A&P 2 (Chapter 29) Development, Pregnancy, and Heredity

Which pathogen (within the mother) is most likely to be transmitted across the placenta? a: A multicellular parasite that is present during the first week of pregnancy b: A multicellular parasite that is present during the sixth week of pregnancy c: A blood-borne virus that is present during the first week of pregnancy d: A blood-borne virus that is present during the sixth week of pregnancy

d

Cleavage involves a series of ________ divisions and __________ in the overall size of the conceptus. a: meiotic; an increase b: meiotic; no change c: meiotic; a decrease d: mitotic; no change e: mitotic; an increase

d

Human placental lactogen _________ the effects of insulin and causes a pregnant woman's tissues to metabolize ______ glucose. a: facilitates; more b: facilitates; less c: inhibits; more d: inhibits; less

d

In the late stages of pregnancy, estrogen stimulates increased a: release of hCG. b: secretion of atrial natriuretic factor by the heart. c: growth of the corpus luteum. d: production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus.

d

Prolactin is secreted from the ________ gland, and its levels ___________ during pregnancy. a: hypothalamus; double b: mammary; double c: corpus luteum; increase tenfold d: anterior pituitary; increase tenfold

d

Prostaglandins are _________ acids that ___________ the cervix. a: amino; constrict b: amino; dilate c: fatty; constrict d: fatty; dilate

d

The hypoblast layer of the blastodisc is made of a: columnar cells and forms during the morula stage. b: columnar cells and forms during gastrulation. c: cuboidal cells and forms during the fetal period. d: cuboidal cells and forms during the pre-embryonic period.

d

Which part of the embryo develops into the kidneys? a: Endoderm b: Paraxial mesoderm c: Notochord d: Intermediate mesoderm

d

Braxton-Hicks contractions are those that occur a: during premature labor. b: during false labor. c: during true labor. d: in smooth muscle near the uterus. e: with the most painful intensity.

b

After childbirth, a woman's aldosterone levels ________ which results in _________ urine volume. a: increase; increased b: increase; decreased c: decrease; decreased d: decrease; increased

d

At the 16-cell stage, the conceptus is known as a(n) a: trophoblast. b: blastocyst. c: embryoblast. d: morula. e: zygote.

d

Although pregnancies are highly variable, morning sickness is most commonly experienced in the ________ trimester. a: first b: second c: third

a

Approximately when in development does the bilaminar germinal disc begins to form? a: Day 8 b: Day 32 c: Week 8 d: Week 24

a

Cephalocaudal folding occurs because of the rapid growth of the a: amnion and embryonic disc. b: yolk sac.

a

In pregnant women, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone secretion seem to lead to a: stronger nails and fuller hair. b: weaker nails and thinner hair.

a

Mendelian inheritance specifies that if two heterozygous individuals mate, the chances that a child would be homozygous for the recessive allele would be a: 25%. b: 50%. c: 75%. d: impossible to predict.

a

Stretching of the cervix causes oxytocin secretion to a: increase. b: decrease.

a

The place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located is its a: locus. b: phenotype. c: karyotype. d: genotype. e: linkage.

a

The trimester during which an embryo becomes a fetus is the _________ trimester. a: first b: second c: third

a

The trophoblast is located at the a: periphery of the blastocyst. b: center of the blastocyst. c: periphery of the morula. d: center of the morula. e: center of the embryoblast.

a

Which is the larger of the sex chromosomes and is more commonly involved in sex-linked inheritance? a: The X chromosome b: The Y chromosome

a

Which statement accurately describes the effects of oxytocin and prostaglandins on uterine contractions? a: Both oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contraction. b: Both oxytocin and prostaglandins inhibit uterine contraction. c: Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, but prostaglandins inhibit them. d: Prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions, but oxytocin inhibits them.

a

Which type of food do women suffering from morning sickness generally prefer? a: Carbohydrate-rich foods b: Protein-rich foods

a

Which type of gamete remains viable for a longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract? a: Sperm b: Egg

a

After childbirth, lochia lasts for a: 3-4 days. b: 2-3 weeks. c: 3-5 months.

b

After delivering a child, the levels of CRH in the mother's blood a: increase. b: decrease. c: remain the same.

b

Although pregnancy sometimes results in frequent urination, the one trimester when this tends to be not as problematic is the a: first. b: second. c: third.

b

As the fetus develops, the mother's glomerular filtration rate a: increases by about 10%. b: increases by about 40%. c: decreases by about 10%. d: decreases by about 40%.

b

Blood type is an example of a trait that demonstrates a: strict Mendelian inheritance. b: codominant inheritance. c: incomplete dominance. d: polygenic dominance. e: sex-linked recessiveness.

b

By the 4th month of pregnancy, the fundus of the uterus is located inches below the ________ and by the ninth month it is located at the level of the ____________. a: urinary bladder; umbilicus b: umbilicus; xiphoid process c: diaphragm; laryngeal prominence d: pubic symphysis; heart

b

Capacitation lasts several ________ and involves removal of ___________. a: seconds; lipids from the surface of the egg b: hours; proteins from the surface of the sperm c: days; carbohydrates from the surface of the egg d: weeks; glycolipids from the surface of the sperm

b

Cleavage occurs during a: the fetal period. b: the pre-embryonic period. c: organogenesis. d: the embryonic period. e: fertilization.

b

Drugs that lead to birth defects in the formation of the limbs are most damaging when the conceptus is exposed to them during weeks a: 1-2 of development, before the placenta is fully formed. b: 4-8 of development, when limbs are undergoing peak development. c: 12-16 of development, when limbs have formed but are not fully mature. d: 24-28 of development, when plasticity of surrounding tissues has been lost.

b

During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone from the placenta a: stimulate FSH and LH secretion and thereby stimulate ovarian follicle development. b: inhibit FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development. c: stimulate GnRH secretion and thereby inhibit overgrowth of the uterus. d: inhibit release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and thereby prevent excessive stress responses.

b

Fertilization typically occurs in the _________, and it restores the _________ number of chromosomes. a: ampulla of the uterine tube; haploid b: ampulla of the uterine tube; diploid c: body of the uterus; polyploid d: isthmus of the uterine tube; haploid e: isthmus of the uterine tube; polyploid

b

Gastrulation results in the formation of a(n) a: morula. b: embryo. c: blastocyst. d: trophoblast. e: umbilical cord.

b

Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation during pregnancy are brought about by secretion of a: relaxin. b: progesterone. c: cortisol. d: human chorionic thyrotropin. e: human placental lactogen.

b

Hormonal and neural changes during pregnancy function to facilitate diffusion of gases across the placenta. One way this occurs is by _________ respiration rate, thereby __________ CO2 levels in the blood. a: increasing; raising b: increasing; lowering c: decreasing; raising d: decreasing; lowering

b

Implantation usually begins at about the end of the first ________ of development. a: day b: week c: month d: trimester

b

In a mother who has recently delivered a child, afterpains occur when a: dopamine triggers uterine contractions. b: oxytocin triggers uterine contractions. c: estrogen triggers prostaglandin release. d: progesterone inhibits prostaglandin release.

b

In nonpregnant women, ____________ inhibits secretion of substantial amounts of prolactin. a: GnRH b: dopamine c: estrogen d: progesterone

b

One reason that pregnant women's metabolic rates change is that the placenta secretes a: human chorionic gonadotropin, which stimulates metabolism of glucose and raises metabolic rate. b: human chorionic thyrotropin, which stimulates the thyroid gland and raises metabolic rate. c: human placental lactogen, which stimulates glycolysis and raises metabolic rate. d: human chorionic somatomammotropin, which inhibits fatty acid metabolism and lowers metabolic rate. e: prolactin, which lowers metabolic rate so that nutrients can be stored in milk.

