A&P 6 Articulations, Exam 2

Eversion is a combination of mvmts when the sole of the foot is directed ________.

Eversion is a combination of mvmts when the sole of the foot is directed laterally.

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Suture - "seam" • 4 sutures hold the cranium together: • C__________ suture • S__________ suture • L__________ suture • S__________ suture

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Suture - "seam" • 4 sutures hold the cranium together: • Coronal suture • Sagittal suture • Lambdoid suture • Squamous suture

• ADduction is the opposite of abduction. Note that AB means _______ while AD means __________.

• ADduction is the opposite of abduction. Note that AB means away while AD means towards.

ABduction is the mvmt of a limb (or fingers) ________ from the midline of the body in the frontal plane.

ABduction is the mvmt of a limb (or fingers) away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane.

Articulations - • Where two or more bones c_________ in order to provide for mvmt or p____________. • Bones are virtually i____________ so mvmt can only occur at jts - where two bones meet • Reflect compromise between need for s___________ versus need for m_________ − the more mobile a jt is, the more it can do but the more vulnerable it is to injury − the less mobile a jt is, the stronger it is & the greater the protection but limited in what it can do • The amount of mvmt at a joint is ka r_________ of m__________ (R OM). • Joints are classified by structure or function as follows.

Articulations - • Where two or more bones connect in order to provide for mvmt or protection. • Bones are virtually inflexible so mvmt can only occur at jts - where two bones meet • Reflect compromise between need for strength versus need for mobility − the more mobile a jt is, the more it can do but the more vulnerable it is to injury − the less mobile a jt is, the stronger it is & the greater the protection but limited in what it can do • The amount of mvmt at a joint is ka range of motion (R OM). • Joints are classified by structure or function as follows.

Articulations - aka joints Def. An articulation (joint) forms the _______________ b/w two or more bony structures. Note: this definition does not specify how moveable the articulation is or what materials it's made of.

Articulations - aka joints Def. An articulation (joint) forms the connection b/w two or more bony structures. Note: this definition does not specify how moveable the articulation is or what materials it's made of.

Circumduction is a combination of movements that result in the proximal end of a limb being s___________ while the distal end moves in a c_________ fashion.

Circumduction is a combination of movements that result in the proximal end of a limb being stationary while the distal end moves in a circular fashion.

Dorsiflexion is the bending of the ankle joint so that the foot moves towards the __________.

Dorsiflexion is the bending of the ankle joint so that the foot moves towards the head.

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Gomphosis - gompho = nail or bolt • a c________ shaped "peg-in-socket" fibrous jt • The only example is how t__________ are held tightly to bony jaw • Functionally classified as s_____________ ex. tooth in jaw

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Gomphosis - gompho = nail or bolt • a cone shaped "peg-in-socket" fibrous jt • The only example is how teeth are held tightly to bony jaw • Functionally classified as synarthrosis ex. tooth in jaw

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Suture - "seam" • w_____y bone edges interlock & held tightly in place with dense CT fibers • exclusively located between s___l bones • functionally classified as s____________s • sutures ossify in middle age - the closed suture then ka a synostosis • 4 sutures hold the cranium together: • Coronal suture • Basically goes from ear to ear over the skull • Sagittal suture • Lambdoid suture • Upside down "V" at the posterior of the skull • Lambda is a greek letter, which is an upside-down "V", which is how this suture got its name • Squamous suture • Its bone is the temporal bone, which has two main parts: • A flat part that forms part of the skull, which is why it is called the squamous suture

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Suture - "seam" • wavy bone edges interlock & held tightly in place with dense CT fibers • exclusively located between skull bones • functionally classified as synarthrosis • sutures ossify in middle age - the closed suture then ka a synostosis • 4 sutures hold the cranium together: • Coronal suture • Basically goes from ear to ear over the skull • Sagittal suture • Lambdoid suture • Upside down "V" at the posterior of the skull • Lambda is a greek letter, which is an upside-down "V", which is how this suture got its name • Squamous suture • Its bone is the temporal bone, which has two main parts: • A flat part that forms part of the skull, which is why it is called the squamous suture

