A&P 2 Urinary

A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.

12

First step in urine formation; involves

Glomerular Filtration

The bean-shaped organs that are reddish-brown in color and have a smooth surface are the ______.

Kidney

Describe the composition of glomerular filtrate.

Like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules

In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption.

Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood.

What determines the composition of urine?

The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.

The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid?

Tissue fluid

The kidneys lie on either side of the _________ column in a depression high on the _________ wall of the abdominal cavity.

Vertebral; Posterior

What is the function of renin?

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Renin secretion increases when blood pressure is ______.

decrease

Renin would be released by juxtaglomerular cells when the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron is ______.

decreased

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is ______ proportional to net filtration pressure (NFP), so altering NFP allows regulation of GFR.

directly

Which term refers to an increase in urine volume?

diuresis

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration.

filtrate

The fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular _______.

filtrate

In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption?

from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is called ______________ ___________.

glomerular filtration

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

glomerular filtration rate

What is the most important factor in determining GFR?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure.

increase

Define diuresis.

increase in urine volume

Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule? Multiple choice question.

inward

The urinary bladders lies posteriorly against the rectum in ______.

males only

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed.

most

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted.

much greater than

Each kidney has about one million ___________ , the functional unit responsible for urine formation.

nephron

The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the _________.

nephrons

The structural and functional unit of Kidneys are called as

nephrons

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus?

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule occurs by which mechanism?

osmosis

When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force.

outward

Consider the order of segments of the renal tubule. What is the first part of the renal tubule called?

proximal tubule

Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______.

proximal tubule

Almost all of the sodium and water are ______ before urine is excreted.

reabsorbed

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ___________.

reabsorption

What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule?

tubular secretion

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is _____.

urea

The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n) _______.

ureter

Define the term micturition.

urination

Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______.

water

Which are the two major components of a nephron?

- renal tubule - renal corpuscle

Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top.

1. calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra

Place the segments of the renal tubule of a nephron in the correct order, with the region closest to the glomerulus at the top.

1. proximal tubule 2. nephron loop 3. distal tubule

Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending limb of the nephron loop. What would be the result of giving lasix?

Increased urine output

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?

The renin-angiotensin system responds to

a decrease in blood pressure.

What is a glomerulus?

a tangled cluster of blood capillaries

Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed.

almost all

List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate.

amino acids glucose uric acid

The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______.

autoregulation

The hollow muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis that is part of the urinary system is the urinary ____________.

bladder

The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal ________.

clearance

Distal tubules from several nephrons merge in the renal cortex to form a(n) _________ ________.

collecting duct

Name the tube that collects urine from several nephrons and conveys it down the renal pyramid to the renal papilla.

collecting duct

Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration.

decrease

Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume that is ______ to plasma.

decrease; isotonic

Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron.

distal tubule

Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct?

distal tubule

Which functions does the urinary system regulate?

excretion of drugs volume of body fluids pH balance removal of metabolic wastes

T/F Nephrons also have tubular structure

false

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?

favors filtration

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

fenestrae

The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ________.

filtration

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

glomerular capillaries

Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?

glomerular capillaries

If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?

glomerular damage

Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

glomerular filtration

Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Where does the filtration of the blood happens at nephron?

glomerulus

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______.

glomerulus; nephron

The greater the filtration pressure within a glomerulus, the ______ the rate of filtration will be.

higher

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside.

hydrostatic; blood

Due to the reabsorption of water and sodium from the proximal tubule, the tubular fluid is ______ to peritubular capillary blood plasma by the time it reaches the end of the proximal tubule.

isotonic

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______.

kidney

The renal artery brings blood to which structure?

kidney

Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______.

kidney; urinary bladder

What is an alternate medical name for the process of urination?

micturition

The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n)

nephron

The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n) ____________.

nephron

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ______.

osmosis

When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries?

out of the glomerular capillaries

Stimulation by __________ motor impulses causes the detrusor muscle to contract rhythmically.

parasympathetic

The kidneys are on the ______ wall.

posterior abdominal

Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule.

proximal tubule distal tubule nephron loop

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

The enzyme that is released by the kidneys, called ______, acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

renin

Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular ___________.

secretion

What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate?

the surface area available for filtration hydrostatic pressure of blood

During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______.

tubular fluid; blood

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______.

tubular secretion

An increase in the amount of protein in the diet would lead to an increased concentration of which of the following in the urine?

urea

The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______.

urea

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?

ureter

The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called _______.

urine

What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?

urine

Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges?

volume of body fluids composition of body fluids pH of body fluids

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption ____________ of in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

water

The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys.

water