b

Pain from false labor contractions tends to be more localized to the __________ abdomen than that experienced from contractions of true labor. a: upper b: lower

b

Release of breast milk occurs when the hormone __________ stimulates _________ cells to contract. a: prolactin; mechanoreceptor b: oxytocin; myoepithelial c: estrogen; areolar d: prolactin; mammary acini e: oxytocin; suspensory

b

Someone with the genotype associated with hereditary pancreatitis might not show symptoms of the disorder because the disorder does not have a _________ level of 100%. a: dominance b: penetrance c: polygenicity d: homozygous e: sex-linkage

b

Teratogens are most damaging to organ systems if exposure to them occurs a: early in pre-embryonic development. b: when the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo. c: in the fetal period, after systems have formed but have not completed maturation.

b

The fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion are known as a: amniotic villi. b: chorionic villi. c: amniotic stalks. d: chorionic stalks.

b

The future head and buttocks regions of the embryo are facilitated by the process of _____________ folding. a: cleavage b: cephalocaudal c: transverse d: amitotic e: chorionic

b

The hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place is a: pluripotent prolactin. b: human chorionic gonadotropin. c: gonadotropin releasing hormone. d: progesterone. e: pre-embryonic pellucida factor.

b

The outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus is the a: embryoblast. b: syncytiotrophoblast. c: cytotrophoblast. d: morula. e: zona pellucida.

b

The outermost extraembryonic membrane that eventually helps form the placenta is the a: amnion. b: chorion. c: yolk sac. d: hypoblast.

b

The primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast is the a: mesoderm. b: endoderm. c: centroderm. d: chorion. e: trophoblast.

b

The second trimester of a pregnancy includes months a: 2-5 b: 4-6 c: 5-7 d: 5-9

b

The uterine enlargement that occurs during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy is mostly the result of a: growth of the conceptus from a zygote to a fetus. b: amniotic fluid production as well as growth of uterine muscle and the placenta.

b

Typically, at the moment a full-term baby is born, the child's lungs are a: fully inflated due to practice respiratory movements in the womb. b: not fully inflated, but they will inflate within about ten seconds. c: not fully inflated, and will not inflate fully for ten days, when surfactant production begins.

b

Upon a newborn's first breath, pulmonary arterioles a: constrict. b: dilate.

b

What is expelled during the expulsion stage of labor? a: Colostrum b: The fetus c: The placenta and remaining fetal membranes d: Only amniotic fluid

b

What thin membrane, continuous with the epiblast layer, secretes fluid to bathe the embryo? a: Chorion b: Amnion c: Yolk sac d: Corona radiata

b

When epiblast cells travel through the primitive streak and underneath the epiblast layer, that movement is described as a: capacitation. b: invagination. c: chemotaxation. d: cleavage.

b

Which stage would you expect to take the longest time? a: Dilation stage of labor of a parous woman b: Dilation stage of labor of a nulliparous woman c: Expulsion stage of labor of a parous woman d: Expulsion stage of labor of a nulliparous woman

b

Which structure develops directly into a bilaminar germinal disc? a: Trophoblast b: Embryoblast c: Morula d: Cytotrophoblast

b

Which structure is an important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extraembryonic membranes to form? a: Amnion b: Yolk sac c: Chorion d: Zona pellucida

b

After ovulation, the oocyte a: waits passively for a sperm to penetrate. b: releases negative ions that create an electrical gradient that all sperm swim toward. c: releases chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location. d: propels itself toward seminal fluid by calcium-dependent kinesis.

c

At the start of gastrulation, a long, thin depression known as the primitive __________ forms on the surface of the epiblast. a: furrow b: node c: streak d: groove e: yolk

c

Braxton-Hicks contractions tend to be a: regular and increasingly frequent as time passes. b: increasingly intense as time passes. c: irregularly spaced and do not become more frequent as time passes. d: regular in timing but relatively weak.