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Syndesmosis • bones are connected exclusively by l______________s (cords or bands of fibrous CT) • l______________s vary in length thus mvmt allowed varies • Functionally classified as a_________________s • Ex: interosseous membrane b/w radius & ulna and tibia & fibula

Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis • Syndesmosis • bones are connected exclusively by ligaments (cords or bands of fibrous CT) • ligaments vary in length thus mvmt allowed varies • Functionally classified as amphiarthrosis • Ex: interosseous membrane b/w radius & ulna and tibia & fibula

Functional Classification of Joints Joints are functionally classified as s________________s, a________________s, d_____________is

Functional Classification of Joints Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Functional Classification of Joints • Based on the m___________ of movement (ROM) permitted • Joints are functionally classified as s___________, a___________, d___________

Functional Classification of Joints • Based on the magnitude of movement (ROM) permitted • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Functional Classification of Joints • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis • Diarthrosis (f______y moveable jt); _______ mvmt, also called s_______ joints, subdivided by type of m______________ ex. hinge joints at the elbow joint and knee joint; pivot joints at the proximal radius and ulna; ball and socket joint at the hip joint

Functional Classification of Joints • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis Diarthrosis (freely moveable jt); most mvmt, also called synovial jts, subdivided by type of mvmt ex. hinge joints at the elbow joint and knee joint; pivot joints at the proximal radius and ulna; ball and socket joint at the hip joint

Functional Classification of Joints • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis • Amphiarthrosis (s______y moveable jt); _____ mvmt, f_______ or c______________ connections ex. articulation between the radius and ulna; articulation between the tibia and fibula; intervertebral disc articulations

Functional Classification of Joints • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis • Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable jt); little mvmt, fibrous or cartilaginous connections ex. articulation between the radius and ulna; articulation between the tibia and fibula; intervertebral disc articulations

Functional Classification of Joints • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis • Synarthrosis (i_____________e jt); no m___________, fibrous or c_____________ connections, may fuse over time ex. tooth in jaw; lamboid suture

Functional Classification of Joints • Joints are functionally classified as synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis • Synarthrosis (immovable jt); no mvmt, fibrous or cartilaginous connections, may fuse over time ex. tooth in jaw; lamboid suture

Functional Classification of Joints • Synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints - relatively simple structure; bones are d__________y connected • Diarthrotic joints - all diarthrotic joint are sy________ • C_______ in structure; permit greatest ROM; most jts in the body are diarthrotic

Functional Classification of Joints • Synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints - relatively simple structure; bones are directly connected • Diarthrotic joints - all diarthrotic joint are synovial • Complex in structure; permit greatest ROM; most jts in the body are diarthrotic

Inversion is a combination of mvmts when the sole of the foot is directed ____________.

Inversion is a combination of mvmts when the sole of the foot is directed medially.

Movement at a Synovial Joint A synovial joint can be classified based on the number of planes within which it can move. The joint may be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial (triaxial). Nonaxial jts allow l________ mvmt as in gliding. Uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial jts allow a_________ mvmt in 1, 2, or 3 planes respectively. Rotation occurs at a uniaxial jt, a form of a__________ mvmt. Thus, synovial joints allow 3 basic types of movement: linear, angular movement, and rotation.

Movement at a Synovial Joint A synovial joint can be classified based on the number of planes within which it can move. The joint may be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial (triaxial). Nonaxial jts allow linear mvmt as in gliding. Uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial jts allow angular mvmt in 1, 2, or 3 planes respectively. Rotation occurs at a uniaxial jt, a form of angular mvmt. Thus, synovial joints allow 3 basic types of movement: linear, angular movement, and rotation.

Movement at a Synovial Joint A synovial joint can be classified based on the number of p_________ within which it can move. The joint may be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial (triaxial). Nonaxial jts allow linear mvmt as in gliding. Uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial jts allow angular mvmt in 1, 2, or 3 planes respectively. Rotation occurs at a uniaxial jt, a form of angular mvmt. Thus, synovial joints allow 3 basic types of movement: l________, a__________r movement, and r__________n. • There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.

