A&P Ch.24
Name factors that influence stomach emptying.
The type of food; a meal high in carbohydrates empties the fastest. The volume of food; the more food in the stomach the longer it takes to empty.
Select substances which Kupffer cells phagocytize. Select all that apply.
Worn out blood cells Bacteria Cell debris
Stomach contents are called
chyme
Identify the largest internal organ of the body.
liver
The primary functions of the stomach are
store and mix chyme
What is ascites?
the excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the ___ peritoneum.
visceral
Select the three phases of swallowing. Select all that apply.
voluntary phase pharyngeal phase esophageal phase
The __1__ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the __2__ sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine.
1. cardiac 2. pyloric
Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract
adventitia serosa
Hepatic veins are formed when the ___ veins from each lobule unite.
central
The system specialized to ingest fooddigest food and absorb water, electrolytes and nutrients is the ___ system.
digestive
True or False: The majority of nutrient absorption occurs within the large intestine.
false
Identify the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids.
hepatic portal vein hepatic artery
The proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas are produced and released into the duodenum in an ___ form.
inactive
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to ______ in the small intestine.
intrinsic factor
The process of chewing is called
mastication
Identify the layers of the mucosa from inside to outside.
mucous epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosa
Describe the functions of hepatocytes.
nutrient storage detoxification
The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the
parietal peritoneum
Mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine are called
segmental contractions
What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?
smooth
The organ that secretes intrinsic factor is the
stomach
The ___ plexus is the network of nerve cells in the submucosa that regulates intestinal secretions.
submucos
The low pH of the the stomach is due to
the action of the proton pump
The liver consists of __1__ major lobe(s ) and __2__ minor lobe(s).
1. 2 2. 2
Identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility.
Secretin Cholecystokinin
Match the digestive secretion with the correct function.
- Pepsin: Digests proteins into smaller peptide chains - Lipase: Digests lipids - Bicarbonate ions: Provides appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes - Mucus: Protects the lining of the esophagus - Peptidases: Splits amino acids from polypeptides - Bile salts: Emulsifies lipids
List blood proteins produced by the liverSelect all that apply.
Albumin Heparin Fibrinogen
Identify the functions of the stomach. Select all that apply.
Some chemical digestion of lipids Some chemical digestion of proteins Storage and mixing chamber
The structures of the digestive system that primarily consist of glands located outside the digestive tract that secrete the digestive are known as ___ organs.
accessory
The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the ___ organs.
accessory
The enzyme attached to the brush border of the small intestine that activates trypsinogen is
enterokinase
True or false: Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.
false
True or false: Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen and enterokinase are all protease precursors produced by the pancreas.
false
True or false: Food regardless of type moves out of the stomach within 1.5 hours.
false
In the liver, glycogen, vitamins, lipids, copper and iron are stored in
hepatocytes
Name the cells which play a major role in detoxification.
hepatocytes
The tunic of the digestive tract that forms its lining is the
mucosa
The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called
peritonitis
Which of the following is NOT one of the major digestive secretions?
serous fluid
Place the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end.
voluntary phase pharyngeal phase esophageal phase
Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function
- Bicarbonate ions: To raise the pH of the small intestine - Proteolytic enzymes: Chemical digestion of proteins - Amylase: Chemical digestion of polysaccharides - Lipase: Chemical digestion of fats - Nuclease: Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA
Match the parts of the stomach with the correct description.
- Cardiac sphincter: Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach - Pyloric sphincter: Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine - Fundus: The rounded superior portion of the stomach - Pyloric part: Funnel shaped part of the stomach - Body: Largest part of the stomach
Identify the secretions of the small intestine.
- Peptidases - Secretin - Mucus - Chloecystokinin - Disaccharidases
Place the following events of the activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in order.
1. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase are secreted into the duodenum 2. enterokinase activated trypsinogen 3. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
Correctly pair the digestive enzyme with its correct function.
Amylase= Chemical digestion of starch Pepsin= Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains Disaccharidases= Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides Peptidases= Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids
What is peritonitis?
An inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
What are hepatic sinusoids?
Blood filled channels between hepatic cords
Identify the secretions of the stomach. Select all that apply
Gastrin Intrinsic factor Hydrochloric acid Mucus Pepsinogen
What are Brunner glands?
Glands in the duodenal submucosa that produce mucus
identify the structures that form the hepatic portal triad.
Hepatic artery Hepatic duct Hepatic portal vein
Match the enzyme with the correct function.
Lipase= Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pepsin= Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains. Disaccharidases= Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides. Peptidases= Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids.
Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs.
Liver Salivary glands Gall bladder Pancreas
Identify the components of bile. Select all that apply.
Mucus Lecithin Bilirubin Cholesterol Bile salts
Correctly pair the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.
Pepsin= Stomach Peptidase= Small intestine Amylase= Salivary glands
Identify the types of enzymes secreted by the small intestine.
Peptidases Disaccharidases
What is the pyloric pump?
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening
What are gallstones?
Precipitates of cholesterol that form in the gallbladder
Which are functions of the liver?
Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Nutrient storage Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Detoxification of harmful substances Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Production of bile
Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices.
Secretin Cholecystokinin Vagus nerve
Identify the functions of the gallbladder.
Storage of bile Concentration of bile
Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.
Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals Phagocytosis Synthesis of new molecules Production of bile Interconversion of nutrients
Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach
The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Match the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.
Trypsin= Pancreas Disaccharidases= Small intestine Bile salts= Liver
Parasympathetic stimulation through the ___ nerve increases bile secretion from the liver.
Vagus
Identify the factors that stimulate bile secretion from the liver.
Vagus nerve Secretin Bile salts
Name compounds stored by hepatocytes.
Vitamins A,D,E Glycogen Copper Iron
Which cell of the duodenum produces digestive enzymes and absorbs food?
absorptive cells
Hepatocytes produce a substance, which consists primarily of metabolic by-products called
bile
Trypsin is formed when ___ activates trypsinogen.
enterokinase
True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle.
false
Identify the hormone that promotes gastric secretions.
gastrin
The alimentary canal or tract is also know as the ___ tract.
gastrointestinal
The largest internal organ of the body is the
liver
Mastication is the
mechanical breakdown of food
Name the layers of the mucosa.
mucous epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosae
Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.
pancreas
The ___ an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tall that extends to the spleen.
pancreas
The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, located posterior to the stomach and the curvature of the duodenum, is the
pancreas
Disaccharidases and peptidases are enzymes secreted by the
small intestine
In the digestive system, the greatest amount of digestion and absorption occurs in the _______.
small intestine
The central veins from hepatic lobules eventually unite to form
the hepatic veins
What are feces?
the semi-solid waste products eliminated from the body
Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve
to emulsify fats
Match each movement of the digestive tract with the correct description
- Deglutition: Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus - Mass movements: Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines - Peristalsis: Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles - Segmental contractions: Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions
Match each basic secretion of the digestive tract with the correct function.
- Enzymes: Break down large food molecules into smaller food molecules to promote absorption - Mucus: Lubricates food and protects lining of the digestive tract - Water: Liquifies food
Match the muscle contractions of the stomach to its description.
- Mixing waves= Gentle contractions that occur every 20 seconds that proceed from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter - Peristaltic waves= Strong contractions that force chyme near the periphery of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter
Match the enzyme to its function.
- Pancreatic amylase: Polysaccharide digestion - Pancreatic lipase: Fat digestion - Trypsin: Digests protein - Ribonuclease: Digests RNA
Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the liver and ending with the small intestine.
1) Bile canaliculus 2) Hepatic duct 3) Common hepatic duct 4) Common bile duct 5) Hepatopancreatic ampulla 6) Duodenum
Identify the steps in the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach from beginning to secretion into the stomach.
1) CO2 diffuses into the parietal cell 2) CO2 combines with H20 to form H2CO3 3) H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3 and H+ 4) HCO3 is exchanged for Cl- with the bloodstream 5) H+ pumped into the duct of the gastric gland. 6) Diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastric gland
Place the events of the gastric phase of gastric regulation in order, beginning with the activation of the gastric phase.
1) Distension of the stomach stimulates stretch receptors 2) Activation of central nervous system 3) Secretion of gastrin 4) Gastric secretions
The hepatic lobule is a __1__ -sided structure with a(n) __2__ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
1. 6 2. portal
Explain the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas by putting the steps in their correct order.
1. CO2 and H2OO combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3 2. Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3 3. H+ exchanged for Na+ in the blood 4. HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na^ + and H2O follow the HCO3 -; 5. HCO3-; Na+ and H2O move into the interlobular ducts
Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
List the tunics of the digestive tract from the inside to the outside.
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the __1___, the __2__, and then the __3__.
1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum
The regions of the digestive tract from beginning to end include the mouth, pharynx, __1__, stomach, __2__, large intestine and anus.
1. esophagus 2. small intestine
Identify the ducts that pancreatic exocrine secretions will flow through beginning with the acini and ending with the small intestine.
1. intercalated ducts 2. intra-lobular ducts 3. Interlobular ducts 4. Pancreatic duct 5. Hepatopancreatic ampulla 6. Duodenum
Bile is continuously produced by the __1__ bile then flows to the __2__ where it stored and concentrated.
1. liver 2. gallbladder
is continuously produced by the __1__ and stored in the gallbladder. The is then released into the __2__ where it emulsifies fat and raises the pH.
1. liver 2. duodenum
The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which __1__ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which __2__ intestinal contents.
1. mix 2. propel
Stomach movements that combine ingested materials and stomach secretions to form chyme are __1__ waves and stomach movements that force chyme toward the pyloric sphincter are __2__ waves.
1. mixing 2. peristaltic
Place the following structures in the order that food will pass through, beginning with the site of ingestion.
1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine
Mucous neck cells of the stomach produce ___ 1__ and chief cells of the stomach produce __2__.
1. mucus 2. pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the __1__ cells of the __2__.
1. parietal 2. stomach
The names of the two major lobes of the liver are the __1__ and __2__ lobes.
1. right 2. left
The greatest amount of digestion occurs in the __1__ and the greatest amount of absorption occurs in the __2__.
1. small intestine 2. small intestine
The muscularis of the stomach consists of __1__ layers: however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of __2__ layers.
1. three 2. two
Identify the structures in order through which blood will pass as it passes through and out of the liver.
1.Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein 2.Hepatic sinusoid 3. central vein 4.hepatic vein 5.inferio vena cava
Describe a hepatic lobule.
A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner
What is bile?
A substance produced by hepatocytes from metabolic by-products
Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract ? Select all that apply
Absorb electrolytes Digest food Absorb water
Select the steps in the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas. Select all that apply.
Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. CO2 and H20 combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3. HCO3-, Na+ and H2O move into the interlobular ducts. HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na+ and H20 follow the HCO3-
Identify the major proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas.
Carboxypeptidase Trypsin Chymotrypsin
Identify the mismatched pair of enzyme and substrate below.
Carboxypeptidase - lipids
Identify the factors that stimulate the gallbladder to release bile.
Cholecystokinin Vagus nerve
Identify the ducts that join to form the hepatopancreatic duct. Select all that apply.
Common bile duct Pancreatic duct
Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach . Select all that apply.
Destroys ingested bacteria Inactivates salivary amylase Activates pepsin
Name the tubular colled glands found in the submucosa that secrete mucus.
Duodenal glands Brunner glands
Identify the functions of bile. Select all that apply.
Emulsification of lipids Raises pH of small intestine
Identify what activates trypsinogen.
Enterokinase Trypsin
Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.
Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Enzymes to digest lipids Enzymes to digest proteins
Name the vessels that enter the liver through the porta.
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein
Name the cells that produce bilesynthesize blood components, and perform interconversion of nutrients.
Hepatocytes
Select all of the structures below through which exocrine acini secretions flow.
Hepatopancreatic ampulla Intercalated ducts Interlobular ducts Pancreatic duct
Match each gastric secretion with the correct function
Hydrochloric acid- Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin Gