A&P 2; Chapter 22
A cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which of the following?
A cytotoxic reaction
Regarding adaptive immunity, what is meant by a clone of cells?
A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen
Natural Killer cells react in predictable ways. Put the following steps in order to describe the actions of an activated NK cell. A. Recognition and adhesion B. Section of perforins C. Lysis of the abnormal cell D. Realignment of Golgi apparatus
A, D, B, C
Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection?
Alpha interferon
Imagine that you go to the doctor with a sore throat, perhaps caused by strep throat. The doctor feels the lymph nodes in your neck. Why are they enlarged?
An active infection is present.
CD4 T cells respond to what kind of foreign antigen?
Antigens presented by class II MHC proteins
We all got vaccinated when we were younger. What type of adaptive immunity develops from a vaccination?
Artificially acquired active immunity
When a person is bitten by a rabid dog, by what means do medical personnel attempt to prevent infection by the rabies virus?
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What type of immune disorder is characterized by antibodies that attack one's own body cells and tissues?
Autoimmune disorder
The main classes of lymphocytes include ____________ .
B cells, T cells, and NK cells
When any of your body cells becomes infected with a pathogen, to what protein do the foreign peptides become attached that initiates the immune response?
Class I MHC proteins
How is a sensitized B cell activated?
Contact with a helper T cell
What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?
Cytotoxic T cell
What are the two major ways that the body carries out the immune response against a specific antigen?
Direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following?
Histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and complement proteins
What class of antibody is found on the plasma membrane of B cells to help in sensitization?
IgD
What class of antibodies is responsible for anaphylaxis?
IgE
Which class of antibody is involved in triggering inflammation?
IgE
The primary response first produces what class of antibodies?
IgM
Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen?
IgM
During some infections, you may develop a fever. What is the greatest benefit a fever provides that protects you from infection?
Increasing your cells' metabolism
Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?
Inflammation
Which body systems are part of the immune system?
Integumentary, lymphatic, and digestive
Small proteins released from tissue cells infected with viruses, as well as from activated lymphocytes and macrophages, are called ________________ .
Interferons
How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?
It will be displayed on that cell's plasma membrane.
What type of leukocyte functions as an antigen-presenting cell?
Macrophage
What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chicken pox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chicken pox at age 45?
Memory
Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance?
Natural killer cells
Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment?
Naturally acquired active immunity
What type of immunity is conferred when a baby receives antibodies from her mother?
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Cytotoxic T cells attack infected body cells and abnormal cells. What is the chemical they produce to destroy the plasma membrane of these cells?
Perforin
Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?
Phagocytes
Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense?
Physical barriers
What is the name for the type of B cell that synthesizes and secretes large quantities of antibodies?
Plasma cell
Which structures are classified as primary lymphoid organs and tissues?
Red bone marrow and thymus gland
In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense?
Stimulation and coordination of inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
What is the cytokine that slows the growth of a tumor and kills sensitive tumor cells?
TNF
Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?
Thoracic duct
While our immune system is fully prepared to fight foreign antigens, our T cells and B cells normally do not attack self-antigens. What is this property of adaptive immunity called?
Tolerance
Which of the following lymphatic structures do NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern? a) Tonsils b) Spleen c) Thymus d) Tonsils and spleen
Tonsils and spleen
Depression of the immune system due to chronic stress would not cause __________.
a decreased incidence of cancer
Before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by an antigen presenting cell such as _______.
a macrophage
Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the immune system? a) B cells are more receptive to antigens. b) The number of helper T cells declines. c) Immune surveillance declines. d) There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.
a) B cells are more receptive to antigens.
Helper T cells secrete cytokines to facilitate all of the following except? a) Decreasing antibody production b) Stimulating the phagocytic activity of macrophages c) Stimulating T cell division d) Promoting activation of B cells
a) Decreasing antibody production
Which of the following does not accurately describe the spleen? a) It is in contact with the right kidney b) It performs the same functions for blood that the lymph nodes perform for lymph c) It contains both red pulp and white pulp d) It is completely surrounded by a capsule containing collagen and elastic fibers
a) It is in contact with the right kidney.
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________.
adult spleen
Each lymph node has many ____________ but only one ______________.
afferent lymphatics; efferent lymphatic
An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by __________.
an antigen
When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is __________.
an autoimmune disorder
AIDS is an example of __________.
an immunodeficiency disease
In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection.
antibodies
The intentional introduction of antigenic materials into the body is called __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
Which of the following is NOT a type of fixed macrophage? a) Stellate macrophages b) Dust cells c) Microglia d) Histiocytes
b) Dust cells
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system? a) A decrease in responsive B cells, leading to increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection b) Increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature c) Involution of the thymus, leading to fewer T cells in circulation d) A decrease in immunosurveillance activity, leading to higher rates of cancer
b) Increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature
Which of the following is NOT true of the spleen? a) It can easily rupture from a blow to the left side of the abdomen b) It is a vital organ and one cannot live without it c) Its removal is called a splenectomy d) It is very fragile, and damage can cause a very severe hemorrhage
b) It is a vital organ and one cannot live without it
Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation? a) Attraction of phagocytes b) Release of pyrogens to cause a fever c) Destruction of target cell membranes d) Stimulation of inflammation
b) Release of pyrogens to cause a fever
Antibodies are able to cause the elimination of an antigen in the all of the following ways except _________________ . a) by activating the complement system b) decreased opsonization c) creating an immune complex that can lead to precipitation d) by making viruses and toxins incapable of attaching to a cell through neutralization
b) decreased opsonization
Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphocytopoiesis in the __________.
bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
To which of the following would the immune system not respond? a) Physical injury (penetration of a foreign object) to the skin b) Influenza virus c) Decreased level of blood flow to the kidneys d) Cancerous cell in a lung
c) Decreased levels of blood flow to the kidneys
The primary effects of complement activation include all of the following except? a) Destruction of target cell membranes b) Attraction of phagocytes and enhancement of phagocytosis c) Elevated body temperature d) Inflammation
c) Elevated body temperature
After neutrophils are drawn to an area and they attack debris and bacteria, they undergo activation. Which of the following is NOT released when neutrophils are activated? a) Cytokines b) Hydrogen peroxide c) Histamine d) Nitric oxide
c) Histamine
Which of the following is/are NOT characteristic of the secondary immune response? a) Begin almost immediately (less than one week) b) Failure of pathogens to survive long enough to cause illness c) IgM levels much higher than IgG levels d) Massive antibody response
c) IgM levels much higher than IgG levels.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary response to antigen exposure? a) It is caused by memory B cells. b) It inhibits the formation of an infection. c) It does not peak until one to two weeks after the exposure. d) It produces a large amount of IgG.
c) It does not peak until one to two weeks after the exposure.
Which of the following does NOT describe the blood thymus barrier? a) It is maintained by epithelial reticular cells around the blood vessels b) It is found in the cortex of the thymus c) It is found in the medulla of the thymus d) It protects developing T cells from the general circulation of immune cells
c) It is found in the medulla of the thymus.
The CNS affects the lymphatic system by all of the following except __________. a) microglia producing cytokines b) innervating dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs c) fewer skin disorders, like psoriasis during times of stress d) decreasing immune function in times of emotional distress
c) fewer skin disorders, like psoriasis during times of stress
Phagocytes are attracted or repelled by chemicals through a phenomenon called _________.
chemotaxis
The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Which of the following is not a route by which complement gets activated? a) Lectin pathway b) Alternative pathway c) Classical pathway d) Cytokine pathway
d) Cytokine pathway
Mast cells do all of the following except __________________ . a) Activate complement b) Activate macrophages c) Increase blood flow d) Produce and release antibodies
d) Produce and release antibodies
Which of the following is NOT true of the physical barriers that are part of the innate defenses? a) Sebaceous and sweat glands secrete lysozyme and other enzymes to fight off bacteria. b) Epithelial cells of the digestive and respiratory tract are held together by tight junctions. c) Skin is multiple layers thick and adjacent cells are held together by desmosomes. d) The skin contains phagocytic cells called Kupffer cells that can destroy bacteria.
d) The skin contains phagocytic cells called Kupffer cells that can destroy bacteria.
Cells of the immune system influence the CNS and endocrine activity by all of the following interactions except __________. a) increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses b) secreting endorphins and thymic hormones c) stimulating cell and tissue metabolism d) decreasing the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone
d) decreasing the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone
Antibodies do not bind to an entire antigen, but they bind to a specific portion on the exposed surface called a(n) ______________.
epitope
Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.
helper T and regulatory T cells
NK cells, which contain the proteins perforin and protectin, provide a type of immunity called __________.
immunological surveillance
The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that cannot distinguish between one potential threat and another are called __________.
innate defenses
The fact that people are not subject to the same diseases as goldfish illustrates the presence of __________.
innate immunity
Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the __________.
lymph capillaries
Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of __________.
mast cells
In the complement cascade, once C3b is activated and attached to the cell membrane, other complement proteins can form a(n) ________________ .
membrane attack complex
B lymphocytes differentiate into __________.
memory and plasma cells
The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems is called __________.
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destoyed is called _______________ .
necrosis
Microphages are phagocytes that circulate in the blood. These include ______________ .
neutrophils and eosinophils
Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called __________.
opsonization
The enhancement of phagocytosis is called ______________ .
opsonization
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called __________.
pathogens
The first line of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is __________.
phagocytes
The adenoid is more formally called the ________________.
pharyngeal tonsil
Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
plasma cell
Fever-inducing agents are called _____________ .
pyrogens
The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________.
regulatory T cells
Lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm drains into the _________.
right lymphatic duct
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the __________.
spleen
All three complement activation pathways involve the ______________ .
splitting of inactive C3 protein to activated C3b and C3a proteins
Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to __________.
synthesize and secrete antibodies
When an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with __________.
the activation of specific T cells and B cells
The hormone that is important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defense is ________________.
thymosin
Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________.
tonsils
________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
tonsils
Our immune system's ability to attack and defend us from any antigen at any time is a property of adaptive immunity called __________.
versatility
