing of which vitamin?

D

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is copied from which of the following?

DNA

Which of the following is not a major difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but RNA is only found in the nucleus. DNA is contained only within the nucleus; RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The skeletal muscles are ________ to the skin.

Deep

An anabolic reaction would also be known as a ____________ reaction

Dehydration synthesis

_____________________are branched extensions off of a neuron.

Dendrites

What role do the dermal papillae play in the dermis?

Dermal papillae house blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular epidermis.

CHAPTER 9: ARTICULATIONS Which of the following is a functional joint classification?

Diarthrosis

A freely moveable joint is classified as a __________.

Diarthrosis A diarthrosis allows a wide variety of specific movements but not as much stability as less moveable joints.

Which of the following is a freely movable joint?

Diathrosis

What is the movement called where the toes and arch of the foot are lifted from the ground, but the heel is firmly planted?

Dorsiflexion In dorsiflexion, the angle between the foot and the tibia decreases. In other words, the toes are pulled up.

_________ glands secret sweat.

Eccrine

What part of a feedback loop causes physiological responses to return the variable to the normal homeostatic range?

Effector

What type of protein fiber, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, is extensible and flexible?

Elastic

Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?

Electron

Which of the following would only be found in nervous tissue?

Ependymal cells Thesecellsline the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These arenervous tissue cellswith a ciliated simple columnar shape, much like that of some mucosal epithelialcells.

Where is the origin of the frontalis muscle?

Epicranial Aponeurosis

In which of the following situations would the sympathetic nervous system be activated?

Exercising

What type of reaction releases energy?

Exergonic Reaction

Which of the following is not one of the core principles of anatomy and physiology introduced in this textbook?

Existence of reflexes While reflexes are important rapid, automatic responses controlled by the nervous system, they are not one of the core principles of anatomy and physiology.

_____________ transport vesicles send something outside of a cell.

Exocytic

What is NOT one of the three main parts of a cell?

Extracellular Fluid

Which of these processes does NOT require ATP? Sodium Potassium Pump Endocytosis Exocytosis Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

AN ion moves down its concentration gradient thanks to use of a protein channel. Name the transport:

Facilitated diffusion

What is the building block of a lipid?

Fatty acid

Connective tissues proper (or general connective tissues) produce collagen fibers using cells known as:

Fibroblasts

In the knee joint, the medial meniscus is:

Fibrocartilage

Which rib articulates with the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4)?

Fourth rib

Which of the following descriptions do NOT describe fructose?

Fructose absorption is enhanced by glucose and amino acids

Somatotrophs are stimulated by:

GHRH Somatotrophs have receptors for GHRH or "growth hormone releasing hormones" from the hypothalamus. When stimulated, they release growth hormone.

Pain in which of the following regions could be a result of referred pain stemming from the gallbladder?

Gallbladder is located in right upper quadrant. Pain can also be referred in the right shoulder area.

CHAPTER 4:HISTOLOGY Protein channels that are situated between cells and create small pores for the passage of small substances are known as:

Gap Junctions

Which of the following muscles would be involved with plantar flexion?

Gastronemius Soleus Plantaris

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone insulin?

Gluconeogenesis in the liver The synthesis of glucose in the liver is stimulated by the hormone glucagon, not insulin.

Which unicellular gland is responsible for mucus secretion?

Goblet Cell

Which of the following structures would you most likely find in the small intestines?

Goblet cells Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins.

Which of the following organelles/structures are NOT involved with endocytosis or exocytosis?

Golgi Apparatus????

Where does infraspinatus insert?

Greater tubercle of the humerus

In laboratory, you will study the overall structure and shape of the femur bone without the aid of a microscope. This is a study known as:

Gross Anatomy

What is NOT an effect of growth hormone?

Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Which specific feature of the humerus articulates with the scapula?

Head The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

"If a drug is administered to block the heart's adrenergic receptors, how is heart rate affected during exercise?"

Heart rate will be unable to increase in response to exercise

Classify the elbow, which is structured with the convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave depression of another bone.

Hinge joint

The elbow joint is an example of a __________.

Hinge joint Other examples of hinge joints include the knee and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes.

A football player received the bad news that he tore his anterior cruciate ligament. What does this mean for the range of motion of his knee?

His knee will exhibit more extension and hyperextension by shifting the tibia too far anteriorly on the femur. The anterior cruciate ligament runs from an anterior insertion site on the tibia to the posterior aspect of the femur. When the knee is extended, this ligament is pulled taut to prevent hyperextension. The injured ligament would permit an increase in the amount of extension or hyperextension, allowing the tibia to move too far anteriorly on the femur.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. The blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body.

What are the two articulations present in the elbow joint?

Humeroulnar joint and the humeroradial joint

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage

Synchondroses unite bones with ________ while symphyses unite bones with ________.

Hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage

Dehydration synthesis is a form of which of the following?

Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis.

In which of these reactions is energy released?

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

Which of the following correctly describes the plasma membrane of a cell?

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

When people gain weight, they often also gain inches due to a collection of fat in which layer?

Hypodermis

What is a good way to manage time in preparation for your anatomy and physiology class?

I make a schedule and budget my time.

Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?

IX

What three bones fuse during childhood to form the coxal bone?

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Which statement best describes the circadian rhythm?

In a 24-hour period of time, we spend a period of time awake and a period of time asleep.

a comminuted fracture

In a comminuted fracture, the bone is shattered into multiple fragments. It might require surgical repair.

The ring finger is ____________ to the index finger?

In anatomical position, palms up, the ring finger would be medial. Palms down, the ring finger would be lateral to the index finger.

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane. Facilitated diffusion allows molecules that cannot pass through the lipid component of the membrane to pass through via a more compatible protein channel or carrier. This includes ions and polar molecules.

Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?

Ischuim is part of the appendicular skeleton

Which of the following is not one of the effects of epinephrine?

Increased water retention Increased water retention is an effect of aldosterone and the antidiuretic hormone, not of epinephrine.

The mouth is ____________ to the nose.

Inferior

The patellar region is __________ to the brachial region.

Inferior

A patient comes in with painful difficulty breathing but no persistent cough. When observing with a stethoscope, you can hear a friction rub (almost as if two sandpapers are rubbing up against one another) when asked to inhale. What could possibly be the cause of this phenomenon?

Inflammation of the pleura rubbing against each other

Which of the following is not part of mitosis?

Interphase is often included in discussions of mitosis, but interphase is technically not part of mitosis

Cytosol is also known as:

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Resting membrane potential is due to unequal concentrations of:

Ions

A hypothetical drug causes blood vessels to grow from the dermis into the superficial stratum granulosum of the epidermis. What effect would you see in the most superficial epidermal layers?

It will thicken the epidermis. The growth of blood vessels means that there will be increased nutrient exchange. It will increase the rate of growth of the cells surrounding the vessels.

The inferior oblique muscle of the eye pulls the anterior eye superiorly and laterally, meaning the right eye would move how?

It would roll up and to the right. When the eye is pulled superiorly, it moves upwards. When the eye is pulled laterally, it moves away from the midline of the body. In the case of the right eye, it moves right.

During an action potential, hyperpolarization is caused by:

K+ efflux Voltage-gated K ion channels are slow to close and efflux of K ions after returning to the resting potential results in hyperpolarization.

All of the following contribute to skin color EXCEPTkeratin:A. hemoglobinB. caroteneC. keratinD. melanin

Keratin

How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA.

Predict what might happen if a disease caused the axons of the first-order somatosensory neurons that transmit proprioceptive stimuli to lose their myelin sheaths.

Lack of coordination during walking would be present. Proprioception involves sensory information of where you are relative to space. Damage to this can lead to issues with coordination.

Which is the function of Broca's area of the brain?

