AAMC FL 5 C/P

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

Pyrimidine

a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

chiral atoms

carbons bonded to 4 different groups

Oxireductases

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

Delta H

change in enthalpy (heat)

Delta S

change in entropy (free energy/disorder) -increases in spontaneous reaction

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

coenzyme that shuttles protons and electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

Salt bridge

combination of two noncovalent interactions (Interaction btwn two atoms that don't share charge) anion will always migrate towards anode, cation will always migrate toward cathode in galvanic cell, salt bridge balances out movement of electrons from anode to cathode in electrolytic cell, anion just is attracted to positively-charged anode without a salt bridge, current immediately stops

Pressure and volume- boyle's law

Boyle's Law (P1V1=P2V2) pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional

hills coefficient < 1 negative

cooperative binding In negative cooperativity, the conformational change due to ligands binding decreases ligands binding at the other subunit

spontaneous reaction

delta G < 0 (exergonic) Exergonic - A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

nonspontaneous reaction

delta G > 0 (endergonic- A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings)

Michelis constant (Km)

describes affinity of enzyme for its substrate. Km​ is the concentration of substrate when the reaction rate is at half its maximum value.

Protease

enzyme that breaks down proteins

Acetate

CH3COO or C2H3O2 -1

aldehyde

CHO

carboxylic acid

COOH

Ki

half of vmax (basically km but for inhibitors)

amidase

hydrolyzes amides

Detergents

hydrophilic head groups that interact with environment, hydrophobic environment that interacts with nonpolar compounds like grease. detergent forms micelles

photon energy and radiation wavelength

inversely proportional

Bose-Einstein Principle

is a state of matter that occurs when a gas of bosons is cooled to near absolute zero and its particles clump together into a single quantum object

micelles

lipid molecules orient with polar (hydrophilic) head toward water and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails away from water. tiny spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during digestion; most contain bile salts and the products of lipid digestion, including fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol

Activation Energy (Ea)

low in spontaneous reaction

molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution

Pauli Exclusion Principle

no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers

hills coefficient > 1

positive cooperative binding conformational change due to ligands binding at one subunit increases ligands binding at the other subunits

π-stacking interaction

presumptive attractive, noncovalent pi interactions (orbital overlap) between the pi bonds of aromatic rings.

Phosphatase

removes a phosphate group from a molecule

Heterocyclic

ring shaped carbon chain which has to have at least one atom that isn't carbon in the ring

ubiquinone

soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third (coenzyme Q)

Le Châtelier's Principle

states that if a chemical system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, the system will respond in a way that shifts the equilibrium in the opposite direction and minimizes the change

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

states that it is not possible to know precisely both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same times. tates there is a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties (such as position and momentum) can both be known at once

Proteolysis

the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes

alpha carbon

the central carbon atom of each amino acid, attached/adjacent to carbonyl carbon

Hydrogen bonds

the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons (highly electronegative atom) of another molecule. are possible when a molecule contains FON

Kcat

turnover number (molecules catalyzed per second in optimal conditions) Vmax / [E] [E]: This is the concentration of the active enzyme in the reaction. It is typically expressed in units of moles per liter (M).

Cation Chromatography

Cation exchange chromatography (CEX) is a type of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separates cations based on their net surface charge. It's a form of ion exchange chromatography (IEX), which uses a negatively charged ion exchange resin to attract positively charged molecules.

Pressure and temperature- charles law

Charles law: P1/T1 = P2/T2 pressure and temp are directly proportional, doubling one would double the other

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons, atoms involved differ greatly in electronegativity

Anion Chromatography

used to separate molecules based on their net surface charge. Anion exchange chromatography, more specifically, uses a positively charged ion exchange resin with an affinity for molecules having net negative surface charges.

Ammonium carbonate

(NH4)2CO3

Kd (dissociation constant)

-Concentration at ligand at which half the receptors are occupied -is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components The smaller the KD value, the greater the binding affinity of the ligand for its target. The larger the KD value, the more weakly the target molecule and ligand are attracted to and bind to one another.

Hydrostatic pressure

-Pressure is exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid. -is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. -the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Indole

Tryptophan a particular chemical structure found in serotonin and LSD

SDS-PAGE

Type of chromatography used to separate proteins based on mass. denatures the proteins and masks the native charge so that comparison of size is more accurate, but the functional protein cannot be recaptured from the gel

Nuclear fusion reaction

When nuclei of two atoms fuse together, giving off tremendous amounts of energy to create a new atom -require high temps (more KE of particles) this is because nuclei are positive, they wont naturally be attracted to one another. High temps and therefore high KE brings them together

Affinity chromatography

uses a bound receptor or ligand and an eluent with free ligand or a receptor for the protein of interest beads are coated w/ a receptor that binds the protein of interest (high affinity) - protein is retained in column - can be eluted by washing the column w/ a free receptor that competes w/ the bead bound receptor & frees protein -eluted also by changing pH or salinity levels to disrupt bond b/w ligand & protein

Ammonium acetate

NH4C2H3O2

Ammonium formate

NH4HCO2

Ammonium bicarbonate formula

NH4HCO3

size exclusion chromatography

-beads contain tiny pores -small molecules enter the pores & get stuck so they elude later -large molecules don't fit in the pores so they move around taking a shorter path & elude faster (often confuse with SDS-PAGE where small molecules migrate faster and elute -or reach the end of the gel-first.)

