A&P 2 Chapter 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation

22) Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries.

E) capillaries.

56) Which vessel has only the tunica intima layer? A) artery B) vein C) arteriole D) venule E) capillary

E) capillary

37) Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called A) convergents. B) arteriole beds. C) portals. D) connexons. E) collaterals.

E) collaterals.

31) Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) myocardial infarction. E) diabetes.

E) diabetes.

86) Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the A) muscular arteries. B) liver. C) hepatic portal vein. D) venules. E) lymphatic system.

E) lymphatic system.

44) Points where a muscular artery can be compressed against a bone to control severe bleeding are called A) decompression points. B) palpation points. C) diastolic points. D) regulation points. E) pressure points.

E) pressure points.

92) Edema may occur when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. C) capillary endothelium permeability goes up. D) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced and capillary endothelium permeability goes up. E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

95) You can expect children to have lower blood pressures than adults on average because A) they have fewer blood vessels. B) their hearts beat less forcefully. C) their capillaries are leakier. D) their blood is less viscous. E) their blood vessel length is less.

E) their blood vessel length is less.

47) After the precapillary sphincter, blood enters a(n) A) venule. B) anastomosis. C) vein. D) arteriole. E) thoroughfare channel.

E) thoroughfare channel.

6) Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

E) tunica externa

49) What are the layers of blood vessels from outside to inside? A) tunica intima; tunica externa; tunica media B) tunica intima; tunica media; tunica externa C) tunica media; tunica externa; tunica interna D) tunica externa; tunica interna; tunica media E) tunica externa; tunica media; tunica interna

E) tunica externa; tunica media; tunica interna

73) If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be A) doubled. B) halved. C) four times greater. D) 1/4 as much. E) unchanged.

A) doubled.

84) Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? A) vascular resistance B) venous pressure C) viscosity of blood D) vessel length E) turbulence

A) vascular resistance

90) Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? A) vascular resistance B) peripheral veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood C) muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart D) blood pressure E) blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins

A) vascular resistance

41) The increase in effective blood volume that results from venoconstriction is the A) venous reserve. B) capacitance of veins. C) vessel mobilization. D) venous return. E) vessel residual.

A) venous reserve.

76) If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg. A) 210 B) 100 C) 93 D) 105 E) 90

B) 100

35) What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries A) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 B) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 C) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 D) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 E) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6

B) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

99) Which of the following is true of arteries compared to other vessels? A) Blood pressure and velocity are lowest. B) Blood pressure and velocity are highest. C) Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are lowest. D) Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are highest. E) Velocity and cross-sectional area are highest.

B) Blood pressure and velocity are highest.

46) ________ form elaborate capillary networks within tissues that allow for very slow blood flow. A) Varicosities B) Sinusoids C) Foramina D) Portal systems E) Perfusion centers

B) Sinusoids

38) The direct interconnection of two arteries is called an arterial A) collateral. B) anastomosis. C) unification. D) merger. E) portal.

B) anastomosis.

23) Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venules E) vein

B) arteriole

68) The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein.

B) arteriole.

15) Which of the following vessels changes diameter most readily to local conditions or SNS stimulation? A) elastic arteries B) arterioles C) fenestrated capillaries D) venules E) veins

B) arterioles

4) The smallest arterial branches are called the A) muscular arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

B) arterioles.

42) In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer. A) arthritis B) arteriosclerosis C) stenosis D) atherosclerosis E) multiple sclerosis

B) arteriosclerosis

62) As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) pressure builds. B) pressure drops. C) flow becomes turbulent. D) viscosity increases. E) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.

B) pressure drops.

33) Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except A) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. C) the respiratory pump. D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. E) muscular compression.

B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

4) What hormones are released as a short-term response to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume? (Figure 21-15) A) natriuretic peptides B) erythropoietin C) epinephrine and norepinephrine D) aldosterone E) ADH

C) epinephrine and norepinephrine

71) Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. A) much higher than B) somewhat higher than C) equal to D) somewhat lower than E) much lower than

C) equal to

64) Blood pressure is determined by A) measuring the size of the pulse. B) listening carefully to the pulse. C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. D) estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. E) measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle.

C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.

21) Capillaries with a perforated lining are called A) perforated capillaries. B) discontinuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinuses. E) vasa vasorum.

C) fenestrated capillaries.

83) As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries A) decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. B) is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries. C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. D) increases and causes the blood velocity to increase. E) decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase.

C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease.

18) A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the A) heart. B) lungs. C) liver. D) kidneys. E) skin.

C) liver.

1) The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica A) intima. B) externa. C) media. D) interna. E) adventitia.

C) media.

58) Anti-angiogenic drugs are being used to decrease tumor growth. These drugs work by decreasing A) cell division. B) cell communication. C) new blood vessel formation. D) focal calcification. E) vascular flow.

