A&P CH 5

The pigment-producing cells of the epidermis are located in which layer? stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

stratum basale

The skin is known as the _________ membrane. Cutaneous Mucous Synovial Serous Subcutaneous

Cutaneous

Which pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light? Keratin Melanin Melatonin Carotene Hemoglobin

Melanin

Which is not true about melanocytes? They protect the skin from UV rays They neutralize free radicals formed from exposure to sun They produce pigments and transfer it to keratinocytes They undergo rapid mitosis to regenerate skin

They undergo rapid mitosis to regenerate skin

The majority of body hair of _________ is vellus rather than terminal hair. adult males adult females

adult females

Which of the following functions of the skin explains the skin's pink hue? cutaneous sensation thermoregulation blood reservoir protection

blood reservoir

The skin is also known as a (the) _________. cutaneous membrane serous membrane dermal membrane reticular membrane synovial membrane

cutaneous membrane

Which structures develop as down growths of the stratum basale? a) Sudoriferous glands b) Dermis c) Hair follicles d) a and c only

d) a and c only

Which is the correct sequence of phases for deep wound healing? inflammation, proliferation, migration, maturation inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation proliferation, inflammation, migration, maturation proliferation, migration, inflammation, maturation

inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation

Which statement is not correct about the dermis? it is made up of dense, irregular connective tissue it is thinner in men than in women it contains collagen and elastin fibers it provides the blood supply and many sensory receptors for the epidermis it has a smaller papillary layer, and a thicker reticular layer

it is thinner in men than in women

The buildup of bilirubin in an infant's blood can occur if the liver does not remove the chemical. This condition is cyanosis pallor jaundice alopecia erythema

jaundice

A raised scar that extends into previously normal tissue is a(n) hypertrophic scar keloid scar granulation scar epidermal scar

keloid scar

Sutures are required to close up a tear in the skin. What term best describes this injury? abrasion blister keloid laceration cyst

laceration

Which condition results from androgens inhibiting hair growth in genetically predisposed adults? hirsutism pallor jaundice male-pattern baldness erythema

male-pattern baldness

Albinism is the inherited inability to produce melanin. carotene. both melanin and carotene. keratin. melanocytes

melanin

Without enzymatic action of tyrosinase, what pathway is blocked in the body pertaining to skin? carotene production melanin production tyrosine production hemoglobin production keratin production

melanin production

he hyponychium is the __________ of the nail. free edge cuticle nail bed nail body nail root

nail bed

A child is examined for chronic, pruritic (itching), plaques that appear red in the flexural areas of the body. What condition is the child most likely presenting? hemangioma keratosis hives eczema

eczema

Which statements are true? 1. The majority of the skin does not contain stratum lucidum; 2. Stratum lucidum is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms and soles; 3. Live keratinocytes are located in the stratum lucidum; 4. Friction will cause the stratum lucidum to form calluses. 1, 2, 3, 4 1 and 4 2, 3, 4 1 and 2 3 and 4

1 and 2

Choose the following statements that describe keratin. 1. Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein; 2. Keratin is used for pigmenting skin; 3. Keratin helps protect the skin; 4. Keratin participates in immune responses; 5. Keratin protects the skin from UV light 1 and 3 1, 3, 4, 5 2, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 3 and 5

1 and 3

Which statements describe the function and structure of the skin? 1. Collagen is the strongest fiber in the skin; 2. Blood vessels in the dermis supply the epidermis with nutrients; 3. The arrangement of epidermal ridges, mixed with sweat create fingerprints; 4. The papillary layer is the strongest portion of the dermis; 5. The reticular layer promotes stretching of the skin. 1 and 5 1, 2, 5 1, 2, 4, 5 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 5

1,2,4,5

Which statements describe sebaceous glands? 1. oil producing 2. merocrine 3. holocrine 4. thermoregulation 5. sebum 6. apocrine 1, 3, 5 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 5 3, 5, 6

