A&P - Ch 2 - Review

12C and 14C are a. atoms with different numbers of protons. b. isotopes. c. atoms of different elements. d. atoms with different atomic numbers. e. compounds.

(Not A or E)

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissociates in solution to produce K+ and OH-; therefore it is classified as a. a neutral substance. b. an acid. c. a base. d. a buffer.

(not A or D)

Which of these descriptions of heat energy is not correct? a. Heat energy is always transferred from a hotter object to a cooler object. b. Heat energy must be added to break apart ATP molecules. c. Heat energy can be released during chemical reactions. d. Heat energy flows between objects that are at different temperatures. e. Heat energy can be produced from all other forms of energy.

(not A or D)

Glycogen is the a. sugar found in RNA b. nondigestible plant polysaccharide. c. major nutrient for most body cells. d. storage carbohydrate in plants. e. storage carbohydrate in animals.

(not A, C, or D)

A synthesis reaction a. all of these b. results in catabolism. c. may be a hydrolysis reaction. d. may be a dehydration reaction. e. breaks down a larger reactant into two or more smaller products.

(not A, D or E)

Proteins are composed of building blocks called a. amino acids b. phospholipids c. monosaccharides d. triacylglycerols

(not A,B, C or D) ????

Enzymes a. are always composed of monosaccharides. b. sometimes require cofactors to be functional. c. function by raising the activation energy required for a reaction. d. can control many different reactions. e. generally decrease the rate of chemical reactions.

(not C, D, or E)

All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called a. oxidation-reduction. b. anabolism. c. hydrolysis. d. catabolism. e. dissociation.

?? Ananbolism??

When a solute is dissolved in any solvent, the resulting mixture is called

A(n) solution

Which of the following is a use of radioactive isotopes? a. All of these choices are correct. b. diagnose disorders c. treat cancer d. sterilize materials

A. All of these choices are correct.

__________ are the building blocks for proteins. a. Amino acids b. Disaccharides c. Fatty acids and glycerol d. Monosaccharides e. Nucleic acids

A. amino acids

Lipids (2) a. are an important component of cell membranes. b. tend to be water soluble. c. serve as buffers. d. are subunits of carbohydrates. e. are polarized.

A. are an important component of cell membranes.

DNA molecules a. are the genetic material of cells. b. have three different types that have roles in protein synthesis. c. contain a single strand of nucleotides. d. contain the nucleotide uracil. e. contain up to 100 organic bases.

A. are the genetic material of cells.

Deoxyribose is a sugar found in a. ATP. b. DNA. c. glycogen. d. starch. e. RNA.

B. DNA

Cellulose is the a. storage carbohydrate in animals. b. nondigestible plant polysaccharide. c. major nutrient for most body cells. d. storage carbohydrate in plants. e. sugar found in RNA.

B. nondigestible plant polysaccharide.

Starch is the a. sugar found in RNA. b. storage carbohydrate in plants. c. storage carbohydrate in animals. d. major nutrient for most body cells. e. nondigestible plant polysaccharide.

B. storage carbohydrate in plants.

ATP a. contains three phosphate groups. b. provides the energy for anabolism reactions. c. all of these. d. is formed by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP. e. is formed with energy released during catabolism reactions.

C. All of these

DNA a. assembles amino acids to make proteins. b. must travel to ribosomes to function. c. contains the sugar deoxyribose. d. is one of several amino acids. e. is a single-stranded molecule.

C. contains the sugar deoxyribose.

Large carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called a. amino acids. b. steroids. c. monosaccharides. d. phosphate groups. e. lipids.

C. monosaccharides

A covalent bond is characterized by a. the attractive force between oppositely charged atoms b. involvement of too many different forces c. sharing electrons by the atoms d. sharing electrons by one atom and gaining electrons by the other

C. sharing electrons by the atoms

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid?

Cholesterol

How many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule? a. 10 b. 5 c. 4 d. 2

D. 2

When an atom is electrically charged (either positive or negative), it is known as a(n) a. element b. radiation c. molecule d. ion

D. Ion

Lemon juice and vinegar are__________ in nature. a. basic b. salts c. neutral d. acidic

D. acidic

A solution with a pH of 5 is _______________ and contains _______________ H+ than a neutral solution. a. a base, more b. neutral, the same number of c. a base, less d. an acid, more e. an acid, less

D. an acid, more

Small molecules combine to form a. micromolecules b. atoms c. atomic molecules d. macromolecules

D. macromolecules

A neutral atom contains a. only neutrons. b. more protons than electrons. c. more electrons than protons. d. the same number of electrons and protons. e. None of these choices is correct.

D. the same number of electrons and protons.

Polysaccharides a. are not found in plants. b. are the smallest carbohydrates. c. are formed when sucrose and glucose combine. d. contain carbon, hydrogen, and phosphate atoms. e. contain long chains of monosaccharides.