Language production Broca's area is in the frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for speech production.

In anatomical position, your middle finger is ____________ to your pinky finger.

Lateral

What best describes cartilagnious joints?

Little, if any, motion

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as which type of bones?

Long bones are hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility. The thigh bone (femur) is a long bone. A long bone has a shaft and two ends. Some bones in the fingers are classified as long bones, even though they are short in length. This is due to the shape of the bones, not their size.

What organ(s) is/are covered by the pleura?

Lungs

What major organs are housed in the throacic cavity?

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea.

The heart is _________ to the lungs.

Medial

The main nuclei that control both your heart rate and breathing is found in which structure?

Medulla oblangata

Where is a condylar joint found?

Metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2-5

Why is the resting membrane potential negatively charged?

More potassium ions leak out of the neuron than move in. The electrochemical gradients favor the diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell, and this continual loss of positive charges makes the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside.

What structure most directly stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber to contract?

Motor neuron The motor neuron transmits action potentials from the brain or spinal cord to muscle fibers by releasing acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

Classify the shoulder joint.

Multiaxial (triaxial) joint

The hip joint is an example of a __________.

Multiaxial joint (ball-and-socket) The hip can flex and extend (axis 1), abduct and adduct (axis 2), and rotate and circumduct (axis 3).

What is NOT true of muscle spindles?

Muscle spindles are found within tendons.

Which of the following events will cause an EPSP?

Na ions enter postsynaptic cell If Na ions enter the postsynaptic cell, the effect will be a depolarization or EPSP.

Depolarizing local potentials are caused by an influx of:

Na ions via gated ion channels Depolarizing local potentials are caused by stimuli that open gated Na ion channels and as a result Na ions enter the cytosol driven by the electrochemical gradient.

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Na+ Ions move easily through water, which is polar, but cannot pass directly through the lipid (nonpolar) part of the cell membrane.

Which of the following membrane proteins is involved in active transport?

Na+/K+ pump The Na+/K+ pump hydrolyzes ATP to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients.

Which of the following organ systems control all the other organ systems?

Nervous

________________________are the supporting cells of the nervous system.

Neuroglia

Drag each tile to the appropriate bin to indicate whether it shows the neuromuscular junction at rest or active (in the process of transmitting a signal).

Neuromuscular Junction at Rest: 1. No Na+ diffusion 2. Chemically- gated channels closed 3. Calcium channels closed 4. ACh in synaptic vesicles 5. More negative charges inside sarcolemma Neuromuscular Junctive Active: 1. ACh is synaptic cleft2. Calcium channels open 3. Na+ diffusion 4. Chemically-gated channels open. 5. Less negative charges inside sarcolemma.

Why are damaged neurons usually not replaced?

Neurons are amitotic

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as:

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as:

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. To be stable, by the Octet Rule an atom must have 8 electrons in its outermost orbital. With only 6 valence electrons, oxygen atoms are unstable and will seek ways to get or share two more electrons to become stable.

For saltatory conduction to occur, there must be spaces between the schwann cells. The names of these spaces are _______.

Nodes of ranvier

Which of the folllowing would NOT be considered an electrolyte?

Non-reactive elements do not easily combine with the other elements. Helium, NEON, and argon are examples of very non-reactive elements.

Bill injured his spine and is complaining that he can't feel his right leg. However, he can move it just fine. What is Bill more than likely suffering from?

Not sure

CHAPTER 3: THE CELL Within the nucleus, where does ribosome assembly occur?

Nucleolus

The major building blocks of nucleic acids are________________

Nucleotides

In which of these organelles is chromatin located? Lysosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Nucleus

Nucleus

Which of the following cell structures functions as the control center of the cell?

Nucleus

It's important that your muscles have a ton of energy. Which organelle would be most beneficial to your muscles in regards to the previous sentence?

Numerous mitochondria are found in each muscle cell to provide metabolic energy for muscle contraction.

Muscular walls of the thorax and abdomen are composed of:

Oblique and rectus muscles

Which of the following cranial nerves are 100% sensory

Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulochlear,

Name the cranial nerve that has nothing to do with the tongue

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Vestibulochlear, Vagus, Acessory

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is correct?

Only certain physiological variables can be controlled by homeostatic mechanisms.

____________________ is a loss of bone mass.

Osteoporosis

Which of the following hormones has effects that involve positive feedback loops?

Oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the milk let-down reflex. These are two classical examples of positive feedback loops.

FINAL STUDY GUIDE PART II (Answers for this section were researched, but not verified).

PART II

Detection of stimuli is a responsibility of the ________ while perception of the stimuli is a responsibility of the ________.

PNS; CNS

Which statement best describes epithelial tissue?

Paracellular or transcellular transport moves substances between or across simple epithelia.

Which of the following does NOT belong to the axial skeleton? A. vertebral column B. pectoral girdle C. thoracic cage D. skull

Pectoral girdle

A common activity many athletes perform in training is climbing a rope with only the hands. What muscles that are utilized are mismatched in this process?

Pectoralis major allows to extend the arm to reach for the rope, and latissimus dorsi contractions pull the body up while holding onto the rope. The pectoralis major does not extend the arm.

Which organelle contains enzymes that detoxifies harmful substances?

Peroxisomes

What effect do you think deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes would have on phagocytes?

Phagocytes would lose the capability to digest bacteria. Lysosomes are located inside the cells storing lysozyme, which is important for digestion of proteinaceous substances that are found in bacteria.

In the fluid mosaic model, the bilayer is made up of which of the following?

Phospholipids

Muscles that move the thumb will be named using the term: A. Ulnaris B. Superficialis C. Pollicis D. Carpi

Pollicis

Which key feature distinguishes a synovial joint from other joint types?

Presence of a joint cavity

Which of the following is not a major difference between primary and secondary bone?

Primary bone has large amounts of inorganic matrix, while secondary doesn't.

Which bone marking provides a site where bones articulate or to which ligaments and tendons attach?

Projection

Which of the following would be absolutely crucial to synthesizing proteins?

Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes, which are freely floating and attached the the Rough Endoplamsmic Reticulum.

The enzyme that synthesizes the RNA strand during transcription is:

RNA polymerase

____________________ columnar epitheliu m appears to be stratified, but is actually a single layer of cells.

Pseudostratified

Inadequate calcium in the neuromuscular junction would directly affect which of the following processes?

Release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesiclesCalcium ions enter the axon terminal when voltage-gated calcium channels open in response to the arrival of an action potential. The presence of calcium causes synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Which of the following serous membranes would be responsible for protecting the pancreas?

Retroperitoneal??????? Abdominal???????

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Ribosomes

Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

Ribs are part of the axial skeleton

Shaking your head as if to say "no" is a joint movement known as:

Rotation

Which of the following muscles could help assist with scapular retraction?

Serrator anterior Rhomboids Trapezius Levator Scapulae

Which of the following functions is NOT one of the functions associated with the cytoskeleton?

Serves as the site for metabolic reactions such as protein synthesis

The principal role of melanin is to ______

Shield the nucleus from damage due to UV radiation

The glenoid cavity is the socket of the __________.

Shoulder joint The glenoid cavity articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

Carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by:

Simple Diffusion

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

Simple cuboidal epithelium The simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

Simple squamous epithelium This single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

Soma The soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

Skeletal Skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.

This figure represents a negative feedback loop that controls body temperature. What is the effector in this regulatory mechanism? Stimulus: Body temp decreases below normal range. ---> Receptor: Receptors in skin detect change in temperature. ---> Control Center: Brain cells process stimulus and determine body temp is below normal range.---> Effector/Response: Nerve cells activate skeletal muscle cells to start shivering, producing heat.---> In Homeostatic Range: As body temp returns to normal, feedback stops shivering of skeletal muscles.

Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle is the effector. It causes a response by shivering and producing heat, which warms the body to return the temperature back to the desired set point.

Which of the following muscle tissues have striations?

Skeletal and cardiac

Which of the following is descriptive of skeletal muscle fibers?

Skeletal muscle fibers are striated.

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

Small concentration gradient. The larger the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. Higher concentration means there are more collisions, so the molecules bounce away from each other more rapidly.

Which of the following motor units would be most appropriate for the muscles controlling eye movement?

Small motor unit with 2-5 muscle fibers per motor unit Eye muscles require very fine control and therefore the motor units that control them are small, with an average of 3 muscle fibers per unit.

________________: a type of voltage-gated ion channel located on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber.

Sodium channel

Which of the following is NOT a function of water? Body Temp Source of Electrolytes Universal Solvent Hydration of Cells

Source of electrolytes

_______________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells that resemble scales.

Squamos

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane proteins?

Stabilizing temperature

"The deepest stage of sleep is experienced during __________

Stage IV

Rank the sequence of events at the NMJ that initiate an action potential in the muscle fiber, from first to last.

Step 1: Action potential arrives at the axon terminal. Step 2: Calcium ions enter the axon terminal Step 3: Synaptic vesicles fuse to membrane of axon terminal Step 4: Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft. Step 5: Acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the junctional folds. Step 6: Junctional folds become depolarized Step 7: Action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma.

The vertebral region is ___________________ to the femoral region.

Superior

______________ epithelium has two or more layers.

Stratified

One of the primary functions of epithelial tissue is to protect. Which epithelial tissue accomplishes this the best?

Stratified (squamos) Epithelium Thisepitheliumprotects against physical and chemical wear and tear.

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

Stratified squamous epithelium this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.

Keratinized, dead cells are associated with:

Stratified squamous epithelium.

In which layer of the epidermis would you expect to find the healthiest cells?

Stratum Basale

Which of the following is/are classified as fibrous joints?

Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Sudoriferous glands are also known as what?

Sweat

____________________ : the space between the axon terminal and junctional folds.

Synaptic cleft

_____________________ : membranous sac located in the axon terminal that contains neurotransmitter.

Synaptic vesicle

Functionally, how are cartilaginous joints classified?

Synarthroses or amphiarthroses

The most moveable fibrous joints are the __________.

Syndesmoses Syndesmoses are amphiarthroses. They allow a limited amount of movement in that the articulating bones are able to pivot around one another.

Which type of muscle works together with the agonist?

Synergist

Which of the following is part of a synovial cavity?

Synonvial membrane

Articular cartilage in synovial joints is avascular. Which of the following sources nourishes the cartilage with nutrients and removes metabolic byproducts?

Synovial fluid

A patient with osteoarthritis in the knee suffers from severe pain. The orthopedic tells the patient, along with a breakdown of her articular cartilage, there is a reduction of synovial fluid. Why would a lack of synovial fluid influence and increase the pain?

Synovial fluid lubricates the joint to provide smooth movement. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint cavity and articulating surfaces to reduce friction. This protects the articulating ends of the bones.

synovial membrane

Synovial membranes line the cavities surrounding freely moveable joints and do not contain a layer of epithelial cells.

During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an "A" nucleotide?

T

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Which statement best describes tendon sheaths?

Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints.

Charlie has a break in the shaft of his bone. He broke the:

The Shaft of a long bone is called diaphysis.

Using the information provided in this graph, which statement best summarizes the activity in this neuron?

The cell gains positive charges, making the inside less negative.

The cornea would be considered to belong in which of the following structures?

The cornea is a transparent projection protruding from the sclera, the whites of the eye.

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated.

The metacarpal region is ______ to the olecranal region?

The hand is farther away from the elbow, so it is distal to the elbow.

The coxal joint is an articulation formed by:

The head of the femur and the acetabulum.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the blood-brain barrier?

The meninges The meninges cover and protect the brain, but they are not part of the blood brain barrier.

CHAPTER 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM What bones meet at the lambdoid suture?

The occipital and parietal bones

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin. The pancreas responds to high blood glucose levels by releasing insulin.

Which of the following statements is true?

The process of osmosis can be reversed by altering the pressure gradient.

The reticular layer of the dermis is:

The reticular layer is the deeper layer of dermis and is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.

The storage and release of calcium ions is the key function of the:

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores large amounts of calcium because calcium, when released, aids in muscle contraction. Skeletal muscles release calcium and contract when they receive signals from neurons, or nerve cells, that control muscle movement.

Which of the following bones would have the cauda equina traveling through it's vertebral foramen?

The spinal nerve L5 leaves the spinal cord from the conus medullaris, and travels along the cauda equina until it exits the 5th lumbar vertebra

spinocerebellar tract:

The spinocerebellar tracts are topographically organized, with the fibers from the lower segments located superficially. These tracts are mostly composed of large-diameter myelinated fibers, but fine-caliber fibers are also present in the ventral spinocerebellar tract

Define suture joint.

The suture joint is held together by very short collagen fibers that are part of dense regular collagenous connective tissue. This makes sutures very stable synarthroses and well suited for reinforcing the bones that protect the brain. This is an example of the Structure-Function Core Principle.

A patient is unresponsive to sensory stimuli and a brain scan of the cerebrum shows no cortical activity. During surgery to relieve pressure on her brain, the neurologist notices damage to part of her diencephalon, explaining her symptoms. What part is damaged?

The thalamus The thalamus is the main entrance into the cerebral cortex. Nearly all information must pass through the thalamus before entering the cerebrum, and in turn, allows the thalamus to control what information reaches the cerebrum. Damage to the thalamus will lead to deficits in perception and awareness of sensory stimuli, and will cut off the cerebral cortex from the rest of the nervous system.

Which of the following does not describe the vestibulocochlear nerve?

The two separate nerves forming it originate in the middle ear. The vestibular and cochlear nerves that form the vestibulocochlear nerve originate in the inner ear.

The cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called _____________.

cytoplasm

Which of the following scenarios can increase the likelihood that a certain neuron will reach threshold and have an action potential?

There are equal amounts of EPSP's via spatial summation as there is temporal summation. Regardless of it being temporal or spatial summation, if there are enough EPSP adding up, it will potentially reach the threshold.

Which of the following is a characteristic of both spinal and cranial nerves?

They contain bundles of axons. All peripheral nerves are formed by bundles of axons bound together by a common connective tissue sheath.

Which of the following statements about third- degree burns is INCORRECT?

Third-degree burns decrease perspiration, so there is no danger of dehydration. Dehydration is a common and serious problem in patients with third-degree burns.

Which of the following would be considered medial to the mammary region?

Thoracic Region (CHest Area)?

Histology is the study of:

Tissues

Which of the following cranial nerves have nothing to do with the eye?

Trigeminal

Patty is having a severe pain in her face due to a cranial nerve lesion. Which cranial nerve is causing all of this pain?

Trigeminal, maybe facial

Microtubules are composed of protein subunits known as:

Tubulin

The RNA base complementary to A in DNA is:

U

During the process of transcription, the DNA strand reads the following: ACTTGCCAAT. Which of the follwoing would be the proper M-RNA code?

UGA_ ACG GUU A RNA: ACUUGCCAAU

What type of joint allows motion around only one axis?

Uniaxial

Classify the elbow, which acts like a hinge and allows motion only in one perpendicular plane.

Uniaxial joint

All bones articulate with another bone. The only bone that makes the previous statement false is which bone?

Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments.

Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms for synaptic transmission termination?

Uptake of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic neuron There are three mechanisms of synaptic transmission termination: diffusion of neurotransmitter away from the synaptic cleft, reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic terminal and degradation of neurotransmitter by enzymes.