Movement at a Synovial Joint A synovial joint can be classified based on the number of planes within which it can move. The joint may be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial (triaxial). Nonaxial jts allow linear mvmt as in gliding. Uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial jts allow angular mvmt in 1, 2, or 3 planes respectively. Rotation occurs at a uniaxial jt, a form of angular mvmt. Thus, synovial joints allow 3 basic types of movement: linear, angular movement, and rotation. • There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.

Movement at a Synovial Joint • There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: p_____ joints, h______ joints, p________ joints, c_________ joints, s_________ joints, and b_____-and-s________ joints.

Movement at a Synovial Joint • There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.

Plantar flexion is the reverse of dorsiflex where that foot becomes "pointed" like a _________.

Plantar flexion is the reverse of dorsiflex where that foot becomes "pointed" like a dancer.

Pronation is the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces __________ when in the anatomical position. The radius crosses over the ulna with this motion, forming an X.

Pronation is the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly when in the anatomical position. The radius crosses over the ulna with this motion, forming an X.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) − own immune system attacks cartilage and synovial membranes - _______________ disease − usually begins in smaller joints - especially the hands

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) − own immune system attacks cartilage and synovial membranes - autoimmune disease − usually begins in smaller joints - especially the hands

Rotation turns a bone along its long axis, in the transvers plane. Along the spine it is known as left or right rotation. At the specialized atlantoaxial jt the head moves in the familiar "no" motion. At the hip & shoulder jts, lateral rotation (external rotation) turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus laterally medial rotation (internal rotation) turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially.

Rotation turns a bone along its long axis, in the transvers plane. Along the spine it is known as left or right rotation. At the specialized atlantoaxial jt the head moves in the familiar "no" motion. At the hip & shoulder jts, lateral rotation (external rotation) turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus laterally medial rotation (internal rotation) turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially.

Some Specific Joints Intervertebral discs - composed of: • Anulus fibrosus • Tough outer layer of f_________ cartilage; collagen fibers attach to adjacent vertebrae • Nucleus pulposus • Soft, g____________ core; provides resiliency & shock absorption • Accounts for 1/__ length of vertebral column • Water loss from discs causes shortening of vertebral column - we get shorter with age ☹ • Herniated disc • Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus • Spinal nerves are often affected as they exit the intervertebral foramen

Some Specific Joints Intervertebral discs - composed of: • Anulus fibrosus • Tough outer layer of fibrous cartilage; collagen fibers attach to adjacent vertebrae • Nucleus pulposus • Soft, gelatinous core; provides resiliency & shock absorption • Accounts for 1/4 length of vertebral column • Water loss from discs causes shortening of vertebral column - we get shorter with age ☹ • Herniated disc • Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus • Spinal nerves are often affected as they exit the intervertebral foramen

Some Specific Joints Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) • G_____________ range of motion of any joint; most frequently dislocated joint • S_______ is sacrificed for mobility! • Most s_________ provided by surrounding skeletal muscles & their tendons, & ligaments • Ball-and-socket diarthrosis • Formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula • Socket of glenoid cavity is deepened slightly by a small lip of fibrocartilage called the glenoid labrum

Some Specific Joints Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) • Greatest range of motion of any joint; most frequently dislocated joint • Stability is sacrificed for mobility! • Most stability provided by surrounding skeletal muscles & their tendons, & ligaments • Ball-and-socket diarthrosis • Formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula • Socket of glenoid cavity is deepened slightly by a small lip of fibrocartilage called the glenoid labrum

Some Specific Joints Intervertebral d_______s S_________ joint (glenohumeral joint) Kn_____ joint

Some Specific Joints Intervertebral discs Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) Knee joint

Some Specific Joints Knee joint • External support • Q____________s tendon to patella • Continues as patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity (of the tibia) • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament - lateral support • Tibial (medial) collateral ligament - medial support

