A& P II Female Reproductive System Structure and Function

Uterine reproductive cycle

1. Menstrual: The stratum functionalis is shed 2. Proliferative: Rebuilding of the functional layer Secretory: Begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and secretion of nutrients

what are the 3 stages Labor is divided into ?

1. a. dilation stage: contractions and head of the fetus rotates as it descends 2. expulsion stage: full dilation until birth 3. placental stage: delivery of the placenta and fetal membranes.

what are the five life stages of postnatal development?

1. neonatal period: from birth until one month after delivery 2. infancy: from age one month to 2 years 3. childhood: from 2 years until puberty 4. adolescence: puberty until the completion of growth 5. maturity

Histology stages of ovarian follicle development (in sequence )

1. primordial follicle 2. primary follicle 3. secondary follicle 4. mature (graafian) follicle 5. corpus luteum 6. corpus albicans

Effects of pregnancy on mother:

1. vasculatization of maternal reproductive organs 2. uterus displaces other organs 3. lordosis + waddling gait 4. increase in respiratory rate, tidal volume, blood volume, nutrient and vitamin intake, glomerular filtration

what are the four stages of development?

1.embryological development: 0.1 - 8.0 weeks 2. fetal development: 9.0 weeks - birth 3. postnatal development: birth -> maturity 4. senescence: aging till death

what is the ratio of egg to sperm volume at fertilization?

2000 to 1

second and third trimester

8wks - 40 wks. In the second trimester, the organ systems increase in complexity and during the

how is a zygote formed?

A secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II at ovulation) unites with a motile and capacitated sperm

amphimixis

After activation, the female pronucleus and the male pronucleus fuse

How man oocytes are present in the body?

At birth between 200,000 and 2 million primary oocytes are in the ovary. Of these 40,000 are present at puberty, and about 400 will mature and ovulate.

Ovarian follicles consist:

Consists of oocytes in various stages of development.

When tracing the histology stages of ovarian follicle development in sequence, the corpus albicans occurs just after which stage?

Corpus Luteum

Gametes in embryo ?

During early fetal life, pgc's migrate to the ovary from the yolk sac and for oogonia. Oogonia are diploid stem cells which divide mitotically to form millions of germ cells. Even before birth most of these degenerate by atresia.A few of the germ cells develop into primary oocytes that enter meiosis I.

what do the layers of embryonic layer form into

Ectoderm(outside): becomes skin, glands and nervous tissue Ectoderm (inside): will line the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity Mesoderm (in between) : becomes muscle and the dermis of the skin

what hormones are produced until menopause?

FSH and LH, stimulate development of several primordial follicles

Implantation of the zygote and development of the fetus occurs in the vagina.

False

Mammary gland milk-producing glands are the lactiferous sinuses.

False

The external os is the opening between the uterus and the cervix.

False

The fundus is the terminal portion of the uterus.

False

The largest portion of the uterus is the fundus.

False

The middle layer of the uterus is called the endometrium.

False

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the ampulla of uterine tube is located between the isthmus of uterus and fundus of uterus.

False

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the isthmus of the uterine tube is located just before the infundibulum and ampulla of the uterine tube.

False

Uterine Tubes

Females have two uterine (fallopian) tubes, also called oviducts. They are about 10cm long and lie in folds of the broad ligament of the uterus. The funnel-shaped opening is the infundibulum. The ampulla is the longest portion and the isthmus joins the uterus. There are ciliated and non-cilited peg cells that provide nutrition for the oocyte.

Clevage

Part 1 of first trimester. is a series of cell divisions which does not allow time for cell growth in between the divisions. a. After three days, it is a solid ball of cells called a morula. Then, a blastocyst forms (a hollow ball of cells) which has a blastoceol (cavity) within. The outer layer of blastomeres is the tropoblast, the inner layer of cells are the inner cell mass.

Gastrulation

Part 4 of first trimester. Around day 12, This is the process of embryonic layer forming.

What helps the oocyte move toward the uterus?

Peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall and the cilia help to move the oocyte toward the uterus.

First Trimester

Pregnancies are clinically dated from the last menstrual period (LMP) which is usually 2 weeks prior to conception

When tracing the histology stages of ovarian follicle development in sequence, the primordial follicle occurs just before which stage?

Primary follicle

Ovarian reproductive cycle

Primary, secondary, Graffian, ovulation and corpus luteum stages happen here

When tracing the histology stages of ovarian follicle development in sequence, the mature (graafian) follicle occurs after which stage?

Secondary follicle

Which layer of the uterus sheds during menstruation?

Stratum functionalis (of endometrium)

differentiation

The formation of different cell types

Oogenesis

The formation of gametes in the ovary is termed oogenesis.

Labor ( maternal)

The goal of labor is parturition (the forcible expulsion of the fetus

blastomeres

The identical cells produced during cleavage

what can cause premature labor?

The positive feedback system

Adipose tissue pads the mons pubis.

True

Another name for the female external genitalia is vulva.

True

Fimbriae are found on the end of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes.

True

Openings in the nipple are called lactiferous duct openings.

True

Rugae are folds in the vagina.

True

The ampulla of the uterine tube is the usual site of fertilization.

True

The area between the labia minora and the urethral and vaginal openings is called the vestibule.

True

The clitoris is erectile tissue.

True

The narrower portion of the uterus which connects with the vagina is called the cervix.

True

The ovary produces secondary oocytes and hormones.

True

The round ligament attaches the uterus to the labia majora.

True

The sheet-like ligament that attaches the uterus to the lateral body wall is called the broad ligament.

True

The uterine tube transports the secondary oocyte toward the uterus.

True

The vagina is the organ for intercourse and the canal for childbirth and menstruation.

True

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the body of the uterus is located after the fundus of the uterus.

True

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the fimbriae of the uterine tube is located between the ovary and the infundibulum of the uterine tube.

True

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the fundus of the uterus is located between the isthmus of uterine tube and body of uterus.

True

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the infundibulum of the uterine tube is located between the fimbriae of uterine tube and ampulla of uterine tube.

True

When tracing the pathway of a secondary oocyte from the ovary (ovulation) to the uterus (implantation) in sequence, the ovary is located just before the fimbriae of uterine tube.

True

Uterus is made up of

a fundus, a body, and a cervix which is joined to the body by the isthmus. Ligaments hold the uterus in place. Histologically the uterus has three layers

What is the cortical reaction?

a series of reactions which inactivate sperm receptors and harden the zona pellucida

what does the fusion of 2 haploid gamete create?

a zygote that contains 46 chromosomes.

Ovaries

a. The female gonads resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape. The ovaries produce secondary oocytes which develop into mature ovum after fertilization. The ovaries are held in place by ligaments and have a hilum.

perineum

a. diamond shaped area at the inferior end of the trunk medial to the thighs and buttocks.

The initiation of labor : precedes labor

a. estrogen levels are sufficiently high, they induce oxytocin receptors in the myometrial cells and inhibit progesterone's quieting effect on the uterine muscle. Weak, irregular contractions begin. Fetal cells produce oxytocin which stimulates prostaglandin production by the placenta. Both hormones stimulate contraction of the uterine muscle. Increasing distension of the uterus activates the hypothalamus, causing more oxytocin to be released from the pituitary gland. Thus a positive feedback loop has begun.

Vulva

a. the external genitals of the female. The vulva consists of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, vaginal and urethral orifices, hymen, and three sets of glands.

Vagina

a. vagina is the passageway for sperm and the menstrual flow, it is the receptacle of the penis during intercourse and is the inferior portion of the birth canal.

what is the Job of the placenta?

acts as an endocrine organ as well, secreting HCG, human placental lactogen, placental prolactin, relaxin, progesterone, and estrogens.

When do oocytes complete meiosis I?

after puberty

Developing oocytes

are first surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells which later from several layers and are called granulosa cells.