c

Changes in the size of the uterus during pregnancy are due to a: hypertrophy but not hyperplasia. b: hyperplasia but not hypertrophy. c: both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

c

Compared to breast milk, colostrum contains a: more fat and more immunoglobulins. b: more fat but less immunoglobulins. c: less fat but more immunoglobulins. d: less fat and less immunoglobulins.

c

Consider a mother with normal vision who has a son with red-green color blindness. The mother was a "carrier" of the affected gene, as she had a normal phenotype but a: two recessive alleles. b: two dominant alleles. c: one dominant and one recessive allele. d: a codominant set of alleles. e: an incompletely penetrating genotype.

c

During pregnancy, a woman's areolae and nipples become darker under the influence of a: melanin from the pineal gland. b: vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. c: melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the placenta. d: estrogen and progesterone from the ovary.

c

During pregnancy, the mother's a: cardiac output and hematocrit rise. b: cardiac output and hematocrit fall. c: cardiac output rises and hematocrit falls. d: cardiac output falls and hematocrit rises.

c

Edema and varicose veins in the lower extremities sometimes develop in the third trimester of a pregnancy due to a: decreased cardiac output. b: elevated blood pressure. c: compression of abdominal blood vessels. d: elevated hematocrit.

c

Fetal alcohol syndrome involves a disorder that alters the a: sequence of base pairs in the genes of the fetus. b: structural integrity of the chromosomes of the fetus. c: expression of genes in the fetus. d: gametes of the fetus.

c

Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted from cells of the a: morula. b: embryoblast. c: syncytiotrophoblast. d: zygote.

c

Increases in weight of the conceptus are largest during the _________ two months of pregnancy. a: first b: middle c: last

c

Individuals who are described as heterozygous have different a: genotypes than the predominant genotype. b: genes for one trait on several chromosomes. c: alleles for a particular trait. d: parents who displayed two different phenotypes.

c

Neurulation is the development of the nervous system from the a: endoderm. b: mesoderm. c: ectoderm. d: hypoderm.

c

Postpartum, estrogen and progesterone levels a: rise steeply. b: rise gradually. c: fall steeply. d: fall gradually.

c

The beginning of labor involves increased production of ________ from the fetal hypothalamus, resulting in secretion of _________ by the placenta. a: GnRH; prolactin b: prolactin; oxytocin c: oxytocin; prostaglandins d: prostaglandin; prolactin e: prolactin; GnRH

c

The display of chromosome pairs arranged by size and similar features is known as the a: genotype. b: Punnet square. c: karyotype. d: heredity gel.

c

The maternal portion of the placenta arises from the a: amnion. b: ectoderm. c: functional layer of the uterus. d: germinal disc. e: myometrium.

c

The pre-embryonic period ends when a: a morula is formed. b: the zygote undergoes cleavage. c: the blastocyst implants in the uterus. d: the morula develops a trophoblast.

c

The process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium is known as a: cleavage. b: morulation. c: implantation. d: capacitation. e: the acrosome reaction.

c

The process that involves the fusion of the two sides of the embryonic disc at a newly formed midline, thereby creating a cylindrical embryo is __________ folding. a: invagination b: cephalocaudal c: transverse d: amphiamniotic e: coronal

c

The structure of the mesoderm that induces formation of the neural tube is the a: head mesenchyme. b: amnion. c: notochord. d: paraxial mesoderm.

c

The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the ___________ period. a: fetal b: pre-embryonic c: embryonic d: cleavage

c

What is the approximate duration of the fetal period of development? a: 4 weeks b: 12 weeks c: 29 weeks d: 39 weeks

c

What is the correct order of structures through which the sperm penetrates during fertilization? a: Corona radiata, oocyte plasma membrane, zona pellucida b: Zona pellucida, corona radiata, oocyte plasma membrane c: Corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane d: Zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane, corona radiata

c