C) new blood vessel formation.

24) Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the A) vasa vasorum. B) plexus. C) precapillary sphincter. D) thoroughfare channel. E) venule.

C) precapillary sphincter.

77) The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. A) critical closing B) mean arterial C) pulse D) blood E) circulatory

C) pulse

88) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because A) starvation increases blood pressure which, in turn, decreases BCOP. B) starvation increases the permeability of capillaries causing a decrease in BCOP. C) starvation prevents the liver from producing enough protein to maintain BCOP. D) malnourished children do not exercise, which results in a decrease in BCOP. E) This statement is false; BCOP actually increases in starving children.

C) starvation prevents the liver from producing enough protein to maintain BCOP.

29) Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery? A) hypotension B) quadriplegia C) stroke D) myocardial infarction E) pulmonary embolism

C) stroke

17) You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the pituitary gland. D) bone. E) skin.

C) the pituitary gland.

94) Systemic arterial pressure in an adult at the entrance to the aorta averages A) 18 mmHg. B) 35 mmHg. C) 80 mmHg. D) 120 mmHg. E) 93 mmHg.

D) 120 mmHg.

30) Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States. A) 30 B) 60 C) 20 D) 50 E) 25

D) 50

74) In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? A) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long B) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long C) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

63) Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue decreases. C) veins constrict. D) arterioles dilate. E) arterioles constrict.

D) arterioles dilate.

43) The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries. A) arthritis B) arteriosclerosis C) stenosis D) atherosclerosis E) multiple sclerosis

D) atherosclerosis

97) All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except A) sickle-cell anemia. B) increase in erythropoietin. C) polycythemia. D) atherosclerosis. E) pernicious anemia.

D) atherosclerosis.

67) Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? A) decreased plasma albumin B) increased blood hydrostatic pressure C) increased tissue hydrostatic pressure D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure E) increased plasma albumin and decreased blood hydrostatic pressure

D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

78) The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the A) concentration of plasma sodium ions. B) concentration of plasma glucose. C) concentration of plasma waste products. D) concentration of plasma proteins. E) number of red blood cells.

D) concentration of plasma proteins.

2) Compared to arteries, veins A) are rounder in a sectional cut. B) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. C) have a pleated endothelium. D) have thinner walls. E) hold their shape better when cut.

D) have thinner walls.

10) In arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers associated with the tunica intima is called the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa.

D) internal elastic membrane.

27) The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular

D) muscular

52) Cardiovascular diseases typically affect A) young children. B) young women. C) old men. D) old men and old women. E) young men.

D) old men and old women.

66) Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased A) cardiac output. B) peripheral resistance. C) blood volume. D) parasympathetic innervation. E) force of cardiac contraction.

D) parasympathetic innervation.

91) As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) viscosity of blood changes. B) pressure increases. C) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. D) pressure decreases. E) flow becomes turbulent.

D) pressure decreases.

57) In the bone marrow, new blood cells must enter the circulation through A) arterioles. B) continuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinusoidal capillaries. E) venules.

D) sinusoidal capillaries.

93) The resistance to blood flow of the entire cardiovascular system is known as A) severe combined constriction. B) vasomotion. C) vasoconstriction. D) total peripheral resistance. E) systemic resistance.

D) total peripheral resistance.

59) Distension of the superficial veins caused by weakened valves is termed A) hemorrhoids. B) venoconstriction. C) vaso vasorum. D) varicose veins. E) venous reserve.

D) varicose veins.

34) Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? A) pulmonary arteries B) capillaries C) systemic arterioles D) veins E) arteries

D) veins

7) After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

D) venules.

3) Capillaries that have a complete lining are called A) continuous capillaries. B) fenestrated capillaries. C) sinusoidal capillaries. D) sinusoids. E) vasa vasorum.

A) continuous capillaries.

89) Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if filtration or reabsorption occurs. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________. A) 15 mm Hg; filtration B) 65 mm Hg; reabsorption C) 65 mm Hg; filtration D) 15 mm Hg; reabsorption E) -15 mm Hg; filtration

A) 15 mm Hg; filtration

45) A(n) ________ is a bulge, or weakened wall, of an artery. A) aneurysm B) stroke C) vascular edema D) arteriosclerosis E) atherosclerosis

A) aneurysm

28) What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

A) arteries

36) The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) veins. D) arteries. E) capillaries.

A) arterioles.

65) In what vessel is blood pressure the highest? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

A) artery

55) Which of the following is not a commonly palpated arterial pressure point? A) axillary B) radial C) brachial D) femoral E) popliteal

A) axillary

96) Total peripheral resistance is affected primarily by A) blood vessel diameter. B) blood vessel length. C) blood viscosity. D) venous pressure. E) turbulence.