Some Specific Joints Knee joint • External support • Quadriceps tendon to patella • Continues as patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity (of the tibia) • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament - lateral support • Tibial (medial) collateral ligament - medial support

Some Specific Joints Knee joint • Internal support • Cruciate ligaments limit anterior/posterior mvmt of femur & holds alignment of condyles • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) • Medial and lateral menisci • C-shaped f_______cartilage pads b/w tibial and femoral condyles • Act as cushions and provide lateral stability to joint

Some Specific Joints Knee joint • Internal support • Cruciate ligaments limit anterior/posterior mvmt of femur & holds alignment of condyles • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) • Medial and lateral menisci • C-shaped fibrocartilage pads b/w tibial and femoral condyles • Act as cushions and provide lateral stability to joint

Some Specific Joints Knee joint • Contains three separate articulations • Medial condyle of t_______ to medial condyle of f________ • Lateral condyle of t_______ to lateral condyle of f________ • Patella and patellar surface of femur • Permits flexion, extension (and there is very limited rotation)

Some Specific Joints Knee joint • Contains three separate articulations • Medial condyle of tibia to medial condyle of femur • Lateral condyle of tibia to lateral condyle of femur • Patella and patellar surface of femur • Permits flexion, extension (and there is very limited rotation)

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as f_______, c_________________, or s_____________.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: a__________ cartilage, j_________ cavity, a__________ capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, abundant n______ and b________ vessels.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, abundant nerves and blood vessels.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Cartilaginous joints have no joint cavity & the bones are united by a pad of cartilage between them. Cartilaginous Joints - 2 types: s_________________, s_________________

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Cartilaginous joints have no joint cavity & the bones are united by a pad of cartilage between them. Cartilaginous Joints - 2 types: synchondrosis, symphysis

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Cartilaginous joints have no joint c______ & the bones are united by a pad of c_________ between them. • Pad of c_________ is wedged between the ends of bones ex. epiphyseal plate in growing bones; pubic symphysis; intervertebral disc articulations

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Cartilaginous joints have no joint cavity & the bones are united by a pad of cartilage between them. • Pad of cartilage is wedged between the ends of bones ex. epiphyseal plate in growing bones; pubic symphysis; intervertebral disc articulations

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Fibrous joints have no joint cavity & the bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue. Fibrous Joints - 3 types: s___________, s___________, g___________

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Fibrous joints have no joint cavity & the bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue. Fibrous Joints - 3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Fibrous joints have no joint c_______ & the ends of bones and bone parts are held together by dense ___________ connective tissue. ex. tooth in jaw; lamboid suture; articulations between rardius and ulna, and tibia and fibula

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Fibrous joints have no joint cavity & the ends of bones and bone parts are held together by dense regular connective tissue. ex. tooth in jaw; lamboid suture; articulations between rardius and ulna, and tibia and fibula

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a CT capsule with reinforcing ligaments. Synovial jts are f__________ movable jts thus are functionally classified as d___________. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a CT capsule with reinforcing ligaments. Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Synovial joints have a f______-filled joint cavity enclosed by a CT capsule with reinforcing ligaments. • freely movable joints that are functionally classified as diarthrosis • ex, knee, shoulder, metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) • They all have a_________r cartilage, a joint cavity, a_________r capsule made up of fibrous layer, and synovial membrane. They all also have synovial fluid and reinforcing ligaments. There are also nerves and blood vessels a-plenty. • A_________r cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. • The ends of bones are covered by a_________r cartilage. • The synovial joint cavity separates the articulating bones. • The synovial joint is enclosed by a joint capsule made of d_____e i_________r CT, lined by a synovial membrane.

Structural Classification of Joints • Joints can be structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. • Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a CT capsule with reinforcing ligaments. • freely movable joints that are functionally classified as diarthrosis • ex, knee, shoulder, metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) • They all have articular cartilage, a joint cavity, articular capsule made up of fibrous layer, and synovial membrane. They all also have synovial fluid and reinforcing ligaments. There are also nerves and blood vessels a-plenty. • Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. • The ends of bones are covered by articular cartilage. • The synovial joint cavity separates the articulating bones. • The synovial joint is enclosed by a joint capsule made of dense irregular CT, lined by a synovial membrane.

