A+ Chapter 7: Wireless and SOHO Networks

List the common Internet connection types in order of their approximate basic package cost (from cheapest to most expensive) - you don't need to memorize the actual costs, just what is more expensive than the other

1. Dial-up $10-20 2. DSL/Cable $20-30 3. Satellite $30-40 4. Cellular $30-50 5. Fiber $40-50 6. WISP $40-150

Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) service

An fiber-optic Internet connection service where an ISP sets up fiber-optic cables straight from their data centers to your home. - fastest speeds offered are near-gigabit for both download and upload, which is ridiculously fast.

Which of the following wireless IEEE standards operate on the 2.4 GHz radio frequency and are directly compatible with each other? (Choose two.) A. 802.11a B. 802.11b C. 802.11ac D. 802.11g

B. 802.11b D. 802.11g

DSL modems connect to what type of lines? Cable modems connect to what type of lines?

DSL modems connect to telephone lines Cable modems connect to cable television lines.

Most Bluetooth devices will be Class ___

Most Bluetooth devices will be Class 2

For the 802.11ax standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 9.6 Gbps Maximum throughput: 9.6 Gbps Modulation: OFDMA Indoor range: 35m Outdoor range: 140m

List the 4 wireless technologies

1. 802.11 2. Bluetooth 3. Long-range fixed wireless 4. Radio frequency - technically, all of the networking technologies listed use radio frequencies. This relates to specific radio frequency technologies.

List the 5 critical steps to setting up a secured wireless router/AP

1. Change the router's SSID - an SSID is a unique name given to the wireless network. 2. Change the administrator username and password. 3. Select AES, WPA2, or WPA3 for wireless encryption 4. Choose a high-quality security passphrase 5. From the clients, select WPA2 or WPA3 for wireless encryption and enter the security passphrase to connect.

List the 3 wireless Internet connection types

1. Satellite 2. Cellular - 3G, 4G, 5G 3. Any Internet connection provide by a Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)

State some general tips for Installing Network Cables

1. Sometimes it's better to hire a third-party cable installation company who have the tools to properly install a wired network. 2. Be aware of maximum cable lengths for each type of cable. 3. Utilize cable trays in ceilings (shown in image) and walls to keep your cables organized 4. If you must run cables across the floor in a walkway (not recommended), use a floor cable guard to avoid creating a trip hazard and to protect your cables.

You are setting up a wireless network. Which wireless standards would give the users over 40 Mbps throughput? (Choose all that apply.) A. 802.11ac B. 802.11b C. 802.11g D. 802.11n

A. 802.11ac C. 802.11g D. 802.11n Three standards listed—802.11ac (1,300 Mbps), 802.11g (54 Mbps), and 802.11n (600 Mbps)—give users the required throughput. 802.11ax would do so as well, although it's not an option.

List the two most popular broadband choices for home use

Digital subscriber line (DSL) Cable

If your laptop does not come with built-in Bluetooth capabilities, how can you have it communicate with Bluetooth devices?

Install a USB Bluetooth adapter to your laptop to have it communicate with Bluetooth devices.

You have multiple overlapping wireless access points (they use channels that overlap with each other in the 2.4 GHz range). Why is this a problem?

It could cause communications problems. You should have your wireless access points use nonoverlapping channels. - if you need to use nonoverlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz range, your only choices are 1, 6, and 11.

True or False: All versions of Bluetooth are backward compatible with older versions

True. - Also, when using mixed versions, the maximum speed will be that of the older device

List the 4 wired Internet connection types

1. Dial-up 2. DSL 3. Cable 4. Fiber-optic

Which of the following are features that allow 802.11ac to achieve higher data throughput? (Choose two.) A. MIMO B. Beamforming C. Channel bonding D. Code division multiplexing

A. MIMO C. Channel bonding Channel bonding is the combination of multiple smaller channels into one large channel for greater bandwidth. MIMO is enhanced over 802.11n to allow for multiple inputs and outputs.

Difference between bandwidth and throughput

Bandwidth - the theoretical maximum amount of data transfer per second - under ideal conditions, it is the system's capacity to transmit data Throughput - the actual amount of data transfer per second - under practice, it is the actual speed of the system.

You are upgrading a wireless network from Wi-Fi 5 over to Wi-Fi 6. Which of the following statements is not correct? A. Users should get faster speeds. B. Network range will be similar. C. Fewer users will be able to use each access point. D. Devices may have lower power usage while connecting to the network.

C. Fewer users will be able to use each access point. Wi‐Fi 6 is faster than Wi‐Fi 5, and the network range is similar. More users should be able to access each access point, not fewer. Devices may have lower power usage in Wi‐Fi 6 due to a new sleep feature.

DSL Internet connection is available at different rates of connectivity based on distance from a:

Central station - if you live far enough from a central station, DSL may not be an option.

Most wireless routers and WAPs have wired ports for what type of connectors?

RJ-45 connectors

Which two Internet connection types are the best for rural areas?

Satellite and WISP due to the fact that they don't require cabled broadband methods. They offer Internet access through a satellite dish (or in the case of WISPs, a dish or antenna)

Choices for internal network connections can be divided into two groups:

Wired and wireless - many networks today are a hybrid of wired and wireless connections.

List the steps for Installing an Internal NIC in Windows 10 + how to install external USB NICs?

- before you can begin communicating on a network, you must have a NIC installed in the device. They are a type of expansion card and are installed similarly to any other expansion card. - external USB NICs are super easy to install - you just plug it in, it will install its driver, and you are ready to go. 1. Power off the PC, remove the case and the metal or plastic blank covering the expansion slot opening, and insert the expansion card into an open slot. 2. Secure the expansion card with the screw provided 3. Put the case back on the computer and power it up. - make sure the NIC doesn't conflict with any existing hardware - note that these first three steps may not be necessary if you already have an onboard NIC 4. Install a driver for the NIC for the type of operating system you have. Windows Plug and Play (PnP) will recognize the NIC and install the driver automatically. - Windows may also ask you to provide a copy of the necessary driver if it does not recognize the type of NIC you have installed. - If Windows does not start the installation routine immediately, you can add it manually: a. Start -> Settings -> Devices -> Bluetooth and Other Devices b. Click the plus sign next to Add Bluetooth Or Other Device. This will bring up the Add A Device window (shown in image) c. Click Everything Else d. When Windows finds the NIC, choose it and continue the installation. 5. After installing a NIC, you must hook the card to the network using the appropriate cable (if using wired connections). - Attach this patch cable to the connector on the NIC and to a port in the wall (or connectivity device), thus connecting your PC to the rest of the network.

Two technologies used in radio frequency networking standards

1. Radio frequency identification (RFID) 2. Near-field communication - a subset of RFID

Besides 802.11 standards, which wireless communication methods may also work in the 2.4 GHz range? (Choose all that apply.) A. Bluetooth B. Satellite C. Long-range fixed wireless D. mmWave E. NFC

A. Bluetooth C. Long-range fixed wireless Bluetooth also operates in the 2.4 GHz range, and long‐range fixed wireless can if it uses unlicensed frequencies. Satellite uses satellite waves; 5G cellular mmWave is between 24 GHz and 86 GHz, and NFC uses 13.56 MHz.

Wi-Fi dead spots

Any area where a device cannot connect to a wireless access point. - a network with multiple wireless access point should have their physical ranges overlap so users never hit Wi-Fi dead spots - however, those ranges need to be on different, nonoverlapping channels to avoid interference

A firewall operates by using a set of rules known as what? A. SLA B. ACL C. NAT D. APIPA

B. ACL The set of rules for access on a firewall is called an access control list (ACL). An SLA is an agreement on service level for QoS. NAT translates private IP addresses into public ones. APIPA assigns an IP address to a client that can't reach the DHCP server.

Which of the following technologies can operate in the 125 kHz to 134 kHz range? A. Bluetooth B. RFID C. NFC D. LTE

B. RFID Radio frequency identification (RFID) can operate in three frequency bands: 125 kHz to 134 kHz, 13.56 MHz, or 856 MHz to 960 MHz. Bluetooth is 2.4 GHz, NFC is 13.56 MHz, and LTE is between 600 MHz and 6 GHz.

Which of the following security standards was the first to introduce a dynamic 128-bit per-packet security key? A. WEP B. TKIP C. AES D. CCMP

B. TKIP WEP could use a 64‐bit or 128‐bit security key, but it was a static key. TKIP introduced a dynamic per‐packet key. AES and CCMP came after TKIP.

You are installing a single 802.11g wireless network. The office space is large enough that you need three WAPs. What channels should you configure the WAPs on to avoid communication issues? A. 2, 5, and 7 B. 1, 8, and 14 C. 1, 6, and 11 D. 3, 6, and 9

C. 1, 6, and 11 There are 14 communication channels in the 2.4 GHz range, but only the first 11 are configurable. The three nonoverlapping channels are 1, 6, and 11.

Name the 3 nonoverlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz spectrum

Channels 1, 6, and 11.

