A&P 1- Chapter 2: Check your understanding & end of chapter multiple questions
Identify each reaction as one of the following (1) 2Hg+O2 > 2HgO (2) HCl+NaOH > NaCl+H2O
(1) Synthesis reaction (2) Exchange reaction
Provide the atomic symbol for each of the following elements (a) calcium (b) carbon (c) hydrogen (d) iron (e) nitrogen (f) oxygen (g) potassium (h) sodium
(a) Ca (b) C (c) H (d) Fe (e) N (f) O (g) K (h) Cl
Given the following types of atoms, decide which type of bonding, ionic or covalent, is most likely to occur: (a) two oxygen atoms (b) four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom (c) a potassium atom (K Atomic Mass- 39 Atomic number-19) and a fluorine atom (F Atomic Mass- 19 Atomic number- 9)
(a) Nonpolar covalent bond (b) Nonpolar covalent bond (c) Ionic bond
Consider the following information about three atoms: C- Atomic Mass: 12 Atomic number: 6 C- Atomic Mass: 13 Atomic number 6 C- Atomic Mass: 14 Atomic number: 6 (a) How are they similar to one another? (b) How do they differ from one another? (c) What are the members of such a group of atoms called?
(a) They are all Carbon (b) They all have a different atomic mass (c) Isotopes
Types of energy are
-Kinetic: In motion -Potential: Stored energy -Chemical: ATP bonds break and energy released (bear eating a fish) -Electrical: Nerve impulses -Mechanical: Directly involved in moving matter -Radiant: Photosynthesis
[H+] [OH-] =
14 always
How many moles of aspirin C9H8O4 are in a bottle containing 450 g by weight?
180 gm per 1 mole 450 gm/180= 2.5 moles
An element has a mass of 207 and has 125 neutrons in its nucleus. How many protons and electrons does it have and where are they located?
82 protons and electrons. Protons are in the nucleus, Electrons in the electron cloud.
A chemist, during the course of an analysis, runs across a chemical composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion 1:2:1 and having a six-sided molecular shape. It is probably
A monosaccharide
Glucose is an energy-rich molecule. So why do body cells need ATP?
ATP stores energy in smaller packets that are more readily released and transferred (during ATP hydrolysis) than the energy stored in glucose. Hence the use of ATP as an energy source keeps energy waste to a minimum.
Hypoventilation, increase in CO2 is
Acidosis
Hyperventilation, decrease in CO2 is
Alkalosis
What are the two types of secondary structure in proteins?
Alpha helix, and the beta-pleated sheet.
What does the name "amino acid" tell you about the structure of this molecule?
An "amino acid" has an amine group (NH2) and a COOH group that has acidic properties.
A chemical has an amine group and an organic acid group. It does not, however have any peptide bonds. It is
An amino acid
Matter is defined as
Anything that takes space and has mass
Oxygen (8O) and Argon (18A) are both gases. Oxygen combines readily with other elements, but argon does not. What accounts for this difference?
Argons valence shell is full and complete (2,8,8), Argon is nonreactive.
Why are many reactions that occur in living systems irreversible for all intents and purposes?
Biochemical reactions in the body tend to be irreversible because one or more of the products is removed from the reaction site or the product is needed more than the reactants, so the cell would not provide energy to reverse the reaction.
What is the result of hydrolysis reactions and how are these reactions accomplished in the body?
Break down polymers or macromolecules to their monomers by adding water to each bond joining monomers.
Weak acid or weak base will resist large fluctuations
Buffers
Notable exception is
CO2
Energy is defined as
Capacity to work or put matter into motion
What two elements besides H and N make up the bulk of living matter?
Carbon and Oxygen
Organic molecules are only organic if _____ and _____ are present
Carbon, hydrogen
What form of energy is found in the food we eat?
Chemical
Which of the following does not describe a mixture?
Chemical bonds are formed
The lipid(s) used as the basis of Vitamin D, sex hormones, and bile salts is/are
Cholesterol
Liquid in cells is ____.
Cytosol
How do DNA and RNA differ in the bases and sugars they contain?
DNA contains A T G C, RNA contains A U G C
What are two important roles of DNA
DNA dictates protein structure by its base sequence and reproduces itself before a cell divides to ensure that the genetic information in the daughter cells is identical.
Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are essentially opposite reactions. How are they related to the synthesis and degradation (breakdown) of biological molecules?
Dehydration is the combining of two or more molecules while producing water. Hydrolysis is the addition of water to a molecule to split it up into smaller molecules. Hydrolysis is to degradation as
What form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to the other?
Electrical Energy
The subatomic particles responsible for the chemical behavior of all atoms are
Electrons
Assume imaginary compound XY has a polar covalent bond. How does its charge distribution differ from that of XX molecules?
Electrons would spend more time in the vicinity of the more electronegative atom in XY, whereas electrons in XX would orbit both X atoms to an equal extent.
Endergonic reactions are
Energy absorbing
Some energy is lost in every energy conversion. Explain the meaning of this statement. Is it really lost? If not, what then?
Energy is "lost" to the environment as heat. It is not really lost because energy cannot be created or destroyed, but that portion given off as heat is at least partly unusable.
What enables chemical reactions to occur?
Enzymes
Which reaction type- synthesis, decomposition, or exchange- occurs when fats are digested in your small intestine?
Fats are digested in the small intestine by decomposition reactions.
A deficiency in this element can be expected to reduce the hemoglobin content of blood
Fe
A triglyceride consists of a
Glycerol plus three fatty acids
In the body, carbohydrates are stored in the form of
Glycogen
What is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called?
Glycogen
Which of the following covalently bonded molecules are polar?
H -- Cl & H Cl- C - Cl Cl
Which ion is responsible for increased acidity?
H+
In a beaker of water, the water-water bonds can properly be called
Hydrogen bonds
What kinds of bonds form between water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
What are hydrogen bonds and how are they important to the body?
Hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds of the three types. They form between molecules that are partially charged. Water is a solvent so it makes a perfect medium for moving substances to and from cells in the body. Water has a high heat capacity, which allows for better temperature regulation of the body. Water has a high heat of vaporization, so when our sweat evaporates it removes heat from the body.
Enzymes are organic catalysts that
Increase the speed of a chemical reaction
Factors that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions include all but
Increasing the particle size
Same number of protons and electrons but vary in the number of neutrons
Isotopes
To minimize the sharp pH shift that occurs when a strong acid is added to a solution, is it better to add a weak base or a strong base? Why?
It is better to add a weak base, which will act to buffer the strong acid.
Water's importance to living systems reflects
It's polarity and solvent properties, its high heat capacity, its high heat of vaporization, its chemical reactivity
How do the terms atomic mass and atomic weight differ?
Mass indicates the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Weight indicates the average mass of all the isotopes of a given element.
Blood contains a liquid component and living cells. Would it be classified as a compound or a mixture. Why?
Mixture; it can be separated by physical means.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? Which monomer is blood sugar?
Monosaccharides or simple sugars. Glucose is blood sugar.
Why is sodium chloride (NaCl) considered a compound, but oxygen gas is not?
O is an atom. NaCl has been paired together.
______ are suspended in cytosol.
Organelles
What specific name is given to decomposition reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy?
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.
Molecules formed when electrons are shared unequally are
Polar molecules
Water makes up 60-80% of living matter. What property makes it an excellent solvent?
Polarity
Which set of terms best describes a proton?
Positive Charge
What type of energy is available when we are still? When we are exercising?
Potential; Kinetic
What is the main event that molecular chaperones prevent?
Prevent inaccurate or inappropriate folding in the 3-D structure of a protein.
Differentiate clearly between primary, secondary, and tertiary protein structure
Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain. Secondary the primary chain forms spirals (a helices) and sheets (b sheets). Tertiary is superimposed on secondary structure. A-helices and/or B-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.
Which of the following forms of energy is the stimulus for vision?
Radiant
Acids...
Release protons when dissolved in water
Exergonic reactions are
Releasing energy
The following equation which represents the oxidative breakdown of glucose by body cells, is a reversible reaction. Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP How can you indicate the reaction is reversible?
Reversibility can be indicated by a double arrow pointing in opposite directions with one being longer than the other indicating the predominant reaction.
When a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, the bond formed is called
Single Covalent bond
All of the following are examples of the four major elements contributing to body mass except
Sodium
Which of the following molecules is an inorganic molecule?
Sodium chloride
The stuff being dissolved
Solute
The dissolving medium
Solvent
What is the primary structure of proteins?
String-like chain of amino acids
Explain why, if you pour water into a glass very carefully, you can "stack" the water slightly above the rim of the glass.
Surface tension due to water's cohesion will keep the water from spilling over allowing you to actually "stack" water slightly above the rim of a cup
Describe the mechanism of enzyme action
The amount of energy needed to break the bonds of the reactants so that they can rearrange themselves and become the product.
Define or describe energy, and explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.
The capacity to do work or to put matter into motion. Potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is energy in action.
The following equation which represents the oxidative breakdown of glucose by body cells, is a reversible reaction. Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP How can you indicate that the reaction is in chemical equilibrium?
The double arrows are the same length
The mass number of an atom is
The sum of its protons and neutrons
Explain the importance of molecular chaperones
They help proteins achieve their functional three dimensional structure.
How do enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed to make a chemical reaction go?
They hold the substrate(s) in a desirable position to interact.
Salts are electrolytes. What does that mean?
They will conduct an electrical current in aqueous solution
How do triglycerides differ from phospholipids in body function and location?
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule and are found in fat tissue. Phospholipids consist of two fatty acid chains and a charged P-containing group. They are found in all cell membranes and form the basis of those membranes.
What is the meaning of the term "molecule"?
Two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond.
What change occurs in ATP when it releases energy?
When ATP releases energy, it loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP (also energy rich)
Define chemical equilibrium
When the arrows are of equal length, as in neither the forward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant. One product molecule breaks down, releasing the reactants A and B.