Supination is opposite, rotating the forearm so the palm is once again facing ______________. The ulna & radius uncross and become parallel again.

Supination is opposite, rotating the forearm so the palm is once again facing anterior. The ulna & radius uncross and become parallel again.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Articular cartilage covers the ends of the adjoining bones. It is h_______ cartilage which provides a "glass like" surface to reduce friction thus insuring s__________ movement as well as protection of the underlying bone.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Articular cartilage covers the ends of the adjoining bones. It is hyaline cartilage which provides a "glass like" surface to reduce friction thus insuring smooth mvmt as well as protection of the underlying bone.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Ligaments are bands of dense ____________ connective tissue that strengthen and ______________ synovial joints.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Ligaments are bands of dense regular connective tissue that strengthen and support synovial joints.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Most synovial joints have associated bursae. A bursa is a f_________sac containing ___________ fluid and lined by a synovial membrane. Bursae alleviate f___________ and are often between bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and the skin. An elongated bursa (called a tendon s_________) wraps around tendons that are subject to excessive friction (e.g. within the wrist, shoulder, elbow & ankle).

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Most synovial joints have associated bursae. A bursa is a fibrous sac containing synovial fluid and lined by a synovial membrane. Bursae alleviate friction and are often between bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and the skin. An elongated bursa (called a tendon sheath) wraps around tendons that are subject to excessive friction (e.g. within the wrist, shoulder, elbow & ankle).

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Synovial joints are also stabilized by tendons which are r____-like bands of dense ___________ CT linking skeletal muscle to bone.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Synovial joints are also stabilized by tendons which are rope-like bands of dense regular CT linking skeletal muscle to bone.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Synovial joints are quite v___________ (to produce the synovial fluid and nourish the joint structures) and innervated by nerves for p________ reception and sensation of limb positions (proprioception).

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • Synovial joints are quite vascular (to produce the synovial fluid and nourish the joint structures) and innervated by nerves for pain reception and sensation of limb positions (proprioception).

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • The articular capsule has 2 parts; a fibrous layer that is continuous with the periosteum of the bones and encloses the entire joint, forming the jt cavity. It is composed of dense _____________ CT which helps to firmly hold the bones together (preventing them from being pulled apart). This fibrous layer is lined with a ___________ membrane. It is a specialized CT, which produces & secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. The fluid is thick and "slimy" to reduce ______________ b/w the bones and provides nutrients to the articular cartilage which is avascular.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • The articular capsule has 2 parts; a fibrous layer that is continuous with the periosteum of the bones and encloses the entire joint, forming the jt cavity. It is composed of dense irregular CT which helps to firmly hold the bones together (preventing them from being pulled apart). This fibrous layer is lined with a synovial membrane. It is a specialized CT, which produces & secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. The fluid is thick and "slimy" to reduce friction b/w the bones and provides nutrients to the articular cartilage which is avascular.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • The joint cavity is the space b/w the articulating bones. It is enclosed by the a__________ capsule and contains s__________ fluid.

Synovial Joints Synovial jts are freely movable jts thus are functionally classified as diarthroses. Examples are the knee, shoulder and metacarpophalangeal jts (knuckles). Synovial joints have several major characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and abundant nerves and blood vessels. • The joint cavity is the space b/w the articulating bones. It is enclosed by the articular capsule and contains synovial fluid.