List the 4 classes of Bluetooth devices, as well as their: - Maximum Distance - Power usage

Class 1 Maximum Distance: 100m Power usage: 100mW Class 2 Maximum Distance: 10m Power usage: 2.5mW - most computer peripheral Bluetooth devices are Class 2 devices Class 3 Maximum Distance: 1m Power usage: 1mW Class 4 Maximum Distance: 0.5m Power usage: 0.5mW

Connectivity devices can broadly be divided in two ways: - those that make connections to the Internet - those that make connections to other local computers Name the relevant connectivity devices in each category

Connectivity devices that make connections to the Internet: - Modems (DSL, cable) Connectivity devices that make connections to other local computers: - switches - wireless routers - wireless access points (WAPs)

You are running an 802.11g wireless router in mixed mode. You have three 802.11g wireless NICs using the router. A new user connects using an 802.11b wireless NIC. What will happen? A. The user with 802.11b will access the network at 11 Mbps, while the users with 802.11g will access the network at 54 Mbps. B. The user with 802.11b will not be able to communicate on the network. C. The user with 802.11b will access the network at 11 Mbps. The users with 802.11g will access the network at 54 Mbps, unless they are communicating with the 802.11b device, which will be at 11 Mbps. D. All users will access the network at 11 Mbps.

D. All users will access the network at 11 Mbps. The good news is that 802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b. The bad news is, if you run in a mixed environment, all devices that communicate with the WAP (or router) will be forced to slow down to accommodate the older technology.

You are configuring a SOHO client to use TCP/IP. Which parameter is needed to tell the client where to communicate to get on the Internet? A. Static address B. Dynamic address C. APIPA D. Gateway

D. Gateway The gateway, also known as a default gateway, is the address to the router to take a client to the next network (or Internet). Gateways can be configured with a static assignment or dynamically through a DHCP server. APIPA will automatically configure a client with IP address information if it's set to get its configuration from a DHCP server but none is available. APIPA‐configured clients can't get on the Internet.

When enabled, which feature of a wireless router allows only specified computers to access the network? A. Port forwarding B. WPS C. SSID D. MAC filtering

D. MAC filtering MAC filtering is a security option that can specify that only computers with specific MAC (hardware) addresses can access the network. Port forwarding is a feature of firewalls. WPS is an easy setup mechanism for wireless networks. SSID is the wireless network name.

Which service allows users with private IP addresses to access the Internet using a public IP address? A. DHCP B. DNS C. DSL D. NAT

D. NAT Network Address Translation (NAT) allows users to have a private IP address and still access the Internet with a public IP address. NAT is installed on a router and translates the private IP address into a public address for the user to access the Internet. DHCP assigns IP configuration information to clients. DNS resolves hostnames to IP addresses. DSL is a type of broadband Internet access.

The only wireless technology available for creating WLANs is:

IEEE 802.11 - your choice becomes which 802.11 standard you want to use

Imagine that you have a small network of no more than 10 computers and do not have a DHCP server. You do not need to access the Internet. You want to minimize the administrative hassle of configuring TCP/IP, so you want your computers to configure themselves automatically. What do you do?

Set the NIC up to get its IP information from the DHCP server anyway. Microsoft Windows operating systems will automatically configure themselves with an Aut1omatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) address (with the format 169.254.x.x) if they are unable to locate a DHCP server. - with an APIPA address, computers on the local network will be able to communicate with one another - the limitation is that the computers will not be able o communicate with any remote devices (those not on the local network) and will not be able to get on the Internet.

In the United States, wireless LAN (WLAN) standards are created and managed by: The most commonly used WLAN standards are in the ___ family

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The most commonly used WLAN standards are in the IEEE 802.11 family

RADIUS server

Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service It is an authentication server that needs to be on your network when using wireless router encryption methods WPA2-Enterprise or WPA3-Enterprise. When using WPA-Personal, the local device (personal) handles security. When using WPA-Enterprise, the RADIUS server handles security.

3 things to consider before upgrading all your wireless routers to Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax)

1. 802.11ax devices will likely be more expensive than their Wi-Fi 5 counterparts 2. You won't get total speed increases until all devices on the network use Wi-Fi 6, including network cards. 3. You might not get the full benefit of the technology unless you have a gigabit Internet connection. Otherwise, your Internet connection will definitely be the bottleneck to the internal network.

To connect your computer to the Internet using cable, you need

1. A cable modem 2. A network card that is installed into your computer. 2. An Ethernet cable to plug your computer to the cable modem. - Alternatively, you can connect your computer to a wireless router, then connect the router to the cable modem, so that you can have multiple computers connected to the Internet sharing bandwidth. 4. A cable connection that connects the cable modem into a cable TV jack on the wall - similar to connecting a DSL modem into a phone jack on the wall

List the steps in Configuring a Wireless NIC

1. Bring the Windows laptop or computer within range of a WAP, and Windows will detect and alert you to the presence of the access point. Alternatively, if you would like control over the connection in Windows 10: 1. Go to Start -> Settings -> Network and Internet to bring up the Network Status screen. 2. Click Show Available Networks, and you will get the screen shown in image 3. From this screen, you can view the SSIDs of the available wireless networks, including the one to which you are connected. 4. To connect to any network, simply click it and choose the Connect button, and Windows will try to connect.

Out of the relevant UTP cable types (Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a), list them in order for maximum speed (from slowest to fastest)

1. Cat 5 100 Mbps 2. Cat 5e 1 Gbps 3. Cat 6/Cat 6a 10 Gbps

Out of the relevant UTP cable types (Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a), list them in order for maximum distance (from shorted-reaching to longest-reaching)

1. Cat 6 55m 2. Cat 5/Cat 5e/Cat 6a 100m

List the common Internet connection types in order of their download speeds (from slowest to fastest) - you don't need to memorize the actual speeds, just know what faster than the other

1. Dial-up - up to 56 Kbps 2. Satellite - up to 25 Mbps 3. DSL/WISP - up to 50 Mbps 4. Cable - up to 100 Mbps 5. Cellular - up to 100 Mbps with 5G LTE or 1 Gbps with mmWaves 6. Fiber - up to 1 Gbps

What are the two ways to configure a NIC with the right IP address and TCP/IP configuration information?

1. Dynamic configuration - automatically obtain IP configuration information from a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, if one is available on the network. 2. Static configuration - manually enter in the configuration information.

List and Describe the Steps in Installing and Configuring a SOHO Router

1. How will the office get on the Internet? - the two most obvious choices are DSL and cable Internet. Find the best solution (often means the least expensive), and set it up through your ISP. 2. Which router technology should you purchase? - most SOHO installations will involve wireless routers - with wireless, it's generally best to go with the best technology available because speeds have been increasing rapidly - 802.11ax provides amazing speed, but you might not use all of its capacity if you don't have gigabit Internet access from your ISP, therefore 802.11ac is good too. 3. Plan the Internal network layout - is it all wireless, or will there be wired connections? - do you need to run cables? - will there be a server closet or other central connectivity point? - once you're certain of your configuration, you can begin installation 4. Installation - when installing a router, always remember these key steps: 1. Change the default SSID. 2. Change the administrator username and password to something highly secure. 3. Configure the best security possible, such as WPA3. 4. Set a strong passphrase for clients to join the network. 5. After installing and configuring the router, configure the clients to join the network by setting their security appropriately, finding the SSID, and entering the passphrase.

State and Describe the two general categories of firewalls

1. Network-based firewall - what companies use to protect their private network from public networks - it's designed to protect an entire network of computers instead of just one system. - generally a stand-alone hardware device with specialized software installed on it 2. Host-based firewall - implemented on a single machine, so it protects only that one machine - usually only a software implementation - generally not as secure as network firewalls, but they're still an adequate, cheap solution

Most firewalls have at least two network connections (some have a third network port). What are these connections?

1. One port to the Internet, or public side. 2. One port to the internal network, or private side 3. Some firewalls have a third network port for a second semi-internal network. - this port is used to connect servers that can be considered both public and private, such as web and email servers. - this intermediary network is known as a screened subnet i.e. DMZ

List the steps to manually configure your NIC in Windows 10

1. Open Control Panel then click Network and Internet 2. Click Network and Sharing Center to see basic network information 3. Get to the TCP/IP settings - the first way is the click the network name link to the right of Connections, which will open up a network status window. Click the Properties button to see the network properties. - the second way is the click Change Adapter Settings in the left pane of the Network and Sharing Center. You'll see the name of a connection, such as Local Area Connection. Right-click that then click Properties. - the Wi-Fi Properties window is shown in image 4. On the Wi-Fi Properties window, click on Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) to highlight it, then click Properties. This will open up the TCP/IP Properties window (shown in image) 5. As you can see in image, this computer is configured to obtain its information automatically from a DHCP server - if you have a wireless router, it can function as a DHCP server. 6. If you want to configure the client manually, you would click Use the Following IP Address and enter the correct information. - to supply the client with a DNS server address manually, click Use the Following DNS Server Addresses Note: if you manually configure the IP address, you must also manually configure the DNS server address (otherwise, the client will not have access to a DNS server and won't be able to use the Internet effectively). Don't forget the default gateway, which is the address to the router that takes the network to the outside world. Without the gateway, the computer won't have Internet access - In the TCP/IP Properties window, click on Advanced..., then under "Gateway" click Add... then type in the IP address of the router.

You just purchased a new PCIe network card for a Windows 10 desktop computer. How would you install it?

1. Power off the PC. 2. Remove the case and the metal or plastic blank covering the expansion slot opening. 3. Insert the new expansion card into the open slot. 4. Secure the expansion card with the screw provided. 5. Put the case back on the computer and power it up. - Windows Plug and Play (PnP) should recognize the NIC and install the driver automatically. It may also ask you to provide a copy of the necessary driver if it does not recognize the type of NIC that you have installed. - If Windows does not start the installation routine immediately, you can add it manually. 6. Click Start ➢ Settings (it looks like a gear) ➢ Devices ➢ Bluetooth & Other Devices, and then click the plus sign next to Add Bluetooth Or Other Device. - That will bring up the Add A Device window. 7. Click Everything Else. 8. When Windows finds the NIC, choose it and continue the installation. - After installing a NIC, you must hook the card to the network using the appropriate cable (if you're using wired connections). 9. Attach a patch cable to the connector on the NIC and to a port in the wall (or connectivity device), thus connecting your PC to the rest of the network.

