A&P 1 BrainWhat structures make up the brainstem? (Figure 14-1)

Cerebrospinal fluid

is secreted by ependymal cells.

The optic nerves carry visual information from the retina to the

lateral geniculate nuclei.

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.

left frontal

The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the

limbic system.

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are

lobes.

Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.

medulla oblongata

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

medulla oblongata

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata.

The collection of blood vessels supplying the protective connective tissue layers surrounding the brain may hemorrhage during severe head trauma. This is the case in epidural and subdural hemorrhages. Which of the following names sounds most appropriate for this collection of blood vessels?

meningeal blood vessels

The cerebellum and pons develop from the

metencephalon.

What structures make up the brainstem? (Figure 14-1)

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

more complex.

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

The hypothalamus produces which two hormones?

ADH and oxytocin

Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier?

It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.

Which of the following is not true regarding hemispheric lateralization?

Analytic tasks like math and decision making occurs in the right hemisphere.

Which of these is NOT a property of the limbic system?

It regulates body temperature.

Dr. Taylor experienced a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke. Why is stroke dangerous to neurons?

CVAs block the normal blood supply to the brain. Neurons that are starved of oxygen and nutrients begin to die within minutes.

What is the difference between concussion and contusion? How are they diagnosed?

Contusion is when the injury causes localized bruising of the brain tissue. Concussion is the type of injury that affects brain function. CT scan and MRI are the methods of choice to determine the difference(s) between the two.

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

It is a superficial layer of gray matter.

Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?

It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.

A patient comes into the emergency room with weakness on one side and difficulty walking and talking. You determine that the brain has been deprived of oxygen due to lack of regional blood flow. You suspect that patient has most likely experienced

a cerebrovascular accident.

Dr. Taylor's CVA occurred in the left cerebral hemisphere, near her language center. If Dr. Taylor's CVA had occurred in the same region of the right cerebral hemisphere, what would have been different about her symptoms?

She would have had difficulty in visual and spatial analysis as well as possible difficulty in identifying familiar objects by touch, taste, and sight.

Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? Choose the best answer.

Transport blood to brain structures

Art-based Question: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Question 6 What is indicated by the arrows?

absorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the venous circulation

Art-based Question: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Question 7 Identify the structure at the end of the arrow

an arachnoid granulation

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the

arachnoid granulations.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the

arbor vitae.

The folds of the surface of the cerebellum

are called folia and are less prominent than the cerebral folds.

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia.

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the

basal nuclei.

The medulla oblongata regulates

blood pressure and respiration.

What makes up the gray matter in the cerebellum? (Figure 14-9)

cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the

cerebellar cortex.

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum.

There seems to be no biomarkers to identify for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Following autopsy, what brain anatomical aberrations will one look for to conclude that the individual has suffered CTE?

cerebral atrophy and enlarged ventricles

Descending fibers from the pons to the cerebellum pass through these structures of the midbrain?

cerebral peduncles

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum.

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

The corpus callosum is composed of

commissural fibers.

Dr. Taylor bled into her left cerebral hemisphere. What is the function of the cerebrum?

conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, and conscious/subconscious control of skeletal muscle

The pons is involved in all of the following EXCEPT __________.

control of food intake

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is

decussation.

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.

Which brain region contains centers for processing sensory information, emotions, and hormone production?

diencephalon

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?

diencephalon

The dural venous sinuses are located in the

dural folds.

Specialized ________ form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal cells

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the

fourth.

The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called

gyri.

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

hypothalamus.

The accumulation of blood during an epidural or subdural hemorrhage creates debilitating pressure on the brain and, without help, death is imminent. Where exactly is blood accumulating in a subdural hemorrhage?

in the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?

inferior colliculi

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the

insula

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is

olfaction.

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the

parietal and frontal lobes.

The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe.

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?

pia mater

List the maters surrounding the brain from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer. (Figure 14-3)

pia, arachnoid, dura

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the

pons.

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus.

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.

primary sensory

What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with damage to the basal nuclei?

problems in rhythmic movements related to skeletal muscles

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

prosencephalon

During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

reduced ability to regulate body temperature

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system

Which of the following is not function of the hypothalamus?

secrete melatonin

Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease.

substantia nigra

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the

superior and inferior colliculi.

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?

telencephalon

Which embryological brain vesicle will form the cerebrum?

telencephalon

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe.

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus.

Art-based Question: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Question 5 What is indicated by the arrow?

the space surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina through which CSF flows

Art-based Question: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Question 8 What is indicated by the arrow?

the structure responsible for the production of CSF

Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because

the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the

vermis

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.