The root word ________________ means "back."

dors-

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?

Valence electrons. Only the outermost parts of atoms interact (react) with each other, and those are the valence electrons. If the outermost orbital is full, the atom is stable and less likely to react with another atom.

"Learners who thrive in an environment with visual stimulation, such as looking at diagrams or illustrations, have a preference for a modality known as:"

Visual

Sierra says she learns more from reading the textbook for class than from listening to lecture. She is most likely a(n):

Visual Learner

Canals that run perpendicular to the Haversian canals are known as what?

Volkmann's Canals

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

Water acts as a reactant. Yes, water molecules are necessary for salivary amylase to hydrolyze starch to glucose in your mouth. Thus, water acts as an important reactant.

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond. Yes, salt (NaCl) is an ionic compound that can be separated by the polar water molecule.

What effects occur to the bones of astronauts who spend a prolonged period in space?

Weight-bearing exercises are minimal due to the weightlessness of space, leading to the decreased amount of compression and tension on bones and decreased osteoblast activity.

The roots of the spinal cord on the posterior side are called _____________roots.

dorsal

Which muscle assists with smiling?

Zygomaticus Major

H2This is an example of __________.

a nonpolar covalent bond The two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons equally because both have the same electronegativity.

An overwhelming majority of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from which cranial nerve?

X

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so. Atoms react with other atoms to gain stability, typically by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to attain a full outermost orbital. Atoms with full outermost electron orbitals are less likely to react and are referred to as being inert.

Name the starting point and finish point for an individual sarcomere.

Z disc

The neural circuit pattern in which the signal goes from several neurons to one is called __________.

a converging circuit In converging circuits, axon terminals from multiple input neurons converge onto a single postsynaptic neuron.

In hydrolysis_____________

a molecule of water is added

Which of the following is NOT an example of simple diffusion?

a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium.

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as:

accommodation

There are a lot of happenings at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following is the name of the neurotransmitter that is released?

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

acetylcholine

The major function of carbohydrates in the body is________________.

act as cellular fuel.

"During muscle contraction, myosin crossbridges bind to active sites on:"

actin

A process that requires energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called:

active transport.

The prefix _________________ means "fat"

adip

The prefix _____________ means "relating to the adrenal glands."

adren-

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as:

adrenergic.

A chemical signal that targets the adrenal cortex is called ____________________________hormone.

adrenocorticotropic

Simple squamous epithelium is found lining the:

air sacs of the lungs

Some potassium-sparing diuretics increase urination without the loss of potassium by working against receptors for:

aldosterone

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)This is an example of __________.

an ionic bond Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, which creates a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion. The two oppositely charged ions attract each other, and this attraction is called an ionic bond.

If oxygen is not available, the muscle fiber will produce ATP by __________.

anaerobic catabolism Anaerobic catabolism involves glycolysis and the production of lactic acid.

The stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell is called __________.

anaphase Sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell during the third stage of mitosis, called anaphase.

The science of _____________ is concerned with the structure of the human body.

anatomy

The prefix _________ means "before."

ante

The body region located in front of the elbow is the ____________________ region.

antecubital

The __________________ ossicles transmit sound waves.

auditory

Glands that release sweat into hair follicles are called __________.

apocrine sweat glands The secretions from apocrine glands are metabolized by microbes and create a characteristic odor.

We have different types of sweat glands. Where would be the most likely location to find an apocrine gland?

apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), areola and nipples of the breast, ear canal, eyelids, wings of the nostril, perianal region, and some parts of the external genitalia.

The prefix ________________ means "joint."

arthr

The prefix _____________ means "star."

astro-

"Because of their ability to rapidly divide during brain injury, which type of neuroglial cell would be more likely to form a brain tumor?"

astrocyte

The prefix ____________________ means "hear."

audi-

The prefix _______________ means "self."

auto-

The _________________ nervous system is under involuntary, or automatic, control.

autonomic

Which of the following structures would be highest on the hierarchy in regards to controlling the autonomic nervous system?

autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus

The conducting region of the neuron is the:

axon

The joint connecting the scapula and the humerus is an example of a:

ball-and-socket joint The shoulder joint between the humerus and the scapula is an example of a ball-and-socket joint. It is a multiaxial joint.

The shoulder and hip joints are similar because they are both:

ball-and-socket joints.

What supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

basilar membrane

Located in the plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells

beta receptor

What is the basic function of all muscle tissue?

generate muscle tension

Which of the following muscles have an insertion that is superior to its origin?

biceps brachii

The root word ___________ means "immature or precursor"

blast

Which of the following would not be a physiological variable under the control of the reticular formation?

body temperature The hypothalamus is primarily responsible for the regulation of body temperature.

In a lever system, the lever is the __________.

bone During bodily movement, bones act as levers. They have an effect on the force, direction, and speed of the movement produced by the muscle.

You are observing a tissue under the microscope and notice dark concentric circles of matrix and osteocytes in lacunae. You identify this tissue as __________.

bone tissue Bone, or osseous connective tissue, has osteocytes in lacunae and concentric circles of calcified extracellular matrix.

The prefix ___________ means "arm."

brachi

The prefix ___________________ means "arm."

brachi-

The prefix ____________means "arm."

brachi-

The _________________ plexus is a network of nerves located near the arm pit.

brachial

The main artery in the arm is called the ______________ artery.

brachial

Which plexus provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb?

brachial plexus

The______________________ is located in the arm and flexes the elbow.

brachialis

Which of the following are organs of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by:

burns

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

Bone deposition involves __________.

calcification Bone deposition is the process of building new bone and involves calcification of the bone matrix.

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

calcitonin

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates Vitamin D into calcitriol in the kidney. Calcitriol then increases absorption of calcium in the intestine.

Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for:

calcium

What accounts for the majority of bone (osseous) tissue matrix?

calcium salts

The button-like structure that holds homologous chromosomes together at their middles during cell division is called the _________________.

centromere

Compared to Type I fibers, Type II fibers __________.

can generate faster, more powerful contractions Type II fibers are larger in diameter than Type I fibers, and therefore contain more contractile proteins capable of generating more tension.

The prefix ____________ means "head."

capit-

Seminspinalis ________________ extends and rotates the head.

capitis

The root word ___________ means "tail."

caud-

The _______________ is the collection of spinal nerve roots that resembles a horse's tail.

cauda equina

Which of the following best describes holocrine gland secretion?

cell rupture and die to secrete their product In holocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate their product in the cytosol, which is released when the cell ruptures and dies.

The prefix ____________ means "center."

centr

Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information?

central nervous system

What part of the nervous system integrates and interprets information from PNS sensory neurons?

central nervous system (CNS)

The two structural divisions of the nervous system are the:

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:

chemical

Which of the following is the correct sequence, from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body?

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

The receptors for smell and taste are __________.

chemoreceptors The receptors for taste and smell detect chemicals in the air and dissolved in saliva.

The prefix ________________ means "cartilage."

chondro

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by ________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into ________.

choroid plexuses; dural sinuses

What is the name of the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells Chromaffin cells are stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Which of the following bones functions like a brace in a building that support two opposing beams?

clavicle The clavicle sits between the shoulder and thoracic cage and braces the upper limb so that it rests laterally to the trunk.

Compared to parasympathetic ganglia, sympathetic ganglia are __________.

closer to the spinal cord Axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are short, so sympathetic ganglia are generally located close to the spinal cord.

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

cochlea

The major organic component of bone extracellular matrix is __________.

collagen The predominant protein fiber in osteoid is collagen.

As you examine a slide under the microscope, you see pink wavy lines. You identify them as __________.

collagen fibers Collagen fibers are part of the extracellular matrix.