There are 11 configurable channels in the 2.4 GHz range (which is what 802.11b/g uses to communicate). How should you configure multiple WAPs in a SOHO network if you have too many users for one WAP to adequately service (about >30 for Wi-Fi 5 or older routers)?

1. Set up the WAPs so that they have overlapping ranges - the minimum overlap is 10%, but 20% is recommended. - this way, if users roam from one area to another, they won't lose their signal. 2. Configure the WAPs with the same SSID 3. Configure the WAPs with nonoverlapping channels - 2.4 GHz need to be at least 5 numbers apart to not overlap. - E.g. channels 2 and 7 do not overlap, nor do channels 4 and 10. - For 2.4 GHz range, the only way you can have 3 nonoverlapping channels are 1, 6, and 11.

When it comes to choosing an internal wired network connection type, list the 3 things you need to consider

1. Speed 2. Distance 3. Cost

State and Describe the 4 wireless encryption options when configuring wireless routers

1. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) - one of the first security standards for wireless devices - encrypts data to provide data security - uses a static key; the client needs to know the right key to gain communication through a WEP-enabled device (usually 10-58 hexadecimal characters long) - considered vulnerable due to the nature of static keys and weaknesses in the encryption algorithms. Therefore, WEP should not be used widely. Note that for every WPA listed below, there are two versions: Personal and Enterprise - Personal is good for a SOHO network with just one wireless router or AP. The wireless router itself handles authentications. - Enterprise is good for larger networks. It requires the use of a separate central authentication server called a RADIUS server on your network. 2. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) - an improvement over WEP, it introduced Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), which uses a 128-bit dynamic per-packet key (a new key is generated for each packet sent) - also introduces message integrity checking 3. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) - an improvement over WPA, it implements the security features WPA has and it introduces the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) security algorithm, which addresses the shortcomings of TKIP and is much stronger. 4. Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) - the newest and strongest wireless encryption, it offers more robust authentication and increased cryptographic strength to ensure more secure networks.

Most common connectivity devices for 802.11 (wireless) networks

1. Wireless routers 2. a type of switch called a wireless access point (WAP) - they look nearly identical to and provide central connectivity like wireless routers, but they don't have nearly as many features

(IMG) 2.4 GHz communication channels

14 different channels, each 22 MHz - you can only use the first 11 Note that channels 1, 6, and 11 are highlighted. These are the only nonoverlapping channels for 3 WAPs, meaning that there are 4 channels between them so devices configured on these channels will not experience interference from each other (e.g. a device on channel 1 will not experience interference with a device on channels 6 or 11) - note that channels such as 2 and 7 also do not overlap, nor do channels 4 and 10

Propagation delay (i.e. latency)

A delay that occurs in satellite technology because of the length of time it takes data to travel into space and return. This delay is between 250-350ms. In comparison, cable and DSL subscribers experience delays of 10-30ms. This delay associated with satellite internet makes it undesirable for gamers, where response time in the game could be the difference between winning and losing.

Port triggering

A firewall term in which traffic is allowed to enter the network on a specific port after a computer makes an outbound request on that specific port. - e.g. if a computer on your internal network makes an outbound RDP request (port 3389), subsequent inbound traffic destined for the originating computer on port 3389 would be allowed through.

Fourth Generation (4G)

A generation of standards for mobile devices (e.g. phones and tablets) and telecommunication services that replaced 3G in cellular internet connection. - In contrast to 3G, 4G is designed to use IP instead of traditional telephone circuits (it's designed to provide mobile broadband access) - two biggest competing standards for 4G was WiMAX and Long-Term Evolution (LTE). LTE eventually won and mobile providers used this standard. - the biggest enhancement of 4G LTE over 3G is speed. - The range of 4G LTE depends on the tower and obstructions in the way.

Firewall + how do they protect a network?

A hardware or software solution that serves as a network's security guard. Firewalls protect networks in two ways: - they protect your network resources from Internet hackers - they can simultaneously prevent computers on your network from accessing undesirable content on the Internet At a basic level, firewalls filter packets based on rules defined by the network administrator. Firewalls can be stand-alone "black boxes", software installed on a server or router, or some combination of hardware and software.

Network Address Translation (NAT) + how do you configure NAT on a router?

A service that translates a private IP address on your internal network to a public IP address on the Internet. - if you are using your wireless router to allow one or more clients to access the Internet but you have only one external public IP address, your router is using NAT. Most routers have NAT enabled by default, and there really isn't much configuration options for it. - you can enable or disable it, but otherwise the only options you can configure are the internal IP addresses that the router hands out to clients.

Small office, home office (SOHO) network

A small, usually business-oriented, network commonly present in small offices or homes that usually require access to the Internet and are configured to meet the needs of the user(s).

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) + how do you configure it? + what is the problem with UPnP?

A standard designed to simplify the process of connecting devices to a network and enable those devices to automatically announce their presence to other devices on the network. PnP allowed users to simply plug in a peripheral (such as a USB network card or mouse) and it was detected automatically and it worked. UPnP is the same idea, but for networking. It lets devices connect to the network and discover each other automatically. - it can be used for any networked device, from routers and printers to smartphones and security cameras. Configuration is minimal, the client needs to be a DHCP client and the service uses UDP port 1900. The problem with UPnP is that it has no authentication mechanism - any device or user is trusted and can join the network. - therefore, you should configure your router to not allow UPnP connections from its eternal connection.

Piconet

A temporary, dynamically created network through the connection of two or more Bluetooth devices when in close proximity with each other. In a piconet, devices communicate directly with each other, rather than through a central connectivity device like in typical WLANs. Bluetooth-enabled devices can communicate with up to 7 other devices in 1 piconet - one device will be the primary, and the others will be secondaries. - the primary controls communication between the devices

Dynamic Network Address Translation (DNAT)

A type of NAT that translates a group of private addresses to a pool of routable addresses. - for static NATs, the network administrator explicitly details the private IP translation into public IP. The router device does not make any decisions. E.g. Set by the admin: Translate 10.6.6.61 (private) into 72.9.4.11 (public) - for dynamic NATs, the network sets parameters, but the router is the one that makes the translation decisions from a pool of addresses - E.g. Set by the admin: Translate anything in 10.6.6.0/24 (private addresses) to 72.9.4.22, 72.9.4.23, or 72.9.4.24 (public addresses) - this is used to make a resource that's on a private network available for consumption on public networks by appearing to give it a publicly available address - e.g. if a web server were behind a NAT-enabled router and did not have its own public IP address, it would be inaccessible to the Internet. DNAT can make it accessible.

Cellular internet

A type of wireless Internet connection that provides Internet to cellphones, smartphones, tablets and other typically mobile devices through the use of cellular network towers. - the central access point, like a hub, is the cellular network tower. Devices use radio signals to communicate with the tower. - the tower is connected via wires to a telecommunications backbone, which essentially talks to all the other commercial telecom networks in the world. The most current standards are 4G and 5G

Satellite Internet

A type of wireless Internet connection that uses a satellite dish to receive data from an orbiting satellite and relay station that is connected to the Internet. - typically slower than wired broadband connections

(IMG) 5 GHz channels available to select

Some wireless routers allow you to configure the channels used. Image shows a wireless router configuration page where you can configure the 5 GHz network. - in this case, you can choose from 20 MHz or 40 MHz channel widths, as well as choose the channel - each of the 20 MHz channels shown is nonoverlapping

Beamforming

A wireless technique that allows for range increases by sending the wireless signals in the specific direction of the client, as opposed to broadcasting it omnidirectionally. - used in 802.11ac - even with this technology, the maximum distance still won't be any more than what you will get out of 802.11n

You have just installed a wireless router on your home network. Which of the following should you do to make it highly secure? (Choose all that apply.) A. Change the default administrator name and password. B. Change the SSID. C. Enable WEP. D. Configure it to channel 11.

A. Change the default administrator name and password. B. Change the SSID. You should always change the default administrator name and password as well as the default SSID when installing a new wireless router. Enabling encryption is also a good idea, but WPA, WPA2, and WPA3 are better options than WEP. The channel has nothing to do with security.

List the Advantages/Disadvantages of Satellite Internet connection

Advantages - useful when you are in an area where it's difficult or impossible to run a cable - Satellite uses a point-to-multipoint connection: this allows a single satellite to provide a signal to a number of receivers simultaneously (this is used in a variety of applications, from handhelds GPSs to television and radio broadcasts) Disadvantages - the need for a satellite dish and the reliance on its technology. Line-of-sight is required, therefore the satellite dish needs to be aligned correctly towards the satellite, and obstacles such as trees or weather conditions can cause problems. - it's expensive compared to other broadband access - installation can be tricky - propagation delay (i.e. latency) can be a problem - the time it takes the data to travel into space and return is higher than delays from wired broadband connections like cable or DSL.

State the Advantages/Disadvantages of using fiber-optic Internet connection

Advantages - you get the fastest Internet speeds Disadvantages - Limited availability, fiber-optic Internet connection might not be available at your location - Price. Fiber-optic is expensive compared to other Internet connection types.