A) blood vessel diameter.

80) Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except A) increased hematocrit. B) increased vessel diameter. C) increased blood pressure. D) decreased peripheral resistance. E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters.

A) increased hematocrit.

87) Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma. B) a greater salt concentration in blood cells. C) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall. D) osmosis of water. E) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane.

A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.

16) Of the following, which is an elastic artery? A) the subclavian B) the external carotid C) the brachial D) the femoral E) the ulnar

A) the subclavian

11) Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

A) tunica intima

69) The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the A) venous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) diastolic pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure.

B) capillary hydrostatic pressure.

60) Resistance is a force that A) increases blood flow. B) decreases blood flow. C) never changes in a blood vessel. D) acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. E) is always higher than blood pressure.

B) decreases blood flow.

25) The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular

B) elastic

5) The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa.

B) external elastic membrane.

54) A genetic condition that leads to the inability to absorb and recycle cholesterol in the liver is A) focal calcification. B) familial hypercholesterolemia. C) atherosclerosis. D) arteriosclerosis. E) coronary artery disease.

B) familial hypercholesterolemia.

51) Monocytes filled with lipids that attach to the endothelial lining in atherosclerosis are termed A) lipoproteins. B) foam cells. C) Kuppfer cells. D) fibrocytes. E) adipocytes.

B) foam cells.

85) The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure. A) systolic; diastolic B) hydrostatic; colloid osmotic C) blood; interstitial D) colloid osmotic; hydrostatic E) plasma; extracellular

B) hydrostatic; colloid osmotic

61) Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the A) length of a blood vessel. B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids. C) turbulence. D) blood viscosity. E) blood vessel diameter.

B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

12) Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. A) doubles; decreases B) reduces; increases C) decreases; doubles D) increases; reduces E) reduces; reduces

B) reduces; increases

48) The tunica intima consists of A) stratified squamous epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue. C) smooth muscle and loose connective tissue. D) simple squamous epithelium and smooth muscle. E) loose connective tissue.

B) simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue.

32) Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels? A) large veins B) venules C) medium veins D) arteriovenules E) venous valves

B) venules

100) Which of the following is true of capillaries compared to other vessels? A) Blood pressure and velocity are highest. B) Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are lowest. C) Cross-sectional area is highest and velocity is lowest. D) Cross-sectional area is lowest and velocity is highest. E) Blood pressure is highest and velocity is lowest.

C) Cross-sectional area is highest and velocity is lowest.

50) What is the difference between elastic arteries and muscular arteries? A) Elastic arteries have more smooth muscle than muscular arteries. B) Muscular arteries have larger lumens than elastic arteries. C) Elastic arteries have elastic fibers throughout the tunica media whereas muscular arteries have few elastic fibers in the tunica media. D) Elastic arteries are closest to the arterioles and muscular arteries are farther away. E) Elastic arteries have a larger tunica intima and tunica media compared to muscular arteries.

C) Elastic arteries have elastic fibers throughout the tunica media whereas muscular arteries have few elastic fibers in the tunica media.

53) What is the primary reason cardiovascular disease affects older women and not younger women? A) Older women are less likely to smoke. B) Older women are less likely to see a doctor. C) Older women lack estrogen. D) Older women are more likely to have osteoporosis. E) Older women lack growth hormone.

C) Older women lack estrogen.

81) In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has A) less resistance to blood flow. B) the same amount of pressure as resistance. C) a greater resistance to blood flow. D) a higher blood pressure. E) a greater blood flow.

C) a greater resistance to blood flow.

70) Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to A) arteriovenous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) arterial pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure.

C) arterial pressure.

39) A(n) ________ is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule. A) arteriovenule joint B) collateralization C) arteriovenous anastomosis D) arteriovenule junction E) arch

C) arteriovenous anastomosis

19) These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

C) capillaries

98) Cross-sectional area is highest in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

C) capillaries.

20) What structure do RBCs move through single-file? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venules E) vein

C) capillary

13) Venous valves are responsible for A) preventing anterograde flow. B) channeling blood away from the heart. C) channeling blood toward the heart. D) preventing blood from re-entering a ventricle. E) regulating blood pressure in veins.

C) channeling blood toward the heart.

8) Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

C) tunica media

40) The ________ are small blood vessels that nourish tissue components in the wall of large arteries and veins. A) tunica capillaria B) perfusion capillaries C) vasa vasorum D) vascular capillaries E) cortical vessels

C) vasa vasorum

82) Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)? A) P = (F × R) × 4 B) F = R/P C) F = P + R D) F = P - R E) F = P/R

E) F = P/R

79) Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space. B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary. C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure. D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement. E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

14) Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venules E) vein

E) vein

26) Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E) vein

72) Blood pressure is lowest in the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E) veins.

9) The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E) veins.