CHAPTER 11: INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Branches that may occur along an axon are called:

collaterals

Corticonuclear tracts __________.

communicate with cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem Cranial nerves then innervate the muscles of the head and neck.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

communication

The hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is:

compact bone

Your car weighs thousands of pounds. When trying to lift it by yourself, you don't even budge it. What type of muscle contraction is this?

concentric

The rounded end of a bone that is used for articulation is called a __________.

condyle Examples include the occipital condyles, which allow the skull to articulate with the atlas; and the condyles of the femur, which allow it to articulate with the tibia.

While viewing a colorful painting in a museum, you will mostly use your __________.

cones Cones can detect color, because they contain the pigment photopsin, which responds to wavelengths we perceive as either blue, green, or red.

What general tissue type binds, supports, and protects the body?

connective

As you examine a slide under the microscope, you see multiple cell types surrounded by abundant ECM and protein fibers. You identify this tissue type as __________.

connective tissue Different cell types, abundant ECM, and protein fibers are all hallmarks of connective tissue.

What is the most distal and lateral bone of the tarsals?

cuboid The cuboid is the most distal and lateral of the tarsal bones and articulates with metatarsals 4 and 5.

The root word ____________ means "skin"

cutan

Another name for skin is ____________ membrane.

cutaneous

In olfaction, activation of G-protein-coupled receptors leads to the formation of __________.

cyclic AMP The activated G-protein triggers the enzyme adenylate cyclase to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Action potential propagation in unmyelinated axons happens via:

continuous conduction Continuous conduction is the mode of propagation in unmyelinated axons.

Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina?

cornea and lens

A puncture wound would penetrate the epidermis in which specific order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?

corticospinal tract

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

The prefix___________________means "rib."

costa

The_______________groove is located on the inferior border of each rib.

costal

A(n)___________________ joint is found between the ribs and costal cartilages.

costochondral

One water molecule is an example of a _______________________.

covalent bond

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS?

cranial nerves

ChAPTER 15: THE SPECIAL SENSES What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS?

cranial nerves only

The main immediate source of ATP (lasting about 10 seconds) as muscle contractions begin comes from:

creatine phosphate.

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion Yes, insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

The skeletal muscles are ________ to the skin.

deep

The prefix ___________ means "tree" or "branch."

dendr

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

dense irregular connective tissue

Fibrosis results in the formation of a type of:

dense irregular connective tissue.

The influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential more positive and is known as:

depolarization.

The root word ____________ means "pertaining to skin"

derm

The layer of skin not exposed to air is the ___________.

dermis

What type of intercellular junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger?

desmosome

CHAPTER 6: Bones and Bone Tissue Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the:

diaphysis

Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone. He broke the:

diaphysis

Depolarization to threshold during action potential propagation in axons is due to:

diffusion of Na ions down to the next segment of the axon Diffusion of Na ions through the cytosol down to the next segment of the axon will depolarize this segment to threshold and it will generate an action potential.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is built for:

diffusion.

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except _____________________

dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

CHAPTER 14: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

dilation of the pupils

The connective tissue covering an individual muscle fiber is the __________________.

endomysium

Which of the following wraps and surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber?

endomysium

What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?

endoneurium

Which glial cell may have cilia on them that helps filter cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

The prefix _________ means "above," "upon" or "over."

epi-

We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by:

epidermal ridges.

The region of skin that provides a tough barrier against pathogens and trauma is the:

epidermis

The connective tissue covering on the outside of a whole muscle is the ___________________.

epimysium

Which of the following connective tissues would surround an entire muscle fiber?

epimysium

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

What is the outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve?

epineurium

Growth of a long bone occurs at a(n) _____________ plate.

epiphyseal plate

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?

epiphyseal plate

Which of the following moves the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold?

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

The prefix _______________ means "outside."

exo

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.

exocytosis

Aldosterone regulates:

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels.

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

facilitated diffusion

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport process during which molecules move down their concentration gradients through transport proteins.

"Which of the following papillae found on the surface of the tongue contains no taste buds, but does contain sensory nerve endings to detect the temperature and texture of food?"

filiform papillae

A burn that only damages the epidermis is classified as a __________.

first-degree burn The most minor burns are first-degree burns, in which only the epidermis is damaged. Typically present are erythema of the skin and minor pain, but no blisters or permanent damage.

A muscle that anchors a bone in place to make the movement more efficient is a(n) __________.

fixator Fixators hold a bone in place. This is an anchoring function that makes movement more efficient and reduces the risk of injury.

Thin, broad bones should be classified as:

flat bones

Membranous areas or ""soft spots,"" seen in the skull of an infant are called:

fontanels

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurons?

forming the myelin sheath

Where are receptors for acetylcholine located?

found on the surface of muscle cells, concentrated in the synapse between nerve cells and muscle cells. axon terminals

The area of the retina that contains a high density of photoreceptors and enables us to focus on a particular object is called __________.

fovea centralis The fovea centralis is located in the center of the macula lutea region of the retina.

Loss of K ions from the cytosol will have the same effect as:

gain of Cl ions Hyperpolarizing local potentials can result from loss of K ions or gain of Cl ions.

Which of the following are groups of neuronal cell bodies that are located within the ANS?

ganglia Ganglia are groups of cell bodies found within the autonomic and sensory divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

What part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

glenoid cavity

Name the structure that should be in the blank of this diagram. Cerebral Cortex Substantia nigra Caudate nucleus and putamen ________________________________________________ Thalamus Upper motor neurons stimulated

globus pallidus The globus pallidus inhibits inappropriate movement by inhibiting the thalamus. When voluntary movement is initiated, the caudate nucleus and the putamen inhibit the globus pallidus and the thalamus can stimulate upper motor neurons.

Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

The prefix _______________means "sugar" or "glucose."

gluco-

The group of hormones made by the adrenal cortex that regulate sugar metabolism are called ___________________________.

glucocorticoids

What is a necessary reactant for glycolytic, or anaerobic, catabolism to proceed?

glucose

Solution A and solution B are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution A contains 1% glucose, solution B contains 5% glucose. By diffusion:

glucose will move from solution B to solution A. Driven by the concentration gradient, glucose will move from the more concentrated solution to the less concentrated solution.

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

glutamate

The pelvic girdle is stabilized by its attachment to the axial skeleton, by the sacrum, and by muscles such as the __________________.

gluteus medius The gluteus medius is one of the muscles that is responsible for stabilizing the pelvis

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of:

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone turn on the gonads and are called ____________________.

gonadotropins

CHAPTER 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The majority of the cerebral cortex is:

grey matter

Appositional growth allows bones to __________.

grow in width Appositional growth allows bones to grow in width. In actively growing bones, appositional growth is primarily responsible for thickening the compact bone of the diaphysis.

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes?

gustatory cell

The main nuclei that control both heartrate and breathing is located in which structure?

medulla oblongata

Specialized epithelial cells that contain receptors to detect taste are called __________.

gustatory cells Gustatory cells have microvilli with receptors for taste on their apical surface. The basal end of each gustatory cell forms a synapse with the receptive endings of a sensory neuron.

Thick skin lacks:

hair follicles.

What do dead keratinized cells form?

hair shaft

Referred pain down the left arm can be a hallmark sign of what condition?

heart attack

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations Yes, due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as:

hematopoiesis

The root word _________________ means "half."

hemi-

The two halves of the cerebrum are the ________________.

hemispheres

Excess cortisol could result in:

high blood glucose levels.

Which of the following will cause negative feedback inhibition of the HPA axis?

high cortisol levels As the cortisol level rises, the hypothalamus decreases CRH secretion and the anterior pituitary ultimately decreases ACTH secretion.