Connecting to a fiber-based Internet requires:

An optical network terminal (ONT) - an ONT acts similar to a modem in that it brings Internet connection to a local network - from the ONT, you will have a copper network cable running to a router of some sort (e.g. a wireless router), and then the computers will connect to the router to get to the Internet.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

An type of wired Internet connection that uses existing phone lines and provides fairly reliable high-speed access. - one of the two most popular broadband choices for home use, the other being cable

Due to channel interference, you are upgrading a wireless network from Wi-Fi 5 to Wi-Fi 6. Which feature of Wi-Fi 6 reduces channel interference? A. OFDMA B. BSS coloring C. MU-MIMO D. DFS

B. BSS coloring The feature of Wi‐Fi 6 that reduces channel interference is Basic Service Set (BSS) coloring, which adds a field to the wireless frame that distinguishes it from others. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a modulation technique that improves speed because it allows transmission to multiple clients at once. MU‐MIMO also increases speed because in Wi‐Fi 6 it works for uplink connections as well as downlink ones. Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) was introduced with 802.11n, and it detects radar interference and adjusts frequencies accordingly.

You have been asked to configure a network for a small office. The wireless router is installed, and now you need to connect the client computers. What do you enter on the client computers to connect to the router? A. The administrator password B. The security passphrase C. The client's MAC address D. The default router password

B. The security passphrase To join the network, client computers need to find the SSID, ensure that the security settings are correct (to match the router), and enter the security passphrase. As an administrator, you should have configured this passphrase to be different from the router's administrator password.

Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)

Broadly, a WISP is an ISP that grants Internet access to a network using a wireless technology. Specifically, the term refers to providers that offer fixed point-to-point, relatively short-distance broadband Internet. - this differs from 5G cellular Internet connection in that, while 5G is point-to-point, the receiver (e.g. smartphone) is not generally in a fixed location. - the receiver for a WISP-based Internet connection will be a fixed receiver, often a small dish or antenna. - WISPs can operate over unlicensed channels (e.g. 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz) or they might offer service in a licensed frequency (in the 6 GHz to 80 GHz range) - WISP connections require line-of-sight (receiver needs to be pointed at the transmitter - such as a satellite or the ISP data center - and there shouldn't be any obstacles in between) - WISP connections can be subject to interference and delay

What is the primary function of the SSID? A. To secure communication between a web server and a browser B. To secure communication between a server and a remote host C. To serve as a parameter used to identify a network and configure a wireless connection D. To serve as a type of password used to secure a wireless connection

C. To serve as a parameter used to identify a network and configure a wireless connection A service‐set identifier (SSID) is the unique name given to the wireless network. All hardware that is to participate on the network must be configured to use the same SSID. Essentially, it is the network name.

You have set up a wireless router on your network and configured it to use AES. What configuration option do you need to choose on the client computers? A. WEP B. WPA C. WPA2 D. TKIP

C. WPA2 If your router is using AES, the clients need to use WPA2. TKIP is a protocol utilized by WPA. WEP is the weakest of the encryption options.

Which of the following is the most secure wireless encryption standard for 802.11 networks? A. WEP B. WPA C. WPA2 D. SAFER+

C. WPA2 WEP was the original encryption standard developed for Wi-Fi networks, but it is easily hacked. WPA is an upgrade, but WPA2 is more secure and incorporates the entire 802.11i standard. WPA3 is the safest, but it's not one of the options. SAFER+ is used to encrypt Bluetooth communications

Channel bonding

Combining multiple frequency channels into a wider channel (e.g. combining two 20 MHz channels into one 40 MHz channel) to increase network performance. - used by 802.11n, 802.11ac

After installing a NIC onto your computer, what is the next step?

Configuring the NIC with the right IP address and TCP/IP configuration information.

Wireless networks typically aren't as fast as wired copper networks, but this factor is what makes wireless networks appealing to many people:

Convenience - wireless connections enable a sense of freedom in users - they're not stuck to desks, they can work from anywhere.

You are setting up a small office network for a client. Which Internet service would you recommend to provide the best speed? A. DSL B. Cable C. Satellite D. Fiber

D. Fiber Of the options listed, fiber provides the best speed. DSL and cable provide similar speeds but can't match fiber. Satellite is the slowest of the options listed.

What does a wireless NIC need to know in order to connect to a network?

Either the name of the wireless network, or the Security Set Identifier (SSID)

True or False: When installing cables, do not label them.

False - when installing cables, always be sure to label both ends. - that way, you know which cable you're dealing with and where the cable should theoretically go.

How do firewalls work?

Firewalls are configured to allow only packets that pass specific security restrictions to get through them. They can also permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, and proxy all traffic that flows through them, most commonly between the public and private parts of a network. The network administrator decides on and sets up the rules a firewall follows when deciding to forward data packets or reject them.

State and describe the 6 questions you should ask yourself when choosing between wired internal network connections (coaxial, UTP, STP, fiber-optic)

First off, you should throw out copper coaxial cables as an option for setting up the internal connections of your local network in today's times. It's slower and less secure than copper twisted-pair or fiber-optic. 1. "How fast does this network need to be?" - for most networks, a network with 100 Mbps max speed is probably sufficient. - if a network has higher throughput requirements, then gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps) or faster (10 Gbps) is worth looking into. 2. "What is the maximum distance I'll need to run any one cable?" - in most offices, you can configure your network in such a way that 100m will get any connectivity device to the user. - if you need to go longer than 100m, you'll need fiber for that connection unless you want to mess with repeaters 3. "What type of hardware will I need for connectivity?" - If you are going to run fiber to the desktop, you need fiber network cards, routers, and switches - if you are running UTP, you need network cards, routers, and switches with RJ-45 connectors - if you're going to run Gigabit Ethernet, all devices that you want to run at that speed need to support it. 4. "How big of a deal is security?" - copper cable is pretty secure, but it emits a signal that can be intercepted through wiretaps. - fiber-optic cables are immune to wiretapping. If security is of the upmost concern, then fiber is the way to go. 5. "Is there a lot of electrical interference in the area?" - transmissions across a copper cable can be ravaged by electromagnetic interference - fiber is immune to electrical interference 6. "What is the budget?" - fiber cables and hardware are more expensive than their copper counterparts.

Wireless routers have many advantages over wireless access points. One of the biggest advantages is the ability to share an Internet connection - by sharing a connection, you pay for only one Internet connection, but you can connect many computers to the router - a WAP cannot share Internet connections. If you only have a modem and a WAP, you cannot share the Internet connection. To get more Internet connections, you must purchase more modems. How do you set up a wireless router to do this?

First, ensure that your DSL modem or cable modem is connected properly. Then, connect your wireless router to your cable modem or DSL modem using a UTP cable (Cat 5e or better). - In most cases, the wireless router will have a wired Internet port on the back. - Connect the cable here and plug it into your broadband modem. Finally, you can connect computers to your wireless router.

You want to install cables through a ceiling. The ceiling has fluorescent lights. Will there be a problem if you run the cables directly across the lights?

For copper cables, yes. Never run the cables directly across fluorescent lights as these emit electromagnetic radiation (EMI) that can interfere with network communications. - instead, utilize cable trays to keep cables in one place and away from lights However, if you are using fiber-optic cables (which are immune to EMI), then it is not a problem.

Do you need to configure DSL and cable modems?

For the most part, there is little to no configuration you can perform on a DSL or cable modem. - ISPs handle the connection and configurations. They generally do not want you to change the configurations. - Sometimes they will send a technician to install it for you, or they will simply ship the device to you and you plug it in. - if something is wrong, you need to reach out to their tech support for assistance Some DSL and cable modems have built-in wireless router capabilities. To configure this feature, it's very similar to configuring a stand-alone wireless router.

Back-off time

In Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), when packet collision occurs, this is the random period of time that a sender must wait before transmitting again.

Instead of using switches and hubs, wireless networks use either a ___ or a ___ to provide central connectivity

Instead of using switches and hubs, wireless networks use either a wireless access point (WAP) or a wireless router to provide central connectivity - a WAP functions essentially like a wireless hub - a wireless router provides more functionality than a WAP, similar to that of a wired router.

How do you install and configure hubs

It is easy to install a hub, simply plug in the power, and plug in the network cables for client computers. - hubs don't typically have configuration options, they just pass signals along.

How do you install and configure switches?

It's easy to install a switch, simply plug in the power and plug in the network cables for client computers Configuration depends on whether or not the switch is managed or unmanaged - if the switch is unmanaged, they are similar to hubs in the sense that there's not much to configure. - if the switch is managed, they will have configuration settings for VLANs and other options that you can configure by opening up the Properties window for that switch in Windows (see Chapter 5)

List the 3 types of RFID and their: - frequency - maximum distance

Low frequency Frequency: 125-134 kHz Maximum Distance: 10cm High frequency Frequency: 13.56 MHz Maximum Distance: 30cm Ultra-high frequency Frequency: 856-960 MHz Maximum Distance: 100m

State the maximum speed and maximum distance for a UTP Cat 5e cable

Maximum speed: 1 Gbps Maximum distance: 100m

State the maximum speed and maximum distance for a UTP Cat 6a cable

Maximum speed: 10 Gbps Maximum distance: 100m

State the maximum speed and maximum distance for a UTP Cat 6 cable

Maximum speed: 10 Gbps Maximum distance: 55m

State the maximum speed and maximum distance for a UTP Cat 5 cable

Maximum speed: 100 Mbps Maximum distance: 100m

Scatternet

Multiple piconets combined together. - in a scatternet, one of the Bluetooth devices serves as a bridge between the piconets.

