a&p 2 Urinary exam
What should NOT be found in filtrate? electrolytes glucose water albumin
albumin
Which of the following does NOT normally appear in the filtrate? a. Water b. Urea c. Albumin d. Glucose
albumin
The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate __________. blood volume blood pressure blood pH blood solute concentration of sodium ions
blood pH
Angiotensin-converting enzyme a. Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin-I b. Stimulates the thirst centers in the hypothalamus c. Converts angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II d. Inactivates angiotensin-II
c. converts angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II
The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the __________. pyramid hilum calyx pelvis
hilum
What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min? 75 125 275 500
125
The filtration fraction averages what percentage of the plasma that enters the glomerulus? a. 0% b. 20% c. 50% d. 70%
20%
What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms? GFR will not change. GFR will decrease. GFR will increase. GFR will decrease, then increase.
GFR will increase
Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane? a. Podocytes b. Macula densa c. Basal lamina d. Capillary endothelial cells
Macula densa
The layer of the filtration membrane that is LEAST permeable is the a. Podocytes (visceral layer of capsule) b. Macula densa c. Basal lamina d. Capillary endothelial cells
Podocytes (visceral layer of capsule)
What initiates the micturition reflex? Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord. Parasympathetic efferent fibers stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle. The external urethral sphincter relaxes. The internal urethral sphincter relaxes.
Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.
Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered. Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries. Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate.
Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.
Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT __________. mild odor yellow color a pH of 3.0 translucency
a pH of 3.0
Active transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop a. Is driven by Na+ /K+ /2Cl- symporters b. Is driven by Na+ /K+ pumps c. Is driven by Na+ /K+ /2Cl- antiporters d. Is not affected by the concentration of available NaCl
a. Is driven by Na+ /K+ /2Cl- symporters
Blood ascending into the cortex in the vasa recta a. Loses sodium chloride and gains water b. Gains both sodium chloride and water c. Gains sodium chloride and loses water d. Does not change
a. loses sodium chloride and gains water
Which of the following does NOT increase renin release? a. Parasympathetic stimulation b. Low glomerular hydrostatic pressure c. Decreased sodium ion levels in plasma d. Low blood pressure
a. parasympathetic stimulation
The distal tubule and collecting duct a. Reabsorb most of remaining water b. Reabsorb filtered hydrogen ions c. Reabsorb filtered calcium and magnesium ions d. Reabsorb filtered uric acid
a. reabsorb most of remaining water
The ascending limb of the nephron loop a. Reabsorbs sodium and chloride b. Reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and water c. Reabsorbs water only d. Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and other organic solutes
a. reabsorbs sodium and chloride
Water is reabsorbed from the collecting system because of a. Hormone levels b. Cortical interstitial fluid concentration c. Medullary interstitial fluid concentration d. NaCl concentrations in the bloodstream
c. medullary interstitial fluid concentration
The proximal tubule a. Reabsorbs 100% of the filtered water b. Reabsorbs filtered hydrogen ions c. Reabsorbs about 90% of filtered bicarbonate ions d. Reabsorbs filtered uric acid
c. reabsorbs about 90% of filtered bicarbonate ions
The descending limb of the nephron loop a. Reabsorbs sodium and chloride b. Reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and water c. Reabsorbs water only d. Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and other organic solutes
c. reabsorbs water only
Facultative water reabsorption a. Increases urine volume b. Produces dilute urine c. Requires ADH release d. Occurs when water content of body fluids is too high
c. requires ADH release
Substances used to measure renal clearance should be __________. filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted secreted but neither filtered nor reabsorbed filtered and reabsorbed, but not secreted
filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted
What is renal clearance used to estimate? net filtration pressure (NFP) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) countercurrent exchange glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is NOT a major function of the kidneys? regulation of blood volume and blood pressure removal of metabolic wastes regulation of acid-base balance hematopoiesis
hematopoiesis
Question 10: Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT __________. constrict both the afferent and efferent arterioles increase blood concentration of angiotensin-II (A-II) increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increase renin secretion
increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus? interlobular (cortical radiate) artery segmental artery interlobar artery renal artery
interlobular (cortical radiate) artery
Where does ADH promote water reabsorption? renal corpuscle nephron loop medullary collecting duct proximal tubule
medullary collecting duct
Countercurrent multiplication and exchange occurs in the __________. distal tubule renal corpuscle nephron loop and vasa recta proximal tubule
nephron loop and vasa recta
The functional units of the kidneys are __________. nephrons renal pyramids renal sinuses glomeruli
nephrons
Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? A-II promotes thirst. A-II dilates efferent arterioles. A-II decreases blood volume. A-II decreases systemic blood pressure.
