A&P CH. 8

Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.

True

Movement of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.

True

Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction.

True

Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.

True

The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of that joint.

True

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?

the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.

What are menisci (articular discs)?

wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?

a symphysis A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, not a fibrous joint.

What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints?

bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. These thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the synovial joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.

Synarthrotic joints ________.

immovable joints

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

multiaxial

The thumb joint indicated by D allows which of the following special movements?

opposition Opposition is the movement that allows the touching of the thumb to the tip of each finger.

Pointing the toes is an example of ________.

plantar flexion

Which of the following are correctly paired?

a. uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements b. biaxial joint; permits movement in one plane and around one axis c. multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes d. nonaxial movement; no movement c. multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes.

Performing "jumping jacks" requires ________.

abduction and adduction

Tendon sheaths ________.

act as friction-reducing structures

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.

amphiarthroses

Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable?

amphiarthrosis Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints.

Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones?

rotation

Gliding movements occur when one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another.

True

Hinge joints permit movement in only one plane.

True

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

All synovial joints are freely movable

Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis?

B. Overuse and normal aging can cause degeneration of the cartilage in joints, leading to osteoarthritis.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?

Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Which of the following joint problems is the result of an autoimmune problem?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) In RA, the body's immune system attempts to destroy the tissues in the joints in an apparent case of "mistaken identity."

Dislocation of a joint is a common orthopedic problem. Which of these joints is MOST likely to be dislocated?

Shoulder (glenohumeral) The articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity allows for maximum flexibility but sacrifices stability.

A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint.

True

Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.

True

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

bursae

Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton.

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Synchondroses and symphyses are examples of ________ joints.

cartilaginous

What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B?

fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage forms part of the articular materials on the bones shown in C and D, but it is not found in A and B.

Based upon structural classification, what type of joint is a suture?

fibrous joint Sutures are classified structurally as fibrous joints. They would be classified functionally as synarthrotic joints based upon their degree of movement.

All three joints in the figure are classified as __________.

fibrous joints In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity.

Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________.

shape of articular surfaces Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, which in turn determine the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

Which joint has most notably sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?

shoulder In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint in the body. The articulating bones provide minimal joint stability because of the size and "fit" of the articulating surfaces. The major stabilizing forces are soft tissue, in particular the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (via muscle tone).

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.

False

The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements.

False

The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface.

False The deeper the articular surface, the more stable the joint, but it seems that the strength of the muscles that cross the joint is the most important factor.

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints?

cartilaginous Cartilaginous is a structural classification for joints.

A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint.

cartilaginous Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses.

Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure?

cartilaginous joints All of these joints are composed primarily of cartilage.

Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones

When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________.

opposition The saddle joint between metacarpal I of the thumb and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition—the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. It is opposition that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.

Which type of movement is unique to the forearm?

pronation Supination and pronation are unique to the forearm because of the arrangement of the radius and ulna. This allows rotation of our hand in space.

Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.

protraction

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

feet

Which type of movement does not occur at the shoulder joint?

gliding Gliding occurs when two bones slide across one another, such as in the intercarpal joints.

Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses

Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement?

A. Ball-and-socket joints, as found in the shoulder and hip, are capable of multiaxial movement in all three planes.

Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both bursae and tendon sheaths are associated with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both contain a thin film of synovial fluid.

Structures C and D collectively form which of the following?

articular capsule The synovial membrane and the fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule.

Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.

diarthrotic

Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint?

diarthrotic Synovial joints are considered to be freely movable and are therefore described as diarthrotic.

Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure?

synarthrotic The cartilage joint formed between the first rib and the manubrium is immovable, unlike other rib connections to the sternum.

A situation where the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue is a ________.

syndesmosis

On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity?

synovial Synovial is a structural classification for joints. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present.