How to Configure your Wireless Firewall

Nearly every wireless router sold today provides you with some level of firewall protection. After opening up the web-based configuration interface associated with the firewall, there is usually a Security section. From here you can enable to firewall and set a few basic options. More advanced options, such as configuring port forwarding and port triggering, should be in other tabs, such as those shown in image.

Bluetooth networks are formed on an ad hoc basis. Explain what this means and how it relates to piconets and scatternets.

One of the key features of Bluetooth networks is their temporary nature (with Wi-Fi, you need a central connectivity device such as a WAP or router, whereas with Bluetooth you do not need a central connectivity device). When Bluetooth networks are formed on an ad hoc basis, this means that whenever two Bluetooth devices get close enough to each other, they can communicate directly with each other (rather than through a central connectivity device). - this dynamically created network is called a piconet. Bluetooth-enabled devices can communicate with up to 7 other devices in 1 piconet - one device will be the primary, and the others will be secondaries. - the primary controls communication between the devices Multiple piconets can be combined together to form a scatternet - in a scatternet, one of the Bluetooth devices serves as a bridge between the piconets.

What type of cable should you use when running it through spaces where there is air ventilation, such as drop ceilings?

Plenum cable - PVC-coated cables produce poisonous gas when burned. Plenum cables are flame-retardant so they are able to withstand areas of high heat

Unlicensed frequencies

Radio wave frequencies that are free to use Examples include: 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz - since everyone can use them, they are more susceptible to interference from other signals or eavesdropping.

Licensed frequencies

Radio wave frequencies that are licensed for specific organizations or services, and the use of them is granted by a governmental body (in the US, the FCC) Ex. AM and FM radio, where radio stations must be granted permission

Infrared (IR) technology + name the association that handles IR technology standards + speed - infrared is not listed in A+ objectives, but it still is listed in the acronym list, so don't pay this one too much attention

Technology that uses infrared rays (IR) to transmit data. - the most common use of infrared technology is the television remote control, although infrared is also used in night-vision goggles and medical imaging. The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) was formed to support IR standards for a walk-up, point-to-point user model. - walk-up: you need to be at very close range to use infrared - point-to-point: IR technology designed for one-to-one communication. Infrared requires line-of-sight - little to no obstacles in between the two devices, and the two devices need to be pointed at each other to work. Current IrDA specifications allow transmission of data up to 1 Gbps Because infrared does not use radio waves, there are no concerns of interference or signal conflicts.

What does a 10BaseT network mean? What about 100BaseT? 1000BaseT? 25GBaseT?

The first number indicates the maximum speed in megabits (unless it includes a G, which refers to gigabits). The letter T indicates that the standard uses twisted-pair, whereas F is always fiber (although you can see SR, LR, or ER at the end of the naming convention, which also indicates fiber-optic, such in the case of 10GBaseER) 10BaseT - 10 Mbps max speed using twisted-pair 100BaseT - 100 Mbps max speed using twisted-pair 1000BaseT - 1 Gbps max speed using twisted-pair 25GBaseT - 25 Gbps max speed using twisted-pair

Fifth Generation (5G) + describe its infrastructure

The newest generation of standards for mobile devices and telecommunications services that is set to replace 4G in cellular internet connection. - 5G holds a massive improvement of speed over 4G (users in good conditions can obtain speeds in excess of 1 Gbps) In terms of infrastructure, 5G uses fixed wireless broadband technology in densely populated areas, and LTE for everywhere else. - fixed broadband wireless technology uses millimeter wave bands (mmWaves) that provide gigabit speeds over a wireless connection in densely populated urban areas. - this technology is not optimal for non-densely populated areas due to distance and obstruction limitations that mmWaves experience. - 5G LTE is about seven-ten times faster than 4G LTE and is used for places other than densely populated urban areas.

List the 4 things you need to consider when choosing how to set up a WLAN

The same general considerations as with wired LANs 1. Speed 2. Distance 3. Cost 4. Security - although, security concerns among wireless networks are similar regardless of your choice, so it comes down to speed, distance, and cost.

Access control list (ACL)

The set of rules that determines which traffic gets through the firewall and which traffic is blocked. - the basic method of configuring firewalls is to use an access control list (ACL). - ACLs are typically configured to block traffic by IP address, port number, domain name, or some combination of all three. Packets that meet the criteria in the ACL are passed through the firewall to their destination. - e.g. you have a computer on your internal network that is set up as a web server - to allow Internet clients to access the system, you need to allow data on port 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS) to get to that computer.

Service-set identifier (SSID)

The wireless network's name. - in order to connect to a wireless hub or router, the client needs to know the SSID.

How do you install a WAP/wireless router?

They are both very similar in how they are installed. 1. After unwrapping the device from packaging and reading the manual, you must choose a place for it. - place it in a location where you can gain access in most places (e.g. the center of your home, close to a network connection) - keep in mind that the more walls the signal has to travel through, the lower the signal strength - you might choose to have some computers plug directly into the device using a UTP cable. If so, locate the device near the computer(s) you will want to physically connect - in many offices, WAPs and wireless routers are often placed in the ceiling, with the antennae pointed downward through special holes in the ceiling tiles (in these cases, Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a great way to supply power to connectivity devices like these where they have no easy access to an electrical outlet) 2. Once you chose the location, plug the unit into a wall outlet or use PoE, and connect the two antennae that come with the unit (many newer devices contain built-in antennae). 3. Once the unit is plugged in, you need to connect it to the rest of your network. - if you are connecting directly to the internet through a cable/DSL modem or to a wired hub or router, you will most likely plug the cable into the Internet socket of the device, provided it has one. If not, there are other wired ports on the back of the device. 4. At this point, the device is configured for a home network, with a few caveats. - first, the default SSID will be used, along with the default administrative password and default IP addressing scheme. - also, there will be no encryption on the connection known as an open access point) - if you have personal data on your home network, you should never keep the default settings of a WAP/wireless router. 5. From a computer on the home network, insert the device's setup media (flash drive or optical drive) into the computer. - it will automatically start and present you with a wizard that will walk you through setting the name of the SSID of this new access point as well as changing the default setup password, setting any security keys for this connection, and generally configuring the unit for your network's specific configuration. Then you're done!

Default deny vs. default allow

They are configurations of a firewall Default deny - generally the default configuration of a firewall - all traffic is blocked unless specifically authorized by the administrator - while this is very secure, it's also time consuming to configure the device to allow legitimate traffic to flow through it Default allow - all traffic is allowed through unless the administrator denies it.

Is 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz licensed or unlicensed?

They are unlicensed (meaning you don't need a license to use the frequency)

Many 802.11ac wireless routers are branded as dual-band. What does this mean?

They can operate in both 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz frequency (for support of older 802.11g and 802.11n devices) - however, 802.11ac routers can only operate in one frequency at a time (802.11ax routers, on the other hand, can operate in both frequencies at the same time)

Between Twisted-pair and Fiber-optic cabling, contrast their: - transmission rate (cat 5, cat 5e, cat 6, cat 6a vs. fiber-optic) - maximum length - flexibility - ease of installation - connector type - interference (security) - overall cost

Transmission Rate Cat 5: 100 Mbps Cat 5e: 1 Gbps Cat 6/6a: 10 Gbps Fiber-optic: 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps Maximum length Twisted-pair: 100m standard, 55m for 10 Gbps Fiber-optic: 25mi Flexibility Twisted-pair: Very flexible Fiber-optic: Fair Ease of installation Twisted-pair: Very easy Fiber-optic: Difficult Connector type Twisted-pair: RJ-45 Fiber-optic: Special (SC, ST, and others) Interference (security) Twisted-pair: Susceptible Fiber-optic: Not susceptible Overall cost Twisted-pair: Inexpensive Fiber-optic: Expensive

True or False: In general, wired networks are faster and more secure than their wireless counterparts.

True

True or False: Installing an internal NIC is the same whether the card is wired or wireless.

True. A wired NIC and wireless NIC are installed the same exact way. The only difference is how the card connects to the network. - a wired NIC will connect to the network via a cable - a wireless NIC needs to know the name of the wireless network, or the Security Set Identifier (SSID)

Wireless routers offer many more services than access points offer. Most of these services are associated with configuring your router as a ___

Wireless routers offer many more services than access points offer. Most of these services are associated with configuring your router as a firewall.

Dynamic frequency selection (DFS)

Wireless routers use this technology to avoid conflicts with wireless devices that run on 5 GHz frequency (such as 802.11n devices) and other devices that use the same frequency such as weather, commercial, and military radar. - it detects radar interference and dynamically adjusts the device to a different frequency range to avoid the problem

Within the 2.4 GHz (used by 802.11b/g) range, there are ___ defined communication channels. What hertz do they run on?

Within the 2.4 GHz (used by 802.11b/g) range, there are 14 different 22 MHz communication channels. Analogy: a 14-lane audio wave highway, with each lane being 22 MHz wide. - however, you're allowed to configure your wireless networking devices only to the first 11.

Which IEEE 802.11 standards should you throw out when deciding how to set up a WLAN? Which ones should you consider?

You can throw out anything 802.11n or older. Installing an 802.11n network from the ground up is not a feasible choice considering there are much faster and more reliable options. The two IEEE 802.11 standards you should consider when building up a WLAN are 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5, cheaper) and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6, better performance, but more expensive).

(IMG) The back of a DSL modem

You can use an Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector to plug your network card into the DSL modem You need to use a phone cord to plug the DSL modem into the phone outlet/jack on the wall. You can also connect the modem to a wireless router, and then connect your computer to that router to share Internet bandwidth.

