A&P 2 Ch.28 Reproductive

uterine tubes

? provide nutrient rich lipids and glycogen to spermatozoa and developing pre-embryo

muscles

? relax or contract to move testes away or toward body to maintain acceptable testicular temperature

increase, decrease

GnRH pulse frequency and amplitude change over course of ovarian cycle. an increase in estrogen equals a ? in GnRH and an increase in progesterone equals a ? in GnRH

acrosomal cap

a membranous compartment that contains enzymes essential to fertilization; made of fused saccules of spermatid's golgi apparatus

seminal fluid

a mixture of secretions from seminal glands, prostate gland, and bulbo-erethral glands; discharged into ejaculatory duct at emission when peristaltic contractions are underway

meiosis

a special form of cell division involved only in production of gametes (spermatozoa & oocyte); produces 4 haploid (daughter) cells with 23 chromosomes each that are not identical

functions of male glands

activate spermatozoa; provide nutrients for motility; propel sperm and fluids along the reproductive tract through peristaltic contractions; produce buffers to counteract acidity of vagina

germ cell formation

end result is 4 spermatozoa and 1 oocyte

female arousal

parasympathetic activation leads to engorgement of erectile tissues and vaginal walls increase secretions of cervical mucous glands and greater vestibular glands; blood vessels fill; fluid moves from underlying connective tissues to vaginal surface

Mitosis

part of somatic cell division; produces 2 diploid daughter cells w/identical pairs of chromosomes

head

part of sperm that contains nucleus and chromosomes; has an acrosomal cap.

middle piece

part of sperm that contains the mitochondria in a spiral around microtubules; activity provides ATP to move the tail

female orgasm

peristaltic contractions of uterine and vaginal walls

ejaculation

powerful rhythmic contractions that push semen out. oxytocin dilates blood vessels and facilitates muscle contraction; erect penis, orgasm follows

female reproductive system

produces sex hormones and functional gametes; protects and supports developing embryo; nourishes newborn infant

inhibin

released by nurse cells in response to factors released by spermatozoa; give nurse cells feedback control of spermatogenesis by regulating FSH and GnRH (inc. inhibin, dec. GnRH, dec. FSH)

uterine cycle

responds to hormones of ovarian cycle; 3 phases include: menses, proliferative, and secretory; repeating series of changes in endometrium; lasts 21-35 days; avg. 28

12-24 hours

secondary oocyte must meet spermatozoa during the first ?

prostatic fluid

slightly acidic; forms 20-30% of semen volume; contains seminal plasmin (antibiotic); ejected into prostatic urethra

absorb

sperm must ? nutrients (fructose) from surrounding fluids

9 weeks

spermatogonial division to spermiation takes about how many weeks?

capacitation

spermatozoa become motile when mixed with secretions of seminal glands and capable of fertilization when exposed to female reproductive tract

immature, cilia, epididymis

spermatozoa detach from nurse cells and are free in the lumen of seminiferous tubule; they are physically mature, but functionally ? and incapable of locomotion or fertilization; moved by ? lining efferent ductules into the ?

mature, can't

testes produce physically ? spermatozoa that ? fertilize an oocyte

menses and proliferative

what are the two primary stages of the uterine cycle that occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

spermatogenesis

what is the process of sperm production that involves three integrated processes: mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis?

female gonads

what produces estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone?

anterior pituitary

what releases FSH and LH?

spermatogonia

(stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce 2 daughter cells; one remains as a spermatogonium and the other differentiates into primary spermatocyte; meiosis begins with this for males.

proliferative phase

2nd phase of uterine cycle; epithelial cells multiply; completely restore uterine lining; blood supply extends into new lining

secretory phase

3rd phase of uterine cycle; hormonal secretion increases; arteries of uterine wall elongate and spiral through outer lining; peaks about 12 days after ovulation; glandular activity declines; generally lasts 14 days

FSH, increase estrogen, LH, ovulation, increase progesterone, decrease progesterone

List the order of the ovarian cycle

oogenesis (ovum production), FSH, increase

begins before birth; accelerates at puberty; ends at menopause; primary oocytes remain suspended until puberty; at puberty, inc. ? leads to ? estrogen, which triggers the start of the ovarian cycle

primary spermatocyte

begins meiosis and forms secondary spermatocytes

spermiogenesis

begins with spermatids (small, unspecialized) that differentiate into mature spermatozoa and attach to cytoplasm of nurse cells; process of sperm maturation; last stage of spermatogenesis

female reproductive hormones

control female reproductive cycle; coordinate ovulation and uterus preparation; involves secretions of pituitary gland and gonads

secondary spermatocyte

differentiate into spermatids (immature gametes)

meisosi I

during fetal development between 3-7 months primary oocytes prepare for meiosis but stop at ?

progesterone

during menses, there is a decrease in which hormone?