1 mg

0.001 g

1 mm

0.001 m

1 mm 300 mm 50 mm

0.001 ml 0.3 ml 0.05ml

1000 nm

1 um(bigger)

1 mM (milimolar)

1000 mmol

1 um

1000 nm (smaller)

1L

1000mL

1m

1000mm

1000mL

1L

1ml

1cm^3

1000mg

1g

1um

1x 10^-6 m

Imidazole group

5 membered ring of histidine can bind or release protons at neutral pH Can act as acid or base -important in protein structure and function

ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Adenine

A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base. Pairs with Thymine in DNA

Hills coefficient

A quantitative measure of cooperative binding effects in enzymes

exergonic reaction

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

A temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 1.00 atm gas has a volume of 22.4 L

The radiation of wavelength 605 nm CAN NOT be used to produce the fluorescence radiations depicted in Figure 3 because:

A. the energy of the absorbed radiation must be larger than the energy of the fluorescence radiation. According to the passage: emission has a larger wavelength than the absorbance -figure 3 shows fluorescence emission from the absorbance of 407 nm radiation laser: it produces a 604, 622, and 639 emission ABSORBANCE HAS TO BE HIGHER ENERGY THAN EMISSION! 407nm is higher energy bc is shorter. If we used a radiation wavelength of 605 nm, it would be long (low energy) and would not cause an emission. (605 would maybe cause emission at around 800)

Two open flasks I and II contain different volumes of the same liquid. Suppose that the pressure is measured at a point 10 cm below the surface of the liquid in each container. How will the pressures compare?

A.The pressures will be equal.easured at a point 10 cm below the surface of the liquid in each container. The hydrostatic pressure formula calculates the pressure beneath liquids. The formula is p = ρgd, ρ= the liquid density g= gravitational acceleration d = the depth where pressure is measured. In this question, the depth is 10 cm. Because the densities and gravities are the same at the same depths in both flasks, the pressure experienced will be the same despite the different shapes of the containers

Continuity equation

A1V1=A2V2 this is talking about within a CLOSED SYSTEM the rate at which mass enters the system is the rate at which mass leaves the system As cross sectional area (A) of a blood vessel changes so must the velocity (V) of the blood that's traveling through it the LOWER the area, the HIGHER the velocity

Based on Reaction 1, when 1.0 atm of CO(g) completely reacts to form carbon suboxide at 550°C in a sealed container, what is the final pressure in the container? reaction: 4CO(g) → C3O2(g) + CO2(g)

Answer: 0.50 We use ideal gas law to look at the relationship amount of product: 4 mol amount of reactant: 1+1= 2 mol -went from 4 mol -> 2 mol -Moles and pressure are directly proportional, if the amount of moles (n) is cut in half, so will pressure. -pressure goes from 1 atm to 0.5 atm

How many moles of NaCl were contained in 500 mL of the buffer solution used to elute hMPRα?

Answer: 1.5x10^-1 according to passage: buffers used to elute the protein contained 300 mM NaCl Equation: N=C*V N= number of moles C= concentration of moles/L V= Volume (L) 300 mM to mmol= 0.3mmol 500 ml to L= 0.5 L 0.3mmol x 0.5L = 0.15 -> 1.5x10^-1

What is the ratio of cation to enzyme in the spectroelectrochemical experiments described in the passage? A. 1:2 (what i chose) B.2:1 C.20:1 D. 200:1

Answer D. from passage: Na+-NQR was diluted to a final concentration of 0.75 mM in 0.150 M LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, or NH4Cl WHY DID I GET IT WRONG? : Failure to convert units. didn't notice the difference in units from mM to M. 1m = 1000mM. -0.150M = 150mm 150mm to 0.75mm is 200:1 ratio

Blood flows with a speed of 30 cm/s along a horizontal tube with a cross-section diameter of 1.6 cm. What is the blood flow speed in the part of the same tube that has a diameter of 0.8 cm?

Answer: 120 cm/s 1)We use the continuity equation A1V1=A2V2 Only difference is, question gave us diameter not area 2) to get area, we use equation A=(pi)r^2 1.6 diameter= 0.8 radius (half of it) 0.8 diameter= 0.4 radius 3) Dont have to solve for equation bc we can see radius of new tube is 1/4 radius of larger cross-sectional area of initial tube 4) 30x4= 120cm/s

Approximately how many moles of Kr+ are contained in the laser tube at 0°C and 1 atm? from passage: Inside the laser, the noble gas is contained in a 11-cm3 tube.