1,3,5

Which statements describing vitamin D are true. 1. The skin produces Vitamin D when exposed to UV light. 2. When the skin is exposed to UV light, it begins the reaction to convert the precursor molecule to calcitriol in the liver than kidneys. 3. Vitamin D supplements can be taken if individuals are not exposed to UV light. 4. Vitamin D stimulates the uptake of calcium from the intestines. 5. Vitamin D inhibits the function of phagocytes in immunity. 1, 2, 3 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 4, 5 2 and 4

2,3,4

A pair of scissors slips while you are cutting paper. You slice through your forearm and blood appears. What is the order of the skin you cut from superficial to deep. 1. Dermis; 2. Stratum spinosum; 3. Stratum granulosum; 4. Stratum corneum; 5. Stratum basale; 6. Stratum lucidum. 1, 5, 2, 3, 6, 4 1, 5, 2, 3, 4 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 4, 6, 3, 2, 5, 1

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

Which feature(s) of the skin protect(s) us against microbes such as bacteria? The many layers of keratinized cells form a barrier against microbes Sebum contains compounds which kill bacteria Sweat has an acidic pH which suppresses microbial growth Langerhans cells can alert the immune system should microbes invade All of these are correct

All of these are correct

What criteria are used to distinguish thick and thin skin? Distribution on body Thickness and number of layers of epidermis Number and types of glands present. Presence of epidermal ridges All of these are criteria used.

All of these are criteria used.

What factors contribute to the susceptibility of aging skin to infection? Decrease in Langerhan's cell number Decrease in macrophage number Decrease in size of sebaceous glands resulting in dry broken skin. All of these contribute

All of these contribute

Which of the following statements is correct? Melanin, carotene and hemoglobin impart color to the skin. The amount of melanin causes skin's color to vary from pale yellow to black. The differences in skin color are due to the amount of melanin produced and moved to the keratinocytes. All of these statements are correct.

All of these statements are correct.

Which of the following statements about a hair are true? Consists of a shaft, root and a hair follicle The arrector pili muscle is responsible for "goose bumps". The root of a hair penetrates the dermis All of these statements are true.

All of these statements are true.

The skin provides a physical and chemical barrier to harmful agents by: Production of antibacterial substances The maintenance of an acidic pH Presence of macrophages All of these

All of this

Which of the following statements is incorrect? Sebaceous glands are attached to hair follicles and secrete sebum which protects and lubricates skin. Sudoriferous glands release perspiration into hair follicles or onto the surface of the skin through pores. Ceruminous glands produce a waxy substance which protects the genitals. All of these statements are correct.

Ceruminous glands produce a waxy substance which protects the genitals.

Which exocrine gland is primarily used for thermoregulation? Sebaceous gland Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland Ceruminous gland

Eccrine sweat gland

From which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop? Entry field with correct answer Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Both endoderm and ectoderm.

Ectoderm

In a skin infection, which cell will take up and process microbial antigens? Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) Melanocytes Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells) Stem Cells

Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)

Which of the following is the most direct way that the skin contributes to the function of the muscular system? It helps with the synthesis of vitamin. Perspiration from sweat glands helps maintain body temperature. It provides secretions that discourage penetration by microbes. It helps provide calcium ions needed for contraction.

It helps provide calcium ions needed for contraction.

As newly formed cells of the stratum basale are pushed to the surface, they accumulate keratin and undergo apoptosis. This process is referred to as _______. Germination Keratinization Perspiration Granulation Necrosis

Keratinization

About 90% of the cells of the epidermis are of which type? Melanocytes Adipocytes Keratinocytes Merkel cells Langerhans cells

Keratinocytes

Anorexia may cause adults to develop fine, unpigmented hairs to help with warmth and insulation. Which type of hair is described? Terminal Vellus Lanugo Papilla

Lanugo

Vitamin C is important for collagen synthesis. Which area of the skin would be most affected if there is a deficiency in vitamin c? Papillary region of the dermis Reticular region of the dermis Subcutaneous layer Hypodermis Epidermis

Reticular region of the dermis

The skin perceives a variety of sensations from several types of sensory receptors. Which receptor would let a person know if there was a small insect walking across a hair on their arm? Free nerve endings Merkel cells and Merkel discs Meissner corpuscle Root hair plexus Lamellated corpuscle