FSH and estrogen

during the proliferative phase, there is an increase in what two hormones?

spermatid

each ? matures into one spermatozoon attached to cytoplasm of nurse cells

unevenly, secondary, fertilization

each month after, primary oocytes divide ? into 1 ovum and 2-3 polar bodies that disintegrate; ovary releases ? oocyte (not mature) suspended in metaphase of meiosis II, meiosis complete upon ?

menses

first phase of the uterine cycle; it's the degeneration of the uterine lining caused by constriction arteries reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients; degenerating tissues break away, enter uterine lumen; only outer layer of uterus is affected, deeper layer is supplied by different arteries

fibrinogen

forms a temporary clot in vagina; slightly basic to neutralize acids in prostate glands and vagina; initiates first step in capacitation

zygote

fusion of male and female gametes for a total of 46 chromosomes

composition of seminal fluid

high fructose concentration and prostaglandins to stimulate smooth muscle contractions; fibrinogen

ovarian cycle

includes monthly oogenesis between puberty and menopause; after sexual maturation, different groups of primordial follicles each month; two phases: follicular (preovulatory) and luteal (postovulatory)

male stimulation

initiates secretion of bulbo-erethral glands; lubricates penile urethra and surface of glans; lead to coordinated processes of emission and ejaculation

perimenopause

interval immediately preceding menopause; ovarian and uterine cycles become irregular due to shortage of primordial follicles, estrogen levels decline, and ovulation is not triggered

male arousal

leads to increased parasympathetic outflow over pelvic nerves, leading to an erection

spermatozoa

lose contact w/seminiferous tubule and enter fluid in the lumen

functions of nurse cells

maintain blood-testis barrier; support mitosis and meiosis; support spermiogenesis; secret inhibin; secrete androgen-binding protein; secrete mullerian-inhibiting factor

andropause

male climacteric; period of declining reproductive function; circulating testosterone begins to decline between ages 50-60; sperm production continues; sexual activity gradually decreases

epididymis

monitors and adjust fluids produced by seminiferous tubules; recycles damaged spermatozoa; stores and protects spermatozoa (facilitates functional maturation)

estradiol

most abundant estrogen; most pronounced effects on target tissues; dominant hormone prior to ovulation

testosterone

most important androgen; produced around week 7, prenatal peak at 6 months; stimulates spermatogenesis; libido(CNS); metabolism (protein synthesis, RBC formation, and muscle growth); establishes 2nd sex characteristics (facial hair, body size, adipose tissue deposits); maintains accessory glands and organs of male reproductive tract; diffuses across target membrane and binds to intracellular receptor (direct)

2 degrees lower

normal sperm development in testes requires temperatures ? than body temperature

support mitosis and meiosis

nurse cells are stimulated by FSH and testosterone; stimulated nurse cells promote division of spermatogonia and meiotic divisions of spermatocytes

support spermiogenesis

nurse cells surround and enfold spermatids, provide nutrients and chemical stimuli for development, and phagocytize cytoplasm shed by developing spermatids

tail

only flagellum in the human body; whiplike organelle; moves cell from one place to another; has a complex, corkscrew motion

estrogen

stimulates bone and muscle growth; maintains 2nd sex characteristics; affects CNS activity (in hypothalamus increases sex drive), maintains accessory reproductive glands and organs; initiates repair and growth of endometrium

detumescence

subsidence of erectile tissue after ejaculation

nurse cells

support sperm production; affect mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

emission

sympathetic simulation, peristaltic contractions push fluid and spermatozoa along urethra; contractions in seminal and prostate gland; sympathetic contraction of urinary bladder and internal urethral sphincter prevent passage of semen into bladder

menstruation

the process of endometrial sloughing; lasts 1-7 days; sheds 35-50 mL blood

menopause

the termination of uterine cycles; ages 45-55; circulating concentrations of estrogens and progesterone decline; production of GnRH, FSH, and LH rise sharply

ejaculate

the volume of fluid produced by ejaculation; contains seminal fluid, sperm, and enzymes

decline of estrogen

this leads to reduction in uterus and breast size, thinning of urethral and vaginal epithelia, and reduction in bone depostion

semen

typical ejaculation releases 2-5 mL, 20 million-100 million sperm/mL