How do you configure wireless routers? (basic configurations)

You usually configure them with the built-in, web-based configuration utility that's included with the product. An example scenario: You just bought a Linksys MR9000 wireless router. 1. First you need to log into your device. - to log in, open an Internet browser and type in the address bar the default internal address of this router. For ex. common default addresses are 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1, so type that into the address bar. This will open up a web-based configuration interface. - note that some wireless router installation programs install an icon on your desktop to use for management. Clicking the icon will take you to the management program. 2. You should have already set up the username and password using the installation media provided with the device. - if not, look in the documentation for the default username and password in order to log into the web-based configuration interface. 3. Next, configure the parameters that are crucial for operation (see the 5 critical steps to setting up a secured wireless router/AP) - change the admin password 4. Find the network name (SSID) as well as the password required by clients to join the network. You can change these parameters. 5. Find where you can configure the internal network settings, such as the router's hostname, internal IP address, and subnet mask. You can change these parameters. - you can also often find configurations for DHCP. If you want the device to act as a DHCP server for internal clients, you can enable it, specify the starting IP address, and specify the maximum number of DHCP users. 6. The last critical setting you need to make is to enable wireless encryption. - choose either WPA2 or WPA3, which provide the strongest encryption and data protection. - if you don't do this, all signals sent from the wireless router to client computers will be in plain text and anyone can join the network without a security password. 7. With the router-side setup done, you just need to set up the clients with the same security method (WPA2, WPA3) and entering the passphrase.

Basic Service Set (BSS) coloring

a Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) feature that adds a field to the wireless frame of a wireless access point (WAP) that distinguishes it from others, reducing the problems of co-channel interference. - Specifically, the 802.11ax WAP has the ability to change its color (and the color of associated clients) if it detects a conflict with another access point on the same channel.

Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)

an Internet connection using a dial-up modem that operates over regular phone lines. - These modems cannot compare to speeds possible with DSL modems, cable modems, or even cellular modems.

If you are installing a home-based network, the planning is usually pretty simple:

- figure out where the Internet connection comes in - set up a wireless router - configure wireless devices (laptops, smartphones) to get on the network

For the 802.11b standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 2.4 GHz Maximum throughput: 11 Mbps Modulation: DSSS Indoor range: 40m Outdoor range: 140m

For the original 802.11 standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 2.4 GHz Maximum throughput: 2 Mbps Modulation: FHSS/DSSS Indoor range: 20m Outdoor range: 100m

For the 802.11g standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 2.4 GHz Maximum throughput: 54 Mbps Modulation: DSSS/OFDM Indoor range: 40m Outdoor range: 140m

For the 802.11a standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 5 GHz Maximum throughput: 54 Mbps Modulation: OFDM Indoor range: 35m Outdoor range: 120m

For the 802.11ac standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 5 GHz Maximum throughput: 6.9 Gbps Modulation: OFDM Indoor range: 35m Outdoor range: 140m

For the 802.11n standard, state the: - Frequency - Maximum throughput - Modulation technique - indoor range - outdoor range

Frequency: 5 GHz/2.4 GHz Maximum throughput: 600 Mbps Modulation: DSSS/OFDM Indoor range: 70m Outdoor range: 250m

Power over long-range fixed wireless

In addition to network signals, power can be transmitted over long-range fixed wireless as well (similar to Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology) - another name is wireless power transfer (WPT) - the transmitting station generates the power and then transmits it via microwave or laser light toward the receiver. - the receiving station gets the signal and converts it back to electricity. Ex. on a smaller scale: wireless charging pads for mobile devices

To connect your computer to the Internet using DSL, you need 4 things:

1. A DSL modem - the ISP usually provides the DSL modem 2. A network card in your computer. 3. An Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector to plug your network card into the DSL modem. - you can, instead of plugging your computer directly into the DSL modem, you can plug your computer into a router (such as a wireless router) and then plug the router into the DSL modem - this is useful you if you want to connect multiple computers to the Internet and don't mind sharing the bandwidth 4. A phone cord to plug the DSL modem into the phone outlet.

List and Describe the Core Features of Bluetooth

1. Basic Rate (BR) - basic transfer rate of 1.0 Mbps - present in all Bluetooth standards 2. Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) - delivered bit throughput of 3.0 Mbps, but consumes more power than BR - present in Bluetooth 2.x, 3.x, 4.x, and 5.x 3. High Speed (HS) - allowed Bluetooth to transmit over available 802.11 signals when Wi-Fi is nearby, which boosted data transfer rate to 24 Mbps - consumes considerably more power than EDR - present in Bluetooth 3.x, 4.x, and 5.x 4. Low Energy (LE) - Low Energy Mode reduces data transfer rate to 270 Kbps but maintains transmission distance while using less energy than devices in Classic Mode (BR/EDR) - the primary intent was to make this compatible with IoT (Internet of Things) devices - present in Bluetooth 4.x and 5.x 5. Slot Availability Masking (SAM) - since Bluetooth uses the same unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency that Wi-Fi does, SAM is designed to help reduce interference problems - SAM can detect and prevent interference by switching bands within that frequency spectrum to help maintain throughput. - present in Bluetooth 5.x

List the 4 primary characteristics of 802.11 standards

1. Speed - how fast the network can send/receive data 2. Maximum distance - how far the network can reach in terms of physical distance 3. Frequency (which includes channels) - the audio range in which the technology broadcasts - channels are sub-divisions within a frequency 4. Modulation technique - refers to how the computer converts digital information into signals that can be transmitted over the air.

The maximum speeds you get from an Internet connection depends on:

1. The price you pay the ISP. You can get faster Internet connection with a higher-priced plan. 2. Distance from ISP. The maximum speeds decrease as the installation of the modem gets father away from the phone company's equipment. - in other words, if your ISP's central phone equipment is far enough away from your network, you will have slower speeds. 3. Line quality also affects speed, because poorer lines have more attenuation (signal loss). Using traditional copper wires (which DSL uses) is not going to provide speeds as fast as fiber-optic wires.

List and Describe the things you should keep in mind as you go through the planning process of setting up a SOHO network

1. Understand relevant regulations - if you are installing a home office network, this is probably not needed. But if you are installing a network in an office building, there are likely local building codes that need to be followed 2. Make a map - understand the layout of the space in which you're installing the network (get/draw a map) - add distances or a scale, so that you can determine how far you'll need to run cables or how many switches or WAPs you'll need. - label power locations and their capacity - mark any potential obstacles or hazards that you may run into when you try to run cable (e.g. fluorescent lights, water pipes, cinder block walls) 3. Locate the server(s) - when installing a small network, you may not have to worry about this. But if you have a network with one or more dedicated servers, decide where they will be located. - they need to be in a secured location where only authorized people have access to them. - make sure the designated area for them is temperature-controlled as servers tend to get very hot. 4. Identify where client computers will be - this will help you determine where you need shared network resources as well as cable placement 5. Locate network resources - network users may need to share resources such as printers - locate good areas for shared resources so that users don't have to walk long distances to get to them 6. Determine how users will connect - if network users will all connect wirelessly, you can start figuring out how many wireless routers or APs you'll need. - The rule of thumb for Wi-Fi 5 and older is no more than 30 users per AP. - if you're going to have wired connections, start determining how long the cable runs will be. - remember that UTP has a maximum segment distance of 100m, if you have to go up from a patch panel into a ceiling and down through a wall or conduit, take that into account, too. 7. Designate additional connectivity areas, if needed - if you are running cables and some systems are outside of your maximum cable length, you will need to install a repeater of some sort (best choice is probably a switch, which repeats signals) - if you have several hundred computers and you want to separate out networks, then a router is the best choice. - these connectivity locations can be just a small closet, or sometimes switches are placed in drop ceilings - if there is no way to run power into the area where you need to switch, you could buy one that uses Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Using 802.11ac's channel bonding, how many nonoverlapping channels are available with 802.11ac networks?

802.11ac can channel bond 4 channels into 80 MHz, or 8 channels into 160 MHz in the 5 GHz spectrum. A maximum of 6 nonoverlapping 80 MHz channels and 2 nonoverlapping 160 MHz channels are available in the 5 GHz spectrum. If you consider DFS (technology that alleviates interference from radar signals), it takes the maximum number of nonoverlapping 80 MHz channels down to 2, and completely eliminates any possible 160 MHz nonoverlapping channels. - since there are only 2 80MHz nonoverlapping channels, this makes it difficult to deploy in anything other than a small office. - the other option is to use 40 MHz channels just like 802.11n, but then you might as well get 802.11n since 802.11ac devices have a much higher cost.

naked DSL

A DSL Internet service plan that does not include a landline plan - many ISPs offer package plans that include DSL Internet connection and landline phone connection. However, with the rise of cell-phone use, people may choose to get rid of their landline plans and choose naked DSL plans.

A DSL modem connects to a phone outlet/jack on the wall to obtain Internet connection. If you need to plug a landline into the same phone outlet/jack, what do you need?

A DSL splitter

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

A TCP/IP protocol that allows a computer to connect to the Internet over a phone line.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) + list the 3 types of RFID + primary purpose + list the 3 components that make up an RFID system

A communications standard that uses radio waves to facilitate communication. There are 3 types of RFID, based on the frequency used: Low frequency (LF) High frequency (HF) Ultra-high frequency (UHF) The primary purpose of RFID is to identify items within a relatively short range. - those items can be inventory in a store or warehouse, people, or even fast-moving things such as cars. 3 components that make up RFID: 1. Tag 2. Reader 3. Antenna

Internet service provider (ISP)

A company that provides networks access to the Internet for a subscription.