Root hair plexus

This type of exocrine gland undergoes a higher rate of mitosis due to its holocrine secretion. Sebaceous gland Eccrine gland Apocrine gland Eccrine and apocrine glands Sebaceous and Eccrine glands

Sebaceous gland

Secretion mixture of fats, sterols, proteins and salts, that prevent water loss and can inhibit the growth of some bacteria. Sweat Cerumen Sebum Mucus

Sebum

This layer is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and to other cells by desmosomes. Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum

Stratum basale

Which structure found in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation? Melanocytes Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Stratum lucidum Epidermal ridges

Sweat glands

Which of these statements is incorrect? A tattoo is a permanent coloration of the dermis. Body piercing can lead to infections, allergic reactions and anatomical damage. Tattoos may interfere with childbirth. Tattoos may be removed using lasers but the procedure is time consuming and expensive.

Tattoos may interfere with childbirth.

Most adipose tissue in the body is considered 'white fat'. Why is the subcutaneous layer often yellowish-orange? The pigment carotene is stored there. The pigment hemoglobin is stored there. The pigment pheomelanin is stored there. The pigment eumelanin is stored there. The pigment keratin is stored there.

The pigment carotene is stored there.

"Goose bumps" are caused by contraction of arrector pili muscles. secretions from the sudoriferous glands. contraction of dermal papillae. stimulation of hair root plexus. secretions from the sebaceous gland.

contraction of arrector pili muscles.

A ballet dancer may form hardened areas over their toe joints due to constant pressure and friction from their point shoes. What skin condition most likely developed on their toe joints? callus blister wart corn cyst

corn

You stepped on a nail. List the sequential strata of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to reach the dermis. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum granulosum, spinosum, lucidum, corneum, basale corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale corneum, granulosom, spinosum, basale corneum, granulosom, lucidum, spinosum, basale

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Put the events of keratinization in order. A. Accumulate keratohyalin granules; B. Cells increase in size, some retain ability to divide; C. Cell membrane thickens. Cells imbedded in lipid matrix; D. Cells within this layer proliferate d,b,c,a a,b,d,c b,d,a,c d,b,a,c

d,b,a,c

Dense irregular connective tissue will be found in the hypodermis. basement membrane. epidermis. dermis. subcutaneous (subQ) layer.

dermis

How do nutrients reach the epidermis? absorbing material applied to the surface layer of the skin. utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis. the outer layer of the skin does not require nutrients because the external layer of cells is not living. diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.

Which of the following substances can penetrate the skin? a) Water soluble substances b) Fat soluble substances c) Oxygen and carbon dioxide d) Organic solvents like acetone e) b, c and d only

e) b, c and d only

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composes the epidermis. dermis. hypodermis. subcutaneous layer. superficial fascia.

epidermis

Which of the following would not be a change to the skin that occurs with aging? rosacea formation of lanugo changes in collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis diminished numbers of Langerhans cells decrease in functioning melanocytes

formation of lanugo

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the dermis epidermis stratum corneum stratum basale hypodermis

hypodermis

Which layer has stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new keratinocytes? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

stratum basale

Tactile epithelial cells are located in the stratum basale. stratum spinosum. stratum granulosum. stratum lucidum. stratum corneum.

stratum basale.

Apoptosis of cells occurs within the stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

This skin layer is only present in places subjected to high levels of mechanical wear-and-tear, and provide an additional protective layer where it occurs, such as in the soles of the feet, palms, and fingertips. stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

stratum lucidum

In the elderly, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. This combination of factors would most affect the ability to thermoregulate the ability to grow hair the ability to feel sensations the ability to produce vitamin D

the ability to thermoregulate

An individual allergic to peanut butter eats a snack containing trace amounts. While the reaction is not severe, the individual shows signs of elevated patches all over their skin. These patches are urticaria contusions papules cysts calluses

urticaria

During development in the womb, the fetus by the fifth month is covered and protected by a fatty substance called __________ . ectoderm mesoderm periderm mesenchyme vernix caseosa

vernix caseosa