A Country Transformed Notes

which US president ordered a study of the naturalization process?

President Theodore Roosevelt

what was the third step of entering the US?

doctors checked for illnesses

what are three examples of raw materials?

iron ore, coal, and petroleum

what was the fifth step of entering the US?

literacy/reading tests were taken

what three industries destroyed large parts of the nations forests?

mining, logging, and farming

in what profession did most Chinese and Japanese immigrants work out west?

railroads or mines

how did the Bessemer Process work?

someone poured molten iron into a large container and then blasted the iron with air.

why were people being pushed away from agricultural jobs?

there were not enough jobs on farms for the steadfast growing population

what were two advantages of the typewriter?

they greatly improved communications for businesses by making messages more readable. people no longer had the problem of deciphering the scribbles of someones handwriting.

how did department stores help industry?

they offered a large number of products and promoted brand-name goods.

how did newspapers and publications portray religious immigrant groups?

they thought that they were ill-suited of the American way

as a result of industrialization, American urban population soared. Philadelphia's population went from _____________ in 1850 to _________________ in 1880.

120,000 to 845,000

which groups provided the strongest support for the Democratic Party during the late 1800s and early 1900s? A) Catholics and new immigrants B) nativists and reform-oriented Protestants C) African American and other minorities D) business leaders and middle-class workers

A) Catholics and new immigrants

which person would have been most likely to move to northern US cities in the late 1800s? A) an African American seeking escape discriminatory Jim Crow laws B) a debt-burdened farmer looking for a new start on cheap land C) a cowboy looking for work opportunities on a cattle ranch D) an Irish worker coping with illnesses caused by air pollution

A) an African American seeking to escape discriminatory Jim Crow laws

How did the invention and spread of the telegraph affect American society in the 1800s? A) it enabled businesses to increase their markets by improving long-distance communication B) it led to the development of suburbs by making jobs outside of the city more plentiful C) it increased access to popular culture by allowing musicians to record and distribute their music. D) it gave ordinary people access to technology that did not require special training to operate.

A) it enabled businesses to increase their markets by improving long-distance communication

the invention of the steam locomotive contributed most to the... A) spread of railroads B) speed or river travel C) production of cotton D) construction of canals

A) spread of railroads

the work of George Westinghouse and Nikolai Tesla helped to... A) spread the use of electricity B) replace steam power with oil power C) expand the national railroad network D) convince individuals to invest in the stock market

A) spread the use of electricity

Which statement contracts the work of a farmer in the 1820s with the work of a farmer in the 1840s? A) the earlier farmer harvested crops by hand, while the later farmer harvested crops using mechanical reapers and steel plows B) the earlier farmer relied on animals to power machinery, while the later farmer relied on steam-powered machines C) the earlier farmer sold crops in local markets only, while the later farmer shipped crops across the country in refrigerated cars D) the earlier farmer relied on the telegraph to learn about approaching storms, while the later farmer used the telephone

A) the earlier farmer harvested crops by hand, while the later farmer harvested crops using mechanical reapers and steel plows

which invention directly led to the growth of skyscrapers in the US? A) the elevator B) the steam engine C) the underground sewer system D) the electric streetcar

A) the elevator

which energy source was the most important during the earlier stages of industrialization? A) natural gas B) electricity C) petroleum D) steam

B) electricity

which was the most significant problem faced by native-born Americans who migrated from rural to urban areas during the late 1800s and early 1900s? A) shortage of unskilled jobs B) ethnic and religious discrimination C) lack of family and community support D) difficulty of safely travelling long distances

C) lack of family and community support

which city developed the first completely UNDERGROUND SEWER system?

Chicago

who invented the first useful typewriter?

Christopher Latham Sholes

which city developed the first professional city fire department?

Cincinnati, Ohio

which action was one of the US government's earliest responses to environmental damage caused by industrialization? A) passage of air and water pollution regulations B) an effort to convert from coal power to electircity C) a push to move factories from cities to suburban areas D) establishment of a system of national parks and forests

D) establishment of a system of national parks and forests

the spread of railroads during the 1800s aided the US economy by... A) reducing the time workers spent commuting to and from work B) providing a large number of well-paying jobs to recent immigrants C) bringing consumers closer to the agricultural regions where their food was grown D) making it easier to move natural resources and finished goods around the country

D) making it easier to move natural resources and finished goods around the country

nativist groups of the late 1800s were best known for... A) volunteering to help new immigrants assimilate themselves into American culture B) supporting calls for increased immigration from Asia but objecting to increased immigration from Europe C) arguing that reform efforts should focus on granting more power to immigrants already in the US D) objecting to calls for increased immigration and supporting greater restrictions

D) objecting to calls for increased immigration and supporting greater restrictions

corporations raise capital by... A) acquiring natural resources B) developing bureaucracies C) hiring blue-collar and white-collar workers D) selling bonds and shares of stock

D) selling bonds and shares of stock

which statement describes the living conditions of many immigrants to the US? A) they made their homes in workers' housing supplied by their employers B) they used their income from high-paying factory jobs to live in newly built city apartments C) they could not find housing in cities and, therefore, settled in the suburbs D) they lived in poverty in overcrowded tenement housing of industrial cities.

D) they lived in poverty in overcrowded tenement housing of industrial cities.

what party did most Irish immigrants support?

Democratic Party

where did most immigrants find jobs?

Eastern cities

who was the famous parks designer and conservationist that designed Central Park, the Biltmore in North Carolina, and other parks in large cities?

Fredrick Law Olmsted

________ _________ and _________ ______ made additional discoveries in the use of electricity.

George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla.

who invented the telegraph?

Samuel Morse

what were some of Thomas Edison's inventions?

Universal Stock Ticker, quadruplex telegraph, phonograph, light bulb

in the 1850s, the _____________ gained control of many telegraph companies.

Western Union

what was the Oath of Loyalty?

a verbal speech of allegiance to the country.

what did the assembly line do?

assembled products faster and with less labor than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece for assembly.

how did selling and buying stocks and bonds allow individuals to become rich?

buying and selling stocks and bonds gave Americans the ability to make money from industrialization

dumbbell tenement

four apartments on one floor. there were two shared toilets and one narrow air-shaft for natural light.

what was the fourth step of entering the US?

immigrants were questioned by legal inspectors

what was the first step of entering the US?

immigration officers collected manifests, or lists, on passengers from arriving ships

mechanical reaper

invented by Cyrus McCormick in the 1830s, could harvest large amounts of grain and made farming faster, worked best on flat farmland.

steel plow

invented by John Deere in 1836, made farming easier and greatly increased crop yields, could plow through thick soil

what was the second step of entering the US?

officers questioned all immigrants

how did white-collar and blue-collar jobs come about?

people who worked in management positioned needed more training and they usually had college educations and made more money. they came to be called white-collar workers because they worked in white dress shirts. people who worked with their hands in factories often had less education and, in turn, made less money. these people came to be called blue-collar workers because they often worked in blue denim shirts.

why did many Irish immigrants migrate from their homelands?

the Potato Famine, as well as political or religious reasons

despite the fact that computers have now replaced typewriters, what is one long-lasting effect of the typewriter?

the QWERTY keyboard used on computers and some cell phones is based on the typewriter keyboard developed by E. Remington and Sons after the typewriter was purchased from Sholes