During exercise, we start sweating. Sweating due to increased temperature is an example of____________________

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

Which of the following names are synonymous to white matter?

horn????

The root word ___________ means "black"

melan

Which part of the coxal bone articulates with the sacrum?

ilium

A fracture in the left femoral region that is 5 centimeters proximal to the patellar region and 30 centimeters distal to the coxal region will be __________.

in the diaphysis of the left femur, close to the knee The femoral region is the thigh, the patellar region is the knee, and the coxal region is the hip.

Batrachotoxin produced by certain species of frogs is a toxin that permanently opens voltage-gated Na ion channels. The results of exposure to batrachotoxin will be:

inability to generate action potentials Since the axolemma will not be able to repolarize, the neuron will be unable to generate more action potentials.

Ms. Parker has damage to the sensory root of the facial nerve (VII). Which of the following symptoms matches this information?

inability to taste

Calcitonin functions to:

increase bone deposition.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of growth hormone on bones?

increase in the activity of osteoclast Increase in osteoclast activity leads to bone resorption, not growth. It is one of the effects of parathyroid hormone, not growth hormone.

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?)

increase osteoblasts on bone.This answer is false. PTH would NOT increase osteoblasts. Osteoblasts store calcium on bone, thus lowering plasma calcium levels.

If a drug inhibits the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase, the effect will be:

increased ACh availability in synaptic cleft If AChE is inhibited, there will be less ACh degradation and more ACh will be available in the cleft.

Nicotine is addictive because it causes dopamine-releasing neurons to fire more action potentials. Nicotine will therefore cause:

increased levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft If dopamine releasing neurons fire more action potentials, then more vesicles with dopamine will be released and there will be more dopamine available in the synaptic cleft.

What is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

increased osteoblast activity

Which of the following will most likely cause a greasier scalp and dandruff?

increased testosterone Increased testosterone leads to increased sebum secretion from the sebaceous glands, which can result in greasy skin and scalp and the condition known as dandruff.

"When blood glucose levels increase, a hormone called insulin is released from endocrine cells in the pancreas. The role of insulin is to return blood glucose levels to normal. Which part of this negative feedback loop is the stimulus?"

increasing blood glucose levels

Your right tarsal region is ____________ to your right antebrachial region.

inferior

The prefix_____________means "below."

infra

The_________________foramen is located in the mandible.

infraorbital

If a medication were able to selectively block nicotinic receptors on sympathetic postganglionic neurons, it would:

inhibit stimulation of sympathetic postganglionic receptors. When preganglionic sympathetic neurons function normally, they stimulate postganglionic cell bodies by releasing ACh onto nicotinic receptors. Blocking these receptors would prevent stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, which will allow it to behave the same as stimulating receptors on the preganglionic neurons.

The prefix ______________ means "within," "inside" or "between."

inter

What connects the upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons?

interneurons

Neurons that relay information within the CNS and are the location of information processing are called __________.

interneurons Interneurons are the most abundant type of neuron.

CHAPTER 13: The Peripheral Nervous System The stretch of a full urinary bladder is dected by a(n):

interoceptor

The stage of the cellular lifecycle between divisions is called _______________.

interphase

Cytosol is also known as_____________

intracellular fluid

Flat bones such as the bones of the skull form via __________.

intramembranous ossification During intramembranous ossification, embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme is replaced with bone.

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

iodine

Na+ is best known as a(n):

ion

Salts are held together by:

ionic bonds.

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

iris

The axis would be classified as a _____ bone.

irregular

Hair color is determined by the amount of the pigment ______________ present.

melanin

The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone since it:

is located within tendons.

Which type of contraction causes a skeletal muscle to shorten?

isotonic concentric contraction Isotonic concentric contractions are also called miometric contractions, where mio means "shorter."

The type of contraction that causes a skeletal muscle to lengthen is called __________.

isotonic eccentric contraction An isotonic eccentric contraction causes the muscle to lengthen.

After death, the cornea absorbs fluid and becomes opaque. In a living person, the cornea is translucent due to _______________.

its orderly parallel arrangement of collagen fibers and low water content

What tissue composes the epidermis of the skin?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Small cavities that are located between lamellae and contain osteocytes are called __________.

lacunae Lacunae are filled with extracellular fluid and connected by canaliculi.

What type of sensory receptors are muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?

mechanoreceptors

Compared to the effects of the nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________.

last longer Hormones can require seconds, several hours, or even days to elicit their effects, but these effects are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system.

The elbow is ______________ to the umbilicus

lateral

The pleural cavity is _____________ to the vertebral cavity.

lateral

What type of ion channel in neurons is always open?

leak

Which of the following would not be a function of the frontal lobe?

limb movement

"What functional brain system participates in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior?"

limbic system

The hippocampus and amygdala are parts of the:

limbic system.

Which statement best describes epithelial tissue?

lining of the small intestine

Postsynaptic potentials are:

local potentials Postsynaptic potentials are local potentials generated in the postsynaptic cell.

What part of the femur articulates with the tibia to form the knee joint?

medial condyle and lateral condyle

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as:

long bones

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as:

long bones

Prions are infectious particles that can cause normal proteins to assume a misfolded shape. When the proteins assume an abnormal three- dimensional shape, they:

lose their function. When a protein loses its shape, it loses its function. This is an example of the structure-function core principle.

If a ventral root of a spinal nerve in the cervical spine were severed, what would you predict the patient to experience?

loss of feeling in the leg

A langerhan's cell is a specialized _______________

macrophage

This ossicle is stimulated by the vibrations of the tympanic membrane

malleus

This ossicle is stimulated by the vibrations of the tympanic membrane

malleus? incus stapes

Which of the following organs contains target cells for oxytocin?

mammary glands

The pericardial cavity is found inside which of the following cavities?

mediastinum is a membrane seperating the thoracic cavity. thoracic

The pineal gland produces the hormone __________.

melatonin Melatonin's main target tissues are the sleep-regulating centers in the brainstem, where it appears to adjust the sleep phase of the sleep/wake cycle.

An infection of the meninges is called ____________.

meningitis

The prefix____________means "chin."

ment

All synthesis and decomposition reactions that take place in the body are known as__________________

metabolism

The prefix ____________ means "small."

micro

Regions of the body which require large surface area for absorption, such as the cells covering the inner surface of the small intestine, often have __________.

microvilli Microvilli increase the surface area of the cell by as much as 30 to 40 times, which allows the cell to absorb substances more rapidly.

When the atoms of two different elements bind together, they form a (n).

molecule

C2H8 is a(n)

molecule If a molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen, it is nonpolar covalent.

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP Primary active transporters, such as the sodium-potassium ATPase (or pump), are activated when ATP is hydrolyzed. This activation allows for the transport of solutes across the plasma membrane against concentration gradients.

This reflex arc shows a __________.

monosynaptic reflex The simple monosynaptic reflexes involve only a single synapse within the spinal cord between the sensory and motor neurons.

If the cytosol loses K+ ions through leak channels, it will become:

more negative. Overall, the leakage of K+ ions leads to a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts, which indicates that the inside of the cell is about 70 mV more negative than the outside of the cell.

Where are receptors for acetylcholine located?

motor end plate

If you are standing still and then you start moving forward, the endolymph in your inner ear will __________.

move forward more slowly than the hair cells The inertia of the fluid, which causes it to resist changes in its state of motion, will cause a small delay between the time your body and hair cells of the inner ear start moving forward and the time the endolymph in your inner ear catches up.

Damage to the substantia nigra of the midbrain would be indicated by problems with ____________

movement

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. By diffusion, molecules spread out to maximize their space.