At the center of an Ethernet (or wireless) network is:

A connectivity device, such as a hub, switch, or router, and all computers are connected to it. - wireless networks are configured similar to an Ethernet network, except they use a wireless router or wireless access point instead of a wired connectivity device. - similarly, devices on Ethernet networks use wired network cards, whereas devices on a wireless network need to use wireless network cards

Fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC) service

A fiber-optic Internet connection service that runs fiber cable to the phone or cable company's utility box near the street and then runs copper from there to your house. - best suited for small businesses or home offices with significant data requirements.

Fiber-to-the-node (FTTN) service

A fiber-optic Internet connection service where the fiber cable runs only from a cable company's network to the junction box (the "node") at the entrance to your neighborhood (or possibly to your curb). From there, cable is coaxial copper.

Long-range fixed wireless

A point-to-point technology that uses directional antennas to send and receive network signals. These antennas look like small satellite dishes can usually send and receive signals for 10 to 20 km - different dishes will support different technologies (ex. some may support Wi-Fi 5 or 6, whereas others may support those plus cellular networking, too) - as the technology is point-to-point, the sending and receiving devices must be pointed at each other (misalignment will cause network failure) - obstructions such as trees or other buildings will cause problems, as well.

Remote Access Server (RAS)

A server that accepts remote connections to a network and grants access to network resources

Bluetooth beacon

A small hardware transmitter that uses Bluetooth LE (Low Energy). - it is broadcast only and transmits its unique identifier to nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices, such as smartphones. - it can be used to send information such as marketing materials or coupons to someone with a smartphone in the vicinity of a product, or as a short-range navigation system.

Near-field communication (NFC) + frequency it transmits in + how it works + list and describe the 3 different modes NFC devices can operate in

A subset of RFID, it is a very short distance technology that is designed to facilitate information sharing and, in particular, contactless payment. - transmits at 13.56 MHz (the same frequency as HF RFID) - NFC uses radio frequency (RF) signals - data rates are rather slow compared to other wireless methods (NFC operates at maximum of 424 Kbps) Involves an initiator and a target - ex. you want to read an NFC tag on a poster - you move your phone close to the rag, and the phone would generate a small RF field that would power the target - data could then be read from the tag, which is a small amount of data (maximum 8 KB) NFC devices can operate in 3 different modes: 1. NFC Card Emulation Mode - this lets the device act as a smartcard. This is useful for making payments at the site of a merchant that uses NFC. 2. NFC Reader/Writer Mode - this allows the device to read information stored in an NFC tag on a label or poster 3. NFC Peer-to-Peer Mode - this allowed for ad hoc data transfer between two NFC-enabled devices

Cable (internet connection)

A type of wired Internet connection that provides high-speed Internet access through your cable service, much like DSL does over phone lines. - one of the two most popular broadband choices for home use, the other being DSL - uses a cable modem to provide Internet connection to a network - Internet access is provided through a cable TV connection (unlike DSL, which uses phone line connections to grant Internet access)

Fiber-optic Internet

A type of wired Internet connection that uses fiber-optic cables to establish an Internet connection for a network. - mostly used for high-speed telecommunications and network backbones (the structures that connect different networks together)

Dial-up internet connection - not an exam objective, so don't focus too much on this

A type of wired Internet connection that uses phone lines to provide Internet to a local network. - it is one of the oldest ways of communicating with ISPs and remote networks. - considered legacy The biggest problem with dial-up is limitations on modem speed, which top out at 56 Kbps. Most of the people who still use dial-up internet connection do it because it's cheaper than broadband or high-speed access isn't available where they live (although satellite is a better option for internet connection than dial-up) The biggest advantage to dial-up is that it's cheap and relatively easy to configure.

What do 802.11 devices need in order connect to a wireless connectivity device (such as a wireless router or wireless access point) to gain access to a WLAN?

A wireless network card

State the Advantages/Disadvantages with using DSL to gain Internet connection to a network

Advantages - Much faster than dial-up - Your bandwidth is not shared with other subscribers of the ISP - it's generally very reliable (depending on your ISP) Disadvantages - DSL may not be available in your area. There are distance limitations as to how far away from the phone company's central office you can be to get DSL. This could be a problem in rural areas. - DSL requires more hardware than dial-up: a network card, network cable, a DSL modem, a phone cord, and sometimes a splitter. - the cost is higher than dial-up. - if you are in a house or building with older wiring, the older phone lines may not be able to support the full speed you pay for.

State the Advantages/Disadvantages to using cable to gain Internet connection to a network

Advantages - it's much faster than dial-up, and can be faster than DSL (particularly for uploads) - you're not required to have or use a telephone landline - it's generally very reliable (depending on your ISP) Disadvantages - cable may not be available in your area (a problem in rural areas) - cable requires more hardware than dial-up: a network card, a network cable, a cable modem, and a cable cord to connect the modem to the cable TV jack on the wall - your bandwidth is shared with everyone on your ISP's network segment (usually a neighborhood-sized group of homes). During peak times, your access speed may slow down. - the cost is higher.

What must you do before installing/making changes to a network?

Always plan ahead. - consider the user/company's needs for today and the future.

802.11a standard

An 802.11 standard that provides WLAN bandwidth of up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz frequency spectrum - uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is a more efficient data encoding system that FHSS or DSSS. - thanks to the encoding system, it was significantly faster than 802.11b, but never gained widespread popularity due to 802.11b's inexpensiveness and quickness to launch in the market. - considered legacy

802.11b standard

An 802.11 standard that provides bandwidths of up to 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz range. - uses DSSS for data encoding - were slower than 802.11a, but much more popular due to its inexpensiveness and quickness to launch in market. - considered legacy

802.11g standard

An 802.11 standard that provides for bandwidths of 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum - uses OFDM or DSSS data encoding - the channels in the 2.4 GHz frequency are 22 MHz wide - because it operates in the same modulation as 802.11b, the two standards are compatible (802.11g devices are backward compatible with 802.11b devices) - because of the backward compatibility and speed upgrades, 802.11g replaced 802.11b as the industry standard for several years Note: 802.11b uses DSSS, while 802.11g can use OFDM or DSSS. Therefore, when an 802.11b device is associated with an OFDM 802.11g access point, that access point must revert back to DSSS modulation, and therefore all devices connected to that access point will run at a maximum of 11 Mbps (the maximum bandwidth of 802.11b) - considered legacy

802.11ac standard + enhancements over 802.11n

An 802.11 standard that supports bandwidth up to 6.9 Gbps (albeit most devices peak at about 1.3 Gbps, and common maximum throughput is just under Gigabit Ethernet speeds at about 800 Mbps) at 5 GHz frequency. - known as Wi-Fi 5 - the first commercial wireless standard that claims to offer the speed of Gigabit Ethernet Takes 802.11n's concept of channel bonding and MIMO further: - instead of bonding two channels, 802.11ac can bond 4 channels for a 80 MHz range, or 8 channels for a 160 MHz range, resulting in a huge speed increase. - 802.11ac doubles the MIMO capabilities of 802.11n to eight streams (rather than four in 802.11n), resulting in a doubled speed increase. - also introduces multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), which allows multiple users to use multiple antennae for communication simultaneously, whereas MIMO only allowed for one such connection at a time on a device. 802.11ac introduces beamforming - allows for range increases by sending the wireless signals in the specific direction of the client, as opposed to broadcasting it omnidirectionally.

802.11n standard + how does it achieve faster bandwidth than previous standards?

An 802.11 standard that supports bandwidth up to 600 Mbps (but in reality the typical throughput is about 300-450 Mbps) that works in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ranges. - known as Wi-Fi 4 It achieves faster throughput than previous standards (a=54 Mbps, b=11 Mbps, g= 54 Mbps) due to: 1. The use of wider 40 MHz channels through channel bonding - 802.11g uses 22 MHz channels - 802.11n combines two channels to double the throughput - channel bonding also allows the 802.11n device to communicate simultaneously at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and bond the data streams, which increases throughput 2. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) - using multiple antennas rather than a single antenna to communicate information - 802.11n devices support up to 8 antennas, or four streams of data, because each antenna only sends or receives 802.11n is also backwards compatible with 802.11a/b/g (you can use 802.11n devices with 802.11a/b/g devices in the same network) - this is because 802.11n is capable of operating in the 2.4 GHz range (which 802.11b/g clients operate in) as well as in the 5 GHz range (which 802.11a clients operate in)

802.11ax standard + 5 enhancements over 802.11ac

An 802.11 standard that supports bandwidth up to 9.6 Gbps at both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies - known as Wi-Fi 6 - offers a speed bonus over previous standards, and allows for more simultaneous users of any given access point Enhancements over 802.11ac: 1. Much Faster - the theoretical maximum speed goes from 6.9 Gbps to 9.6 Gbps - for 802.11ac in practice, it was hard to get anything above 1 Gbps - for 802.11ax in practice, it is possible to attain full bandwidth, albeit at really short distances 2. Better Connection Management - 802.11ax introduces a new modulation technique called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) - OFDM had a limitation that it could only transmit to one recipient at a time, whereas OFDMA can handle communications with several clients at once - MU-MIMO is improved too. In 802.11ac, MU-MIMO was only for downlink connections (the router could send signals to multiple receivers). With 802.11ax, MU-MIMO works for uplink connections, too, meaning the router can also simultaneously receive data from multiple clients at once 3. Less Co-channel Interference - channel bonding with Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) severely limited the number of nonoverlapping channels available. If there are only one or two channel options available, there is a problem. - 802.11ax introduced a new feature called Basic Service Set (BSS) coloring reduces the problems of co-channel interference. It adds a field to the wireless frame that distinguishes a wireless access point (WAP) from others. - the 802.11ax WAP has the ability to change its color (and the color of its associated clients) if it detects a conflict with another access point on the same channel. 4. Simultaneous Use of Frequencies - Wi-Fi 6 can operate at the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies at the same time, which also increases performance 5. Improved Battery Life and Power Consumption for Connected Devices - Wi-Fi 6 allows for client devices to essentially "sleep" while not directly communicating with the AP. - this improves battery life and reduces power consumption for client Wi-Fi 6 devices

Bluetooth uses the ___ GHz range from communication

Bluetooth uses the 2.4 GHz range from communication - to avoid interference, Bluetooth can "signal hop" at different frequencies to avoid conflicts with devices using other technologies in the area.