Why are addition sperms essential in the fertilization process?

because the acrosome of one sperm does not contain enough of the acrosomal enzymes (hyaluronidase and acrosin) to disrupt the cells of the corona radiata (the layer of follicle cells which surround the oocyte) and the protein in the zona pellucida

When does development begin?

begins at fertilization (conception)

what happens if the placenta tears/ is damaged?

can be fatal to mother and fetus.

Corpus Luteum

contains the remnants of a Graffian follicle after ovulation and produces estrogen and progesterone.

How is polyspermy prevented?

depolarization of the membrane and the cortical reaction

Anturm

fluid filled space

How does a fetus receive oxygen?

from mother's blood. Blood flows through the umbilical cord from the fetus to the placenta via paired umbilical arteries, and then back again via the umbilical vein

Ovary parts:

germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla

Uses of the hormones secreted by placenta :

human placental lactogen: prepares mammary glands placental prolactin: relaxin: increases the flexibility of the pubic bone, causes dialation of the cervix and suppresses release of oxytocin progesterone: maintains the uterine lining estrogens: helps to maintain pregnancy

Hormonal reproductive cycle

i. Pituitary hormones ie. Gonadotropins (FSH which stimulates follicle maturation and LH which stimulates ovulation) and ovarian hormones (estrogens which promote oogenesis and progesterone which, with estrogen, encourages breast maturation and regulates the uterine cycle.).

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

sexually transmitted infections

infections spread from person to person through sexual contact. Gonorrhea, syphilis and Chlamydia are bacteria. HSV, HPV, HIV/AIDS are viral infection.

Mature (Graffian) follicle

is a large fluid filled follicle which is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte

Primary follicle

is a primary oocyte surrounded by several layers of low cuboidal cells called granulosa cells. As the primary follicle grows, a non-cellular layer is formed between the oocyte and the granulose cells. It is the zona pellucida. An antrum forms between the granulosa cells. The follicle cells that surround the oocyte are the corona radiata. A follicle with and antrum is a secondary follicle. This will grow into a Graffian follicle within which the oocyte will complete meiosis I producing a secondary oocyte and a polar body

When tracing the histology stages of ovarian follicle development in sequence, the corpus luteum occurs after which stage?

mature (graafian) follicle

when does the oocyte become mature?

oocyte completes meiosis II and thus becomes a mature ovum.

What are the three layer of the uterus?

outer: perimetrium is the serosa, myometrium consists of three layers of smooth muscle, inner: endometrium consists of two highly vascularized layers. Stratum basale (permanent) and inner stratum functionalis (sheds during cycles)

Implantation

part 2 of the first trimester. Implantation begins when the blastocyst cells which are closest to the inner cell mass, touch and adhere to the uterine wall. Four embryonic membranes will form; the yolk sac, the aminion, the chorion, and the alloantosis.

placentation

part 3 of first trimester the placenta forms

Organogenesis

part 5 of the first trimester weeks 1-8 the organ systems begin to form. this is when the parasite is considered an embryo

When tracing the histology stages of ovarian follicle development in sequence, the secondary follicle occurs between which two stages?

primary follicle and mature (graafian) follicle

When tracing the histology stages of ovarian follicle development in sequence, the primary follicle occurs between which two stages?

primordial follicle and secondary follicle

Inheritance

refers to the transfer of genetically determined characteristics from generation to generation

Mammary glands

synthesize, secrete, and eject milk. modified sweat glands lying superficial to percotralis major muscles and development depends on estrogen and progesterone.

Polyspermy

the entrance of more than one sperm

Development

the gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics during the period from fertilization to maturity.

Genetics

the study of the mechanisms responsible for inheritance.

When can fertilization occur?

up to about 24 hours after ovulation forming a zygote.

Uterus

uterus serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited into the vagina, it is the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the fetus, and labor.

Secondary oocyte

will begin meiosis II but stops at metaphase II and will only complete meiosis if it is fertilized. At ovulation, the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata is expelled from the ovary into the pelvic cavity.