Answer: 5x10^-4 Why? At standard temp and pressure (273k/0c and 1 atm) a gas has a volume of 22.4 L 1) Do conversions, get L to cm 3 -(first convert from L to mL) 22.4 L to ml = 2.24 x 10^-4 -(next convert from ml to cm3) 2.24x10^-4ml = 2.24x10^-4cm3 2) Now divide gas contained in tube by step - 11cm3/2.24x10^-4cm3 = (10/2)= 5x10^-4

Which structural change to Compound 1 would make it more water soluble? A. Replacing benzene CH with N in the ring B. Replacing C=O with C=CH2 C.Replacing N-N=N with CH-CH=CH D.Replacing NH with NCH3

Answer: A bc of FON. # of electronegative atoms increases when ch is replaced with N

When the covalent attachment to alliinase is broken, PLP is still held rigidly in the active site by a salt bridge and a π-stacking interaction. These interactions are most likely provided by the side chains of which amino acids? (Note: The salt bridging amino acid is listed first.) A.Asp and Tyr B.Glu and Ser C.Arg and Tyr D.Lys and Ser

Answer: Arg and Tyr why? According to paragraph 2, "PLP is a planar molecule with a 6-membered ring, a hydroxyl group, an aldehyde group, and a phosphate." The phosphate group would make it negative. -in order to form a salt bridge, the negative Phosphate in PLP will have to interact with a positively charged amino acid Arg is positively charged he π-stacking interaction must occur between the ring in PLP and the ring in an aromatic amino acid, the only aromatic amino acid mentioned is tyrosine

The structure of Compound 2 is shown. Compound 2 What structural feature(s) is(are) most important to the functioning of this compound as described in the passage? A.Specific configuration of numerous chirality centers B.Multiple hydrolyzable linkages C.Combination of large hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions D.Presence of a reducing sugar

Answer: Combination of large hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions why? according to the passage: "hMPRα was then extracted from the membranes using n-decyl-β-D-maltopyranoside, Compound 2." 1) Compound 2 extracted hMPRa from the membrane, which means amino acid sidechains of receptors that interact with the membrane must be hydrophobic in nature with side chains (part that stick out) hydrophilic. 2) The carbon chain on compound 2 is hydrophobic, whereas the cyclic structures with hydroxyl groups are hydrophilic (when i was answering q, didn't even read the paragraph that mentioned compound 2)

The ligand of hMPRα is derived from which compound? A. Glucose B. Phenylalanine C. Glycerol D. Cholesterol

Answer: D cholesterol According to the passage: "progestin receptors (MPRs) developed a method to produce and purify the protein in active form. The researchers devised a way to prepare a specific MPR known as hMPRα" Ligand in question: progesterone -progesterone is a steroid hormone -ALL STEROID HORMONES ARE DERIVED FROM CHOLESTEROL

What quantity of Compound 1 must be provided to prepare 100.00 mL of solution with a concentration equal to Ki?

Answer= 2.92mg The concentration of compound 1 at Ki: 60.3 um The molar mass of compound 1: 483.5 g*mol^-1 1) First do conversions to get units multipliable - 1 um= 1x10^-6 M so 60.3 um = 60.3x10^-6m 2) Next convert 100 mL to L = 0.1 L 3) Multiply the concentration of the compound by the amount of solution to get moles -60.3x10^-6 * 0.1L= 60.3x10^-6 mol 4) multiply the moles of the solution to the molar mass of the compound - 4.8 x10^2 g*mol x 6.03x10^-6mol= 2.91x10^-4 2.9x10^-4 g = 2.9mg

esterase

Any enzyme that breaks down esters (a type of organic molecule) into alcohols and acids

Pyrrole

Aromatic building block of porphyrin

number of gas molecules and volume- Avogadro's law

Avogadro's law: V1/n1 = v2/n2 number of gas molecules and volume are directly proportional

fluorescence radiation

Fluorescence is the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation that is not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light. - In fluorescence, the emitted photon always has a smaller energy level than the absorbed photon.

moles and pressure relationship

Directly proportional, n increases, P increases and vise versa

chirality in proteins

Each amino acid residue except gly has a chiral alpha carbon

Bicarbonate

HCO3-

formate

HCOO-

lipophilic

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving). nonpolar asf like all lipids ofc

Hess' Law of Summation

In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one or multiple steps. the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of its individual steps

Polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges one molecule slightly positive charge, other molecule slightly negative charge

Ideal gas law

PV=nRT P: pressure (atm) V: volume (L) n: number of moles R: ideal gas constant: 0.08206 L or 8.314J/K⋅mol T: temp (K)

ester

RCOOR

ketone

RCOR

absorbed radiation

The radiant energy ceases to be and goes into increasing the energy of the absorbing molecule

Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical properties? A.Density B.Boiling point C.Smell D.IR spectrum

Smell