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. saddle joint - biaxial joint (angular motion) − Saddle-shaped articular surface of one bone fits in a saddle-shaped surface on another bone − allows flexion/extension and a__________/a__________ − Ex: articulation b/w carpal and first metacarpal jt - at the base of the thumb

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. saddle joint - biaxial joint (angular motion) − Saddle-shaped articular surface of one bone fits in a saddle-shaped surface on another bone − allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction − Ex: articulation b/w carpal and first metacarpal jt - at the base of the thumb

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • __________-and-__________ joint - triaxial joint (angular motion) − rounded head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depression of another bone − allows f________/e_________, abduction/adduction and rotation − Ex: shoulder & hip joints (the only 2 examples in the body)

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • ball-and-socket joint - triaxial joint (angular motion) − rounded head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depression of another bone − allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation − Ex: shoulder & hip joints (the only 2 examples in the body)

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • condylar joint - biaxial joint (angular motion) − Oval-shaped condyle of one bone rests against an elliptical depression of another bone − Allows f__________/e__________ and abduction/adduction − Ex: metacarpophalangeal jt (knuckles)

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • condylar joint - biaxial joint (angular motion) − Oval-shaped condyle of one bone rests against an elliptical depression of another bone − Allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction − Ex: metacarpophalangeal jt (knuckles)

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • hinge joint - uniaxial joint (angular motion) − convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone − allows f__________ & e__________ − Ex: knee jts, elbow jts, interphalangeal jts

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • hinge joint - uniaxial joint (angular motion) − convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone − allows flexion & extension − Ex: knee jts, elbow jts, interphalangeal jts

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • pivot joint - uniaxial joint (rotation) − bone with rounded surface fits into a "r____" formed by a ligament or another bone − Ex: rotation of atlas (C1) around dens of axis (C2) - as when turning head "no"; proximal radioulnar jt - allows forearm p__________ and s__________

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • pivot joint - uniaxial joint (rotation) − bone with rounded surface fits into a "ring" formed by a ligament or another bone − Ex: rotation of atlas (C1) around dens of axis (C2) - as when turning head "no"; proximal radioulnar jt - allows forearm pronation and supination

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • plane joint - nonaxial joint (__________ motion - as in gliding) − articulating surfaces are usually f____ or slightly curved − only side-to-side & b__________-and-f__________ mvmts; no mvmt around an axis − Ex: Intercarpal jts, intertarsal jts

There are 6 basic types of synovial joints: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints. • plane joint - nonaxial joint (linear motion - as in gliding) − articulating surfaces are usually flat or slightly curved − only side-to-side & back-and-forth mvmts; no mvmt around an axis − Ex: Intercarpal jts, intertarsal jts

Types of arthritis - the word form -itis means inflammation • Gouty arthritis (gout) − u____ acid is a normal metabolic waste product − if u____ acid builds up excessively in blood it diffuses into the jt capsule and crystalizes in the synovial fluid causing inflammation and excruciating pain − tends to run in __________ thus genetic component − Initial attack usually affects one jt - commonly the base of the g_____ toe

Types of arthritis - the word form -itis means inflammation • Gouty arthritis (gout) − uric acid is a normal metabolic waste product − if uric acid builds up excessively in blood it diffuses into the jt capsule and crystalizes in the synovial fluid causing inflammation and excruciating pain − tends to run in families thus genetic component − Initial attack usually affects one jt - commonly the base of the great toe

Types of arthritis - the word form -itis means inflammation • Osteoarthritis (OA) − most common cause of chronic arthritis - often called "w_____-and-t____ arthritis" − gradual loss of a_________ cartilage over time - eventually the jt becomes "bone on bone" − usually begins in larger joints

Types of arthritis - the word form -itis means inflammation • Osteoarthritis (OA) − most common cause of chronic arthritis - often called "wear-and-tear arthritis" − gradual loss of articular cartilage over time - eventually the jt becomes "bone on bone" − usually begins in larger joints

Types of arthritis - the word form -itis means inflammation • O_________ (OA) • R____________ arthritis (RA) • G___________ arthritis (gout)

Types of arthritis - the word form -itis means inflammation • Osteoarthritis (OA) • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Gouty arthritis (gout)

flexion and extension

bending and extension of a limb mvmt occurs in the sagittal plane; involves anterior & posterior mvmt of the body or limbs. Forward mvmt of the vertebral column is flexion; bending back is extension; bending to the left or right side is lateral flexion; at the elbow & knee flexion decreases the angle of the jt - extension increases it.