E. contain long chains of monosaccharides.

An enzyme a. is permanently changed in a chemical reaction. b. increases the activation energy needed in a chemical reaction. c. has a two-dimensional shape. d. cannot be denatured. e. is a protein catalyst.

E. is a protein catalyst.

The amount of matter in an object is its

Mass

Bonding is necessary for the formation of:

Molecules

A cation is a (an)

Positively Charged Atom

Which of the pairs below are equal to each other in a neutral atom?

Protons and electrons

An atom that gains an electron a. becomes an anion. b. explodes. c. becomes a cation. d. becomes a different isotope of the same element. e. has a different atomic number.

a. becomes an anion.

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by a. decreasing the activation energy of the reaction. b. increasing the concentration of the reactants. c. adjusting the temperature of the reaction. d. increasing the activation energy of the reaction.

a. decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.

The polysaccharide used for energy storage in the human body is a. glycogen. b. cellulose. c. lactose. d. sucrose. e. starch.

a. glycogen.

A group of water molecules are held together by a. hydrogen bonds. b. salt. c. ionic bonds. d. polar covalent bonds. e. double covalent bonds.

a. hydrogen bonds

The pH value a. is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions. b. increases with acidity. c. is measured on a scale from 0 to 10. d. decreases with alkalinity. e. reflects the sodium content of body fluids.

a. is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions.

A buffer

a. maintains a relatively constant pH.

A ____________ fatty acid has one double covalent bond between carbon atoms. a. monounsaturated b. saturated c. phospholipid d. polyunsaturated e. cholesterol

a. monounsaturated

Ribose is the a. sugar found in RNA and ATP. b. storage carbohydrate in animals. c. nondigestible plant polysaccharide. d. storage carbohydrate in plants. e. major nutrient for most body cells.

a. sugar found in RNA and ATP.

Intermolecular forces

are electrostatic attractions between different molecules.

Which statement about solubility of a compound is TRUE? a. Solubility properties of compounds are completely unknown. b. Compounds, depending on their structure, could be water-soluble or fat-soluble. c. Compounds are always solid and cannot be dissolved in any solution. d. Compounds are always liquid and can be dissolved in any solution.

b. Compounds, depending on their structure, could be water-soluble or fat-soluble.

An anion is a. an alteration in the three-dimensional structure of a protein. b. a negatively charged ion. c. a positively charged ion. d. a combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds. e. a molecule that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

b. a negatively charged ion

Inorganic compounds do not contain which of the following bonds? a. oxygen and hydrogen b. carbon and hydrogen c. nitrogen and hydrogen d. carbon and sulfur

b. carbon and hydrogen

The four most abundant elements in the human body are a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and iron b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen c. calcium, hydrogen, sodium, and potassium d. carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and zinc

b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

AB -> A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. decomposition c. endergonic d. exchange

b. decomposition

When hydrogen ion concentration increases, pH a. increases b. decreases c. doesn't change d. changes to neutral

b. decreases

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. galactose b. glucose c. glycogen d. glycerol

b. glucose

Electrons in the atom are the a. heavy particles residing in the nucleus b. moving particles in the orbits surrounding the nucleus c. unwanted particles d. subatomic particles that only have negative charges

b. moving particles in the orbits surrounding the nucleus

Carbohydrates are also known as a. unsaturated compounds b. primary sources of energy c. necessary components for protein formation d. harmful chemicals

b. primary sources of energy

When sugar is dissolved in water, the water is called the a. solution. b. solvent. c. solute.

b. solvent

Which of the following is an organic compound? a. water (H2O) b. sucrose (C12H22O11) c. hydrochloric acid (HCl) d. salt (NaCl) e. None of these choices are correct.

b. sucrose (C12H22O11)

Kinetic energy is a. energy that moves in waves. b. the form of energy that actually does work. c. movement of ions or electrons. d. energy that flows between objects with different temperatures. e. stored energy that could do work but is not doing so.

b. the form of energy that actually does work.

The primary structure of a protein is a. the number of polypeptide chains in the molecule. b. the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. c. represented by multiple polypeptide chains. d. the folded, helical nature of the molecule. e. the hydrogen bonds between amino acids.

b. the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Phospholipids a. contain subunits called amino acids. b. are fat-soluble vitamins. c. are found in cell membranes. d. are water-soluble. e. are a type of steroid.

c. are found in cell membranes.

Nucleotides a. are part of DNA molecules but not RNA molecules. b. hold the nucleus together. c. are the building blocks of nucleic acids. d. are proteins that function as enzymes. e. have nothing to do with the genetic information in the nucleus.

c. are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Electrons a. do not participate in the bonding of atoms. b. are located in the nucleus of an atom. c. are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms. d. comprise the majority of the mass of an atom. e. have a positive charge of one.

c. are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms.

Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are a. neutrons. b. neutrinos. c. electrons. d. photons. e. protons.

c. electrons

In ionic bonding a. only non-polar molecules are involved b. a "sea of electrons" is formed c. electrons are transferred from one atom to another d. two hydrogen atoms share one pair of electrons

c. electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Which of these is an example of a carbohydrate? a. DNA b. prostaglandin c. glycogen d. triglyceride e. steroid

c. glycogen

When different forms for the same atom exist due to the difference in the number of neutrons, they are known as a. molecules b. atoms c. isotopes d. neutrons

c. isotopes

Carbohydrates contain units known as a. amino acids b. steroids c. monosaccharides d. phosphate groups

c. monosaccharides

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic end which is a. polar and water-insoluble. b. nonpolar and water-soluble. c. polar and water-soluble. d. nonpolar and water -insoluble.

c. polar and water-soluble.

Which of the following organic groups does an enzyme belong to? a. vitamin b. lipid c. protein d. carbohydrate e. nucleic acid

c. protein

Which of the following is a carbohydrate? a. hemoglobin b. animal fat c. sucrose d. cholesterol e. triglyceride

c. sucrose

Which of these substances is nonpolar?

canola oil

The pH is a scale that measures the

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

The presence of water in our bodies allows us to a. maintain a fairly constant body temperature. b. provide an environment for chemical reactions. c. cool the body with sweat. d. All of these choices are correct. e. keep tissues moist and reduce friction.

d. All of these choices are correct.

Why is water involved in most metabolic reactions in the human body? a. It is a solute. b. It can absorb and release heat without changing temperature very much. c. It has a high surface tension. d. It can dissolve many chemical compounds. e. Its bonds are nonpolar.

d. It can dissolve many chemical compounds.

The smallest particle of an element that still has the chemical characteristics of that element is a(an) a. proton. b. electron. c. molecule. d. atom. e. neutron.

d. atom.

In a normal situation all atoms are a. negatively charged b. electrically insignificant c. positively charged d. electrically neutral

d. electrically neutral

When a positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to a negatively charged oxygen atom of another water molecule, a. ionic bonding occurs. b. covalent bonding occurs. c. metallic bonding occurs. d. hydrogen bonding occurs.

d. hydrogen bonding occurs.

A neutral atom will become a cation if it a. gains electrons. b. gains neutrons. c. gains protons. d. loses electrons. e. loses protons.

d. loses electrons.

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include _______. a. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen b. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen c. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

A base is defined as a chemical that a. releases H2O in water b. it is all about that base ... no acid c. releases H+ in water d. releases OH- in water

d. releases OH- in water

Most metabolic reactions occur in a. carbon dioxide b. blood c. alcohol d. water

d. water

Catabolism is a collective term for all the body's _______ reactions

decomposition

Solubility refers to the ability of one substance to ___________ in another.

dissolve

Ionic bonding occurs when a. two atoms lose neutrons. b. two cations are attracted to each other. c. two anions are attracted to each other. d. two atoms lose protons. e. a cation and an anion are attracted to each other.

e. a cation and an anion are attracted to each other.

What is the building block molecule of a protein? a. fatty acid b. nucleic acid c. monosaccharide d. glycerol e. amino acid

e. amino acid

A peptide bond joins together a. disaccharides. b. monosaccharides. c. fatty acids and glycerol. d. nucleotides. e. amino acids.

e. amino acids

The building blocks of proteins are a. triglycerides. b. monosaccharides. c. eicosanoids. d. phospholipids. e. amino acids.

e. amino acids.

Lipids (1) a. comprise the genetic material of cells. b. function as enzymes. c. yield little energy per unit of weight. d. are all water soluble. e. can insulate and help prevent heat loss.

e. can insulate and help prevent heat loss.

Triglycerides are composed of a. None of these choices are correct. b. monosaccharides. c. nucleotides. d. amino acids. e. glycerol and fatty acids.

e. glycerol and fatty acids.

Which of the following organic groups does DNA belong to? a. vitamin b. lipid c. protein d. carbohydrate e. nucleic acid

e. nucleic acid

Proteins a. contain the genetic information of the cell. b. insulate and cushion the body. c. are the building blocks of nucleotides. d. are the body's source of immediate energy. e. provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues.

e. provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues.

Covalent bonds form when

electrons are shared between two atoms.

A phospholipid ________.

has both polar and nonpolar regions

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined largely by

its outermost electrons.

In a decomposition

large molecules are broken down to form small molecules.

Glucose is the:

major nutrient for most body cells.

When molecules are formed by sharing electrons equally, those molecules are called

non-polar covalent

What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis?

peptide bond

Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called

polar molecules.

If the number of hydrogen ions in a solution is increased, the

solution becomes more acidic.

Which of these is a measurement of gravitational force?

weight