promotes thirst
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __________. proteins such as albumin in the blood systemic blood pressure fluids in the blood plasma filtrate in the capsular space
proteins such as albumin in the blood
The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __________. collecting duct nephron loop (loop of Henle) distal tubule proximal tubule
proximal tubule
Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to __________. regulate blood solute concentration conserve or eliminate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow regulate removal of metabolic wastes
regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow
Voluntary neural control is necessary for __________. contraction of the internal urethral sphincter contraction of the detrusor muscle relaxation of the external urethral sphincter relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
relaxation of the external urethral sphincter
The process of filtration occurs at the __________. proximal tubule renal corpuscle distal tubule collecting duct
renal corpuscle
What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron? renal pyramids and renal columns renal corpuscle and renal tubule glomerulus and peritubular capillaries renal cortex and renal medulla
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? renal cortex renal pelvis renal medulla renal sinus
renal medulla
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by __________. secondary active transport facilitated diffusion antiport diffusion
secondary active transport
The composition of the filtrate is based primarily on a. Solubility b. Polarity c. Charge d. Size
size
Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the __________. aorta ureter inferior vena cava urethra
ureter
The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __________. blood pressure blood pH vessel diameter tubular secretion of metabolic wastes
vessel diameter
What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg? -5 0 10 25
10
How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24 hour period? 0.5 0.9 1.8 4.3
1.8
As the filtrate passes through the nephron a. Volume decreases most in the proximal tubule b. Concentration decreases in the descending loop c. Concentration increases in the ascending loop d. Volume increases in the descending loop
a. volume decreases most in the proximal tubule
Question 2: Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption? atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What will NOT stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? low glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) sympathetic nervous system stimulation an increase in systemic blood pressure stimulation from the macula densa cells
an increase in systemic blood pressure
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure a. Is less than that of most body capillaries b. Is increased by the high resistance efferent arteriole c. Opposes filtration of fluid from the glomerulus d. Pulls fluid into the glomerular capillary
b. is increased by the high resistance efferent arteriole
Net filtration pressure at the glomerulus a. Is less than that of most body capillaries b. Is typically about 10 mm Hg c. Is not related to the glomerular filtration rate d. Pulls fluid into the glomerular capillary
b. is typically about 10 mm Hg
Angiotensin-II does NOT a. Promote aldosterone release b. Promote vasodilation of efferent arterioles c. Promote sodium, chloride, and water reabsorption d. Promote the sensation of thirst
b. promote vasodilation of efferent arterioles
The kidneys produce dilute urine when a. Solute concentration of body fluids is too high b. Solute concentration of body fluids is too low c. Solute concentration of body fluids is normal d. Water content of body fluids is too low
b. solute concentration of body fluids is too low
Blood descending into the medulla in the vasa recta a. Loses both sodium chloride and water b. Gains both sodium chloride and water c. Gains sodium chloride and loses water d. Does not change
c. gains sodium chloride and loses water
Hydrostatic pressure a. Is the pressure created by proteins in a fluid b. Is higher than the blood pressure c. Is the force of fluid on the wall of its container d. Pulls fluid into the capillaries
c. is the force of fluid on the wall of its container
Blood in the vasa recta that is exiting the medulla a. Is more concentrated than when it originally entered the medulla b. Is less concentrated than when it originally entered the medulla c. Is the same concentration as when it originally entered the medulla d. Did not change in concentration as it passed through the medulla
c. is the same concentration as when it originally entered the medulla
Angiotensin-I is converted into angiotensin-II in the a. Kidneys b. Liver c. Lungs d. Stomach
c. lungs
Maximal urine concentration is limited by a. Hormone levels b. Cortical interstitial fluid concentration c. Medullary interstitial fluid concentration d. NaCl concentrations in the bloodstream
c. medullary interstitial fluid concentration
What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? production of very dilute urine constriction of the arterioles to increase blood pressure secretion of water and electrolytes into the filtrate creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption
creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption
The vasa recta a. Create the medullary concentration gradient b. Arise from the interlobar veins c. Exchange materials with the collecting system d. Contain blood flowing in the opposite direction from the filtrate in the loop
d. contain blood flowing in the opposite direction from the filtrate in the loop
The countercurrent multiplier is considered to be positive feedback because a. Filtrate concentration rises as it flows into the medulla b. Fluid volumes rise as filtrate flows through loop c. Reabsorption in the early proximal tubule maximizes reabsorption in the distal tubule d. Events in each limb of the loop amplify each other
d. events in each limb of the loop amplify each other
Urine volume is NOT influenced by a. Fluid intake b. Diet c. Blood pressure d. Gender
d. gender
Choose the CORRECT pathway followed by filtrate as it becomes urine: a. Proximal tubule, loop, glomerulus, distal tubule, collecting duct b. Proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct, glomerulus c. Glomerulus, collecting duct, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule d. Glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
d. glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct
Aldosterone a. Is released from the adrenal medulla b. Acts on the proximal tubule c. Promotes sodium excretion d. Increases blood volume if ADH is present
d. increases blood volume if ADH is present
Countercurrent multiplication a. Occurs only in cortical nephrons b. Creates the cortical concentration gradient c. Requires interaction between the proximal and distal tubules d. Involves filtrate flowing in opposite directions through limbs of the loop
d. involves filtrate flowing in opposite directions through limbs of the loop
Glomerular colloidal osmotic pressure a. Is the pressure created by ions in a fluid b. Is higher than the blood pressure c. Is the force of fluid on the wall of its container d. Pulls fluid into the capillaries
d. pulls fluid into the capillaries
A drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to __________. increased sodium reabsorption increased blood volume decreased blood pressure increased secretion of aldosterone
decreased blood pressure
true or false: Filtrate and whole blood contain identical constituents.
false
true or false: The juxtamedullary apparatus acts as a special vascular system called the countercurrent exchanger.
false
The glomerular filtration rate is defined as __________. the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24 hour period the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane
the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute
Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when __________. sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present in the distal tubule the distal tubule is permeable to water the collecting duct is impermeable to water
the collecting duct is impermeable to water
The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by __________. the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra the internal and external urethral sphincters the internal and external urethral orifices
the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice
Renal clearance is defined as __________. the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during one day the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood
the rate at which kidneys remove a substance from the blood
Urine drains from a major calyx into __________. the renal tubule the renal pelvis a minor calyx a papilla
the renal pelvis
true or false: The majority of sodium ions are reclaimed through sodium ion leak channels in the proximal tubule.
true