If you are experiencing interference problems with your network, what is a possible solution?

Changing the frequency channel might help - if too many devices are on one channel, interference can occur - many other commercial devices that transmit at the frequencies at which 802.11 operates (older Bluetooth devices, cordless phones, cell phones, other WLANs, microwave ovens), which can result in a lot of interference particularly in the 2.4 GHz range

Internet connections can be broadly broken into two categories: + which one should you choose?

Dial-up - grants slow internet connection through phone lines. The internet connection takes over an entire phone line, preventing phone calls from being made on that line while Internet access is provided (a significant problem in homes/buildings where there is only a single telephone line) Broadband - grant high-speed internet connection through phone lines. The Internet connection runs through different frequencies in your existing phone line without phone-line communication disruptions. Much faster and doesn't interfere with phone calls unlike dial-up. Today, you should always use broadband. There is no reason to choosing dial-up over broadband in today's times if broadband is available.

Which is faster, dial-up connections, DSL connections, or cable connections?

Dial-up connections are slow, so they are automatically off the table. Cable connections are technically faster, however the speeds are not guaranteed and they can vary. - in practice, the speeds of a cable modem are pretty comparable to those of DSL. - this is primarily because a cable internet subscriber shares available Internet bandwidth with all of the ISP's subscribers within your distribution network (usually a neighborhood-sized group of homes) - DSL, on the other hand, each subscriber has full use of the available rated bandwidth the ISP provides. At the end of the day, the best choice for Internet connection may depend on which company you can get the best deal from. - either phone and DSL through your telephone company, or cable TV and cable modem from your cable provider.

True or False: Bluetooth, like Wi-Fi, is designed to be a WLAN

False. - Bluetooth is not designed to be a WLAN and therefore does not directly compete with Wi-Fi. - Bluetooth is designed primarily for wireless devices (smartphones, mice, keyboards, headsets, printers) you want your computer to be able to communicate with, not for setting up wireless networks.

True or False: You cannot use phone-line voice communications and DSL Internet connection at the same time

False. You can use them at the same time. Phone line communications and DSL Internet connection use different frequencies on the same wire in the phone line.

When is long-range fixed wireless a solution for networking?

In situations where the distance is too far for Wi-Fi but high-speed wireless network connectivity is needed. Ex. - networking from building to building in a city or on a campus - bringing Internet access to a remote residence on a lake or in the mountain where wires can't be run - providing Internet to boats and ships

In the 5 GHz spectrum, there are ___ nonoverlapping communications channels. What hertz do they operate on?

In the 5 GHz spectrum, there are 25 communications channels that operate in 20 MHz. - 24 of the 25 can be used for Wi-Fi networks. - in comparison, for the 2.4 GHz spectrum, there are only three nonoverlapping channels (1, 6, 11) - however, 802.11 bonds channels together to increase throughput. When 20 MHz channels are bonded into 40 MHz channels, this reduces the number of nonoverlapping channels to 12. - additionally, weather, commercial, and military radar operate in the 5 GHz frequency as well. To avoid conflicts, wireless routers use a technology named dynamic frequency selection (DFS), which detects radar interference and dynamically adjusts the device to a different frequency range to avoid the problem - if your installation is in an area that does not receive interference from radar signals, you will have 12 nonoverlapping 40 MHz channels - otherwise, you will only have 4 nonoverlapping, non-DFS 40 MHz channels remain available.

More clients connected to a WAP (wireless access point) means ___ bandwidth for each client. The ___ a client is to a WAP, the higher the bandwidth.

More clients connected to a WAP (wireless access point) means less bandwidth for each client. The closer a client is to a WAP, the higher the bandwidth.

MIMO + MU-MIMO

Multiple-input multiple-output - using multiple antennas rather than a single antenna to communicate information. - 8 antennas can support four streams of data, because each antenna only sends or receives. 16 antennas can support 8 streams. - used by 802.11n Multi-user MIMO - MIMO that allows multiple users to use multiple antennae for communication simultaneously, whereas MIMO only allowed for one such connection at a time on a device. - used by 802.11ac

List and describe the 4 types of wireless modulation used today:

Remember: modulation refers to how the computer converts digital information into signals that can be transmitted over the air 1. Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) - accomplishes communication by hopping the transmission over a range of predefined frequencies. - the changing, or hopping, is synchronized between both ends and appears to be a single transmission channel to both ends. 2. Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) - accomplishes communication by adding the data that is to be transmitted to a higher-speed transmission. - the higher-speed transmission contains redundant information to ensure data accuracy. - each packet can then be reconstructed in the event of a disruption 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - accomplishes communication by breaking the data into subsignals and transmitting them simultaneously. - these transmissions occur on different frequencies, or subbands. - generally more efficient than the other two standards 4. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) - introduced in Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) - OFDM had a limitation that it could only transmit to one recipient at a time - OFDMA can handle communications with several clients at once Note: these standards are not compatible with each other. If the sending system is using FHSS and the receiving system is expecting DSSS (or OFDM), they won't be able to talk to each other.

Bluetooth v5 has several new features over its predecessor, Bluetooth v4.2. State these enhancements. (don't focus too much on this one)

Slot Availability Masking (SAM) - since Bluetooth uses the same unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency that Wi-Fi does, SAM is designed to help reduce interference problems - SAM can detect and prevent interference by switching bands within that frequency spectrum to help maintain throughput. Better Security Better Throughput and Distance - Bluetooth v5 is capable of doubling throughput and achieving 4 times the maximum distance of v4 (however, it can only be one or the other - either more throughput or more distance) Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD) - used to locate and track devices Better caching, improved LE power control and LE audio, and enhanced encryption

Wi-Fi

The family of IEEE 802.11 standards that establish wireless local area networks, in which radio signals are used to transmit data through the air.

List and Describe the 3 components that make up an RFID system

Tag - an RFID tag is fastened to the item that needs to be tracked. - can be temporary (e.g. an employee access badge) or permanently affixed to an item - the RFID tag contains identifying information, such as employee ID, product number, inventory number, etc. - Passive vs. Active RFID tags. Passive tags do not have a power source, therefore they draw their power from radio waves emitted by the RFID reader (range: 25m). Active tags have their own power source (often a small battery) and may have its own antenna as well (range: 100m) Reader - reads information from tags - have a power source and antenna - once they get within 100m of an active tag or 25m of a passive tag, they can detect its presence - readers can be mobile (e.g. a handheld inventory tracker) or static (e.g. the security gates that line the entrances of retail stores - when an active tag passes through the scanners, an alarms sounds to notify the store personnel) Antenna - boosts the distance an RFID signal can travel - readers may have multiple antennae, depending on the model.

Original 802.11 standard

The first 802.11 standard, defines WLANs transmitting at 1-2 Mbps bandwidths using the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum. - the frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation techniques for data encoding were included in this standard - the original 802.11 standard acts as a framework for future standards.

IEEE 802.11 + common standards

The first standardized WLAN implementation. - over 20 802.11 standards, but the most common are 802.11a, b, g, n, ac, and ax. - 802.11 networks use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) access method instead of Ethernet's Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) - Packet collisions are generally avoided, but when they do happen, the sender will need to wait a random period of time (called a back-off time) before transmitting again.

(IMG) Wireless router

This wireless router has 4 wired connections (you can't see them all) The connected cable in this example is plugged in the port labeled Internet, which in this case goes to the DSL modem providing internet access.

List the major versions of Bluetooth, and their features

Version: 1.x Features: - Basic Rate (BR) Version: 2.x Features: - Basic Rate (BR) - Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) Version: 3.x Features: - Basic Rate (BR) - Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) - High Speed (HS) Version: 4.x Features: - Basic Rate (BR) - Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) - High Speed (HS) - Low Energy (LE) Version: 5.x Features: - Basic Rate (BR) - Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) - High Speed (HS) - Low Energy (LE) - Slot Availability Masking (SAM)

List the 4 different standards of DSL

you don't have to memorize the speeds, just a general idea of each Standard: High bit-rate DSL (HDSL) Download speed: up to 8 Mbps Upload speed: up to 1 Mbps Standard: Symmetric DSL (SDSL) Download speed: up to 2.5 Mbps Upload speed: up to 2.5 Mbps Standard: Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) Download speed: up to 42 Mbps Upload speed: up to 8 Mbps Standard: Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) Download speed: up to 52 Mbps Upload speed: up to 16 Mbps - it is called asymmetric DSL because it supports download speeds that are faster than upload speeds (which make sense because people often download from the Internet rather than upload)