A &P 1 Final Review: Exam 1

Name 3 nucleic acids and one function of each.

1. DNA: genetic material of the cell, provides instructions for protein synthesis, has 4 bases, double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus 2. RNA : 3 varieties of RNA carry out order of the DNA for protein synthesis- messenger, transfer and ribosomal, four bases, single-stranded molecules mostly active outside the nucleus

List the necessary life functions.

1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth

List the 5 Survival Needs:

1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal Body Temperature 5. Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure-

List the 4 main organic compounds in the body.

1. carbohydrates 2. proteins 3. lipids 4. nucleic acids

Identify the body regions.

1. cervical- posterior, upper back 2. thoracic- posterior, mid-back 3. lumbar- posterior, lower back 4. brachial- anterior & posterior, arm 5. Antecubital- anterior, anterior elbow

List the organ systems and give a brief description of the structure and function of each.

1. integumentary- skin, synthesizes Vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptor, sweat and oil glands 2. skeletal- protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement 3. muscular- allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat 4. nervous- fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate effector organs and glands 5. endocrine- secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells 6. cardiovascular- blood vessels transport blood around body, the heart pumps blood 7. lymphatic- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved in the immune system 8. respiratory- keeps blood constantly supplies with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide 9. digestive- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells 10. urinary- eliminated nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of the blood 11. reproductive- production of offspring

Define the 3 parts of the homeostatic regulatory mechanism.

1. receptor- sensor that monitors/detects changes and sends out information via afferent pathways 2. control center- analyzes the input and determines the appropriate response, response flows away via efferent pathway 3. effector- receives the output and results in the response feedback

On a hot day, body temperature starts to rise. The temperature sensors in the skin serve as receptors. What is the variable? what is the stimulus? the control center? the effector?

1. variable- temperature 2. stimulus- change in body temperatures 3. control center- determine response 4. effector- sweat gland or skeletal muscles are activated 4. response- temperature returns to normal (stimulus ends)

Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a solution with a pH of 5 has ________ times greater H+ ion concentration that a solution having a pH of 6.

10

An atom with a valence of 3 have a total of _______ electrons.

13

Chemical energy is stored in high-energy bonds between 3 phosphate grounds in the compound _____.

ATP

A solution has a pH of 2. Is is acidic or basic? Does it have a high or low concentration of H+ ions?

Acidic low H+, high OH-

_________ is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other while ________ is the study of how the different parts of the body function.

Anatomy; physiology

Define matter. Is the air we breathe matter? is energy matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass which can exists in many forms. Air we breath is matter. Energy is not matter because it doesn't have mass and doesn't take up space.

Differentiate axial and appendicular divisions of the body. Which division is necessary for supporting life?

Axial- main axis of the body, head, neck and trunk Appendicular- includes appendages, arms and legs, that are attached to the axis The axial division is necessary for supporting life- brain, heart, lungs.

A solution has a pH of 13. Is it acidic or basic? Does it have a high or low concentration of H+ ions?

Basic high H+, low OH-

Describe the anatomical position.

Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.

The oxygen in H2O is very electronegative. Does this cause the oxygen in water to become slightly charged? Is is ,positive or negative? Does they mean H2) is a polar or non-polar compound.

Yes, oxygen will be slightly charges H20 is a polar compound because of its slightly differently charged ends.

Define octet rule.

a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

Which of the following choices is the SMALLEST level of structural organization? a. atoms and molecules b. tissues c. organelles d. organ systems

a. atoms and molecules

In which abdominopelvic region contains the majority of the stomach? a. epigastric b. left iliac c. umbilical d. right lumbar

a. epigastric

The four DNA letters (nitrogenous bases) are_________, ________, ___________, and ___________.

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Peroxisomes ________.

are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

An atom that has 7 electrons in its valence shell with interact with another atom to gain stability by a. giving b. taking c. sharing

b. taking

What statement about enzymes is false? a. enzymes may be damaged by high temperature b. enzymes have the ability to accelerate reactions as much a billion0fold c. enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form d. enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements

c. enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form

Select the correct statement about isotopes. a. isotopes occur only in the heavier elements b. all the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons but differing numbers of electrons c. isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses d. all the isotopes of an element are radioactive

c. isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses

The knee is ________ to the ankle a. lateral b. superficial c. proximal d. distal

c. proximal

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are________.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________________________________.

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen

Ions are charged atoms. A(n) _______ is positively charged , while an _____ ____ negatively charged.

cation; anion

The major function of carbohydrates in the body is ______.

cellular fuel (energy)

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to for a hollow tube. This structure is a _________.

centriole

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

When atoms of two or more elements are chemically bonded, the substance formed is a ________.

compound

Which body cavity encloses the brain?

cranial

Which body cavity protects the nervous system?

cranial

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? a. Fe b. P c. I d. Na

d. Na

An atom has gained an electron to achieve stability. What is now the charge of that ion?

Electronegative- gained an electron

Which subatomic particles are involves in chemical bond formation, and in which shell are they located?

Electrons; located in the outer shell or valence shell

Would an atom that has 1 electron in its valence shell be considered electronegative or electropositive?

Electropositive because its electron-attraction ability is low and these atoms will likely just lose their electron to another atom.

Which life function refers to the breakdown of material and absorption of the associated small molecules into the blood?

digestion

What are biological catalysts?

enzymes which act on specific substrates and assist in speeding up the reaction time and activation energy of a chemical reaction

Excess glucose in the human body is stored as a branching polysaccharide structure called____________.

glycogen

Which of the following is a polymer of glucose?

glycogen

In the anatomical position, the thumbs are _______.

lateral

The term _______________ refers to all the chemical reactions in the body.

metabolism

A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be describes as being _________ compared to a pH of 3.

more acidic

Homeostasis is usually regulated by what type of feedback mechanism?

negative feedback mechanism

Certain atoms are more electronegative than others. This means that in order to achieve stability, they want to become _____________ charges by ____________ an electron.

negatively; gaining

The major building blocks of nucleic acids are ________________.

nucleotides

A(n) __________ plane is a diagonal cut.

oblique

Which serous membrane is closest to the body wall: the visceral or parietal membrane?

parietal membrane- lines the cavity walls

Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range?

positive feedback

What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?

protein

What are some examples of electrolytes?

sodium chloride, CaCo3, and KCl

Which is the correct order of events from stimulus to response?

stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response

In anatomy, when body part A is above (more toward the head) of body part B, it is said that A is _________ to B, and B is __________ to A.

superior; inferior

Protein denaturation can be caused by extremes of _________ and _________.

temperature and excessive acidity (pH)

Which body cavity contains the lungs?

thoracic

The _____________ plane divides the body into right and left segments.

transverse

A transverse plane divides the body into ___________ and _____________ segments.

upper and lower

Anterior is to posterior as ________ is to dorsal.

ventral

True or False. Anatomy is the study of function.

False

True or False: Lipids are a poor source of stored energy.

False

True or False: Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment is known as homeostatic equilibrium.

False

True or False: Mixtures involve chemical bonding between components.

False

True or False: Sagittal plane refers to an imaginary plane that cuts the body into 2 halves, a top and bottom.

False

True or False: glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in muscle tissue only.

False

True or False: Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.

False, are also strands of the protein actin

True or False: A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.

False, by hydrolysis

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory (export) use only, nerve for use by the cell. This statement is __________.

False, integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized in this way

Compare the differences between fibrous and globular proteins.

Fibrous: structural proteins, extended and strand-like, insoluble in water and very stable, qualities ideal for providing mechanical support and tesnile strength to the body's tissues Examples: collagen, keratin, elastin, and contractile proteins. Globular: functional proteins, compact, spherical proteins, water soluble, chemically active molecules, play crucial roles in all biological processes Examples: antibodies to provide immunity, protein-based hormones to regulate growth and development, enzymes as catalysts

What are the major building block (monomers) of carbohydrates?

Glucose

Define gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.

Gross: study of large body structures that can be seen by the naked eye Microscopic: study of the smaller body structures that cannot be seen by the naked eye and require closer maginfication

What unique properties make water so important in life? what type of bond is important in making water unique?

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, reactivity, cushioning and polar solvent properties

What are the properties of a hydrophobic substance? a hydrophilic structure?

Hydrophobic: repeals water, lipid-solube Hydrophilic: attracts water

What is the function of serous fluid?

It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.

Define homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite constant changes around it- dynamic state of equilibrium

Define frontal plane

Makes a division into anterior and posterior portions. Also known as the coronal plane.

Is organismal reproduction essential for an individual human?

No, it is not essential.

Define organic and inorganic compounds and give at least one example of each.

Organic: contain carbon, usually large and are covalently bonded, Example: carbohydrate Inorganic: do not contain carbon, Example: water, salts, acids and bases

Name the 3 subatomic particles and their charges.

Particles: protons, neutrons, electrons Protons- positive neutrons- neutral electrons-negative

Differentiate polar and non-polar covalent bonds.

Polar- unequal sharing to create a slightly positive charge at one end and slightly negative charge at the other end. Non-polar- equal sharing of electrons which creates a balanced charge among the atoms

Which two subatomic particles make up an atom's nucleus?

Protons and neutrons

Covalent bonds are strong because they involve ________ electrons.

Sharing

Describe the complementary nature of structure and function.

States that while anatomy and physiology can be studies individually, they have an interdependent relationship where structure will always affect affect.

Define synthesis and decomposition reactions.

Synthesis- building up molecules to create a larger molecule, involves body formation Decomposition-breaking down molecules to create simpler molecules

True or False. A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.

True

True or False: Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane, and active transport processes.

True

True or False: Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

True

True or False: Hydrogen bonds do not form from within a water molecule.

True

True or False: Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

True

True or False: Nitric oxide is known to be the first gas to act as a biological messenger.

True

True or False: Organ systems cooperate with other organ systems in order to maintain life.

True

True or False: proteins have a variety of functions and also act as carrier of genetic information (genes).

True

True or False: the orderly sequence of phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

True

True or False: the serous membrane found in the heart is the pericardium.

True