Choose the BEST answer: Simple diffusion is best described as substances________________

moving passively down a concentration gradient

The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in:

mucus

The most common type of neuron in the human body is:

multipolar

Found in the membranes of all parasympathetic target cells

muscarinic receptor

The prefix __________ means "muscle."

myo-

The part of a muscle fiber that contracts is called a/an ____________________.

myofibril

Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle both possess:

myosin and actin filaments

The prefix _________ means "nerve."

neur-

What is the correct pathway of development of the cerebellum?

neural tube, hindbrain, metencephalon, cerebellum

The supportive cells of nervous tissue are called __________.

neuroglial cells Neuroglial cells have many functions, including anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place, monitoring the composition of the extracellular fluid, speeding up the rate of nerve impulse transmission, and circulating the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

Located in the membranes of all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

nicotinic receptor

If a neuron simultaneously receives a stimulus that results in local depolarization of 10 mV and a stimulus that results in a local hyperpolarization of 10 mV, the net effect would be:

no net change in membrane potential The depolarization caused by gain of positively charged ions will be cancelled out by the equal strength hyperpolarization resulting from loss of positively charged ions or gain of negatively charged ions.

CHAPTER 5: THE SKIN The dermis ________________ A. is composed of a thick papillary layer and a thick layer of keratinocytes has 4-5 layers B. is avascular C. all of these D. none of these

none of these

What type of compound is NOT likely to dissolve in water?

nonpolar covalent compound

What hormone is released from the adrenal medulla?

norepinephrine

The root word ___________ means "center."

nuc

Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses:

offer faster cell-cell communication

Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses:

offer faster cell-cell communication Electrical synapses are capable of producing action potentials in unison and are found in areas of the brain that are responsible for programmed, automatic behaviors.

The prefix _____________ means "smell."

olf-

The sense of smell is also called _____________________.

olfaction

Which cranial nerve detects smell?

olfactory nerve (I)

The prefix __________ means "few."

oligo

Thin skin contains:

one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin.

The portion of the eye that has no photoreceptors is called the what?

optic disc is the blind spot

The prefix _______________ means "circular."

orb

The _______________ occuli is a circular muscle surrounding the eye.

orbicularis

Which of the following neurotransmitters is important for arousal from sleep?

orexin Arousal from sleep is mediated by hypothalamic neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter orexin to stimulate the nuclei of the reticular activating system.

A serous membrane contains a superficial layer of epithelial tissue and a deeper layer of connective tissue. Thus, serous membranes are classified as:

organs

The root word ____________ means "bone"

osteo

A (n) ____________________ is an immature cell involved in bone formation.

osteoblast

Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are:

osteocytes

Cells that develop into osteoblasts are called:

osteogenic cells.

The structural units of mature compact bone are called:

osteons

The prefix_______________ means "ear."

oto-

A calcified "rock" in the ear that participates in equilibrium is called a(n) ___________.

otolith

Vibrations of the auditory ossicles are transmitted to the cochlea via the __________.

oval window The oval window vibrates, causing the liquid in the inner ear to vibrate.

The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body's mass, are:

oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon

Which of the following hormones are not involved with the posterior portion of the pituitary gland?

oxytocin is secreted into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.

Which pH represents a solution that has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?

pH 14

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?

pH of 3 Yes, the lower the pH, the more acidic the fluid. pH is inversely related to the number of H+ ions. As the number of H+ ions increases (and thus the acidity increases), the pH decreases. Therefore, a pH of 3 is the most acidic of the three values given.

The cells that secrete glucagon are located in the:

pancreas The cells that produce and secrete glucagon are called alpha cells and are located in the islets of the pancreas.

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and glucagon?

pancreatic islets

The prefix _________________ means "beside," "near" or "alongside."

para-

The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ cells of the thyroid.

parafollicular Parafollicular cells are found between thyroid follicles.

Relaxation of the urinary sphincter

parasympathetic nervous system

Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute?

parasympathetic nervous system

The glands located alongside the thyroid gland are called _______________________glands.

parathyroid

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

parietal lobe

Which of the following bones is NOT from the axial skeleton?

pelvic bone The pelvic bone, or os coxa, is part of the pelvic girdle and therefore part of the appendicular skeleton.

The root word ___________ means "around"

peri

The prefix ________ means "around."

peri-

The connective tissue covering around a fascicle is the _____________________.

perimysium

The connective tissue that surround compact bone is the _________________.

periosteum

The prefix ____________ means "light."

photo-

The root word _____________ means "growth"

physis

Melatonin release is thanks to which gland?

pineal gland

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

The root word _________ means "many."

poly

To allow for flexion, the __________ unlocks the knee joint.

popliteus

Which of the following parts of a spinal nerve carries sensory information only?

posterior (dorsal) root

CHAPTER 10: MUSCLE TISSUE & PHYSIOLOGY Type I fibers lack:

power and explosiveness

"What part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality, the creation of an awareness of self, and the ability to recognize appropriate behavior?"

prefrontal cortex

What part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality, the creation of an awareness of self, and the ability to recognize appropriate behavior?

prefrontal cortex

Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called __________.

preganglionic neurons Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons reside in the brain stem or spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons stimulate postganglionic neurons.

The prefix __________ means "old age."

presby-

As people age and lose the ability to see close objects, they develop a condition called __________________.

presbyopia

Mechanoreceptors might detect which of the following sensations?

pressure

When you breathe, the pressure inside the lungs is different than the pressure outside the lungs. This is an example of a(n) __________.

pressure gradient A gradient is present any time more of something exists in one area than in another and the two areas are connected. The pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the lungs is a pressure gradient.

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

primary active transport The sodium-potassium pump is activated by ATP. This activation allows the pump to transport sodium and potassium ions against their gradients.

Which bone marking provides a site where bones articulate or to which ligaments and tendons attach?

projection

Transcription factors bind to the ___________ on DNA.

promoter sequence The promoter is a special sequence of nucleotides on the DNA strand which indicates the starting point for RNA synthesis.

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the endocrine system?

promotes growth Memory and learning are higher-level functions of the nervous system.

Which of the following muscles is named for its shape?

pronator quadratus

What is the correct order of the phases in the M phase of the cell cycle?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The four major organic compounds that our bodies are made up of are ____________________

protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.

Amino acids are the monomers for:

proteins

The prefix _____________ means "false"

psuedo

The prefix____________ means "four."

quad-

The _____________________ femoris is a four-headed muscle in the thigh.

quadriceps

What part of the radius articulates with the humerus?

radial head

The insertion of the biceps brachii muscle is the __________.

radial tuberosity The biceps brachii is an agonist for flexion at the elbow, so it pulls the radius toward the humerus.

What is the main function of glucagon?

raise blood glucose levels

Which of the following muscles extends the leg at the knee joint?

rectus femoris

The hypothalamus functions in:

regulating the autonomic nervous system.

Catabolic reactions involve____________________

release of energy

Active transport processes:

require cells to expend energy (ATP).

Which two organ systems work to correct pH imbalances in the body?

respiratory and urinary

The Na+/K+ pump helps a muscle cell maintain a state of:

resting membrane potential.

If you walk into your house and you smell dinner in the oven, what are you experiencing??

simple diffusion and passive transport

Which tissue will mostly likely be found lining organs where substances have to easily diffuse across, such as the intestines and the lungs?

simple epithelium Simple squamous epithelium lines the exchange surfaces of the lungs, and simple columnar epithelium lines the small intestine.

The paired and identical copies of a chromosome, which are joined at a centromere, are called __________.

sister chromatids After DNA replication during the S phase of interphase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids

Which of the following is an example of static equilibrium?

sitting in a movie theater to watch a film

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

You are observing a tissue under the microscope and see long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate cells, arranged parallel to each other. You identify this tissue as __________.

skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle tissue consists of long, thin, striated muscle cells that are arranged parallel to one another. Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers.

Somatic motor neurons innervate:

skeletal muscle cells.

Intramembranous ossification occurs in:

skull bones

The prefix ______________ means "body."

soma-

The ___________________ nervous system allows us to voluntarily control our body 19s movements.

somatic

Reflexes that control skeletal muscle are called __________.

somatic Somatic reflexes provide immediate involuntary control of skeletal muscle.

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?

somatic nervous system The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle using a single motor neuron.

Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?

somatic sensory division

The ventral and dorsal funniculi are located in which structure?

spinal cord

The brainstem connects the brain and the:

spinal cord.

The prefix ____________ means "scale"

squam

The deepest stage of sleep is experienced during:

stage IV.

Stem cells are important for creating new and healthy cells. In which of the following layers would you expect to find stem cells?

stem cells are found in the basal layer of the epidermis.

The neck muscles, with an origin at the sternum and clavicle, and an insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone, are the __________.

sternocleidomastoid muscles Each sternocleidomastoid muscle individually rotates the head toward the opposite shoulder; together they flex the head.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of cortisol?

stimulates the inflammatory response Cortisol also has an inhibitory effect on inflammation, therefore allowing the body to deal with the stress even when it is injured.

Which of the following is not one of the short term effects of growth hormone?

stimulates the storage of glucose in muscle Growth hormone causes an increase in the availability of glucose and fatty acids in blood, allowing all cells to use them as fuel for the stress response. If muscle cells store glucose, it would not be immediately available for use as an energy source.

The prefix ________________ means "layer"

strata

Dividing stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes are located in the __________.

stratum basale The stem cells are called basal cells and are in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale.

As skin cells approach the stratum corneum, they begin to breakdown and die. In which layer of the epidermis does this process begin?

stratum granulosum

The patellar reflex is a type of __________.

stretch reflex The patellar reflex is initiated when the quadriceps femoris muscle is stretched by tapping the patellar tendon. The response is a rapid flexion of that muscle, which results in a knee jerk.

What do skeletal and cardiac muscle cells share in common?

striations

The cephalic region is __________ to the gluteal region.

superior The cephalic region is the head, and the gluteal region is the buttocks. The head is superior to the buttocks.

What does the SQ3R method stand for?

survey, question, read, recite, and review

Blood is a mixture of fluid and insoluble particles that are large enough to be visible, such as blood cells and platelets. Therefore, blood is a __________.

suspension Blood is an example of a suspension. Blood cells are "suspended" in the plasma, the fluid portion of blood.

Eccrine glands produce:

sweat containing mostly water.

If the ECF is more concentrated than the cytosol, then the ECF is:

swell. The ECF has lower solute concentration, so its osmotic pressure will be less than that of the cytosol. The higher osmotic pressure of cytosol pulls water into the cell and causes it to swell as it gains water.

"As Lisa drove home, she was suddenly alerted to the sound of a blaring horn and realized she had drifted off to sleep. Which nervous system division dominated when she was startled awake?"

sympathetic nervous system

Enhances mental alertness

sympathetic nervous system

Increased heart rate

sympathetic nervous system

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to skin

sympathetic nervous system

In times of stress, the hypothalamus activates the:

sympathetic nervous system The hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system, which is the "fight or flight" branch of the Autonomic nervous system.

Which of the following is called the "fight or flight" division of the nervous system?v

sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system is called the "fight or flight" division because of its role in preparing the body for emergency situations in which one would need to fight off an attacker or flee from danger. Furthermore, it maintains homeostasis when the body is engaged in any type of physical work and mediates the body's visceral responses to emotion.

The prefix ____________ means "together."

syn

The prefix __________ means "together."

syn-

A (n) _____________ joint is held together tightly and is immovable.

synarthrosis

A _______________ and a prime mover work together to produce a movement.

synergist

What lubricates movable joints such as the hip, knee, and elbow?

synovial fluid

Predict the meaning of the term "reverse transcription."

synthesis of DNA using RNA as a template

Neurohypophyseal hormones are synthesized here:

synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, from where they are transported along neurons for storage in, or release from, nerve terminals in the posterior lobe of the pituitary.

Which tarsal bones of the foot are proximally situated?

talus, calcaneus, navicular

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

temporal lobe

Homeostasis is defined as __________.

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

If a drug inhibits neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic cells:

the neurotransmitter will have no effect in the postsynaptic cell If the neurotransmitter cannot bind to its post-synaptic receptors it will have no effect in the postsynaptic cell.

A neurotransmitter may have an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic cell, depending on __________.

the receptor to which it binds The type of receptor to which a neurotransmitter binds determines the postsynaptic response.

Histology is _________________.

the study of normal structure of tissues. Histology is a branch of microscopic anatomy that studies the normal structure of tissues.

The autonomic nervous system has lateral horns that branch off what divisions of the spinal cord?

thoracic and lumbar

The prefix _____________ means "relating to the thyroid gland."

thyro-

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?

thyroid gland

What is the function of cranial nerve XII?

tongue movement

Branching ""ribs"" of bone present in spongy bone are known as:

trabeculae

The prefix ____________ means "across" or "through."

trans

Special senses, such as sight and sound, are converted to an action potential by:

transduction

A _________________ cut divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

transverse

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is known as a _____________.

transverse plane.

Which of the following muscles is involved with flexion?

triceps brachii is involved with EXTENDING

Cranial nerve V is the __________.

trigeminal nerve The trigeminal nerve is a mixed cranial nerve that is responsible for sensation from the face and motor control of the masseter and temporalis muscles.

The function of yellow bone marrow is:

triglyceride storage

Cranial nerve IV is the __________.

trochlear nerve The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that moves the eye medially and inferiorly.

The prefix __________________means "to turn on."

tropi-

Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as:

tropic hormones.

which of the following is involved in a triad?

tropomyosin

How many instances of cell-cell communication are involved in the motor component of a visceral reflex arc?

two The preganglionic neuron communicates with the postganglionic neuron, and the postganglionic neuron communicates with the target cell, so there are two instances of cell-cell communication.

"Resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium ion pump, or Na+/K+ ATPase, which brings:"

two potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.

"Striking the ""funny"" bone is actually stimulation (or injury) to the:"

ulnar nerve

Titin is a spring-shaped elastic protein that attaches to the thick filament and anchors it to the Z-discs of a sarcomere. If titan was denatured, making it straight, it would no longer be able to:

uncoil when stretched and recoil when the force is removed. Titan is a spring-shaped elastic filament that holds the thick filaments in place, resists excessive stretching, and provides elasticity to the muscle. Titan will uncoil and lengthen when stretched and will recoil into the shape of a spring when the stretching force is removed.

Mechanoreceptors detect __________.

vibration and deep pressure Vibration and deep pressure are detected by mechanoreceptors such as lamellated corpuscles.

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the:

visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS).

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the integumentary system?

vitamin C synthesis The skin plays a role in the synthesis of vitamin D, not vitamin C.

The fluid-like gel that helps keep the shape and integrity of the posterior chamber of the eye is called what?

vitreous humor

Which of the following ear structures are involved with equilibrium?

utricle

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes:

vasodilation.

Which of the following hormones play a major role in fluid retention?

vasopression

Which of the following muscles is named using a directional term?

vastus lateralis

Which of the following structures would be affected if you very dizzy and nauseous after riding a roller coaster?

vestibular system

In the spinal cord, nerve tracts or funiculi make up the:

white columns.

Aldosterone is secreted by which region of the adrenal cortex?

zona glomerulosa

buffalo hump can be caused by a hypersecretion in the endorcine system. Which of the following would be causing this?

zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

The prefix______________ means "cheekbone."

zygoma

The___________arch is the bony portion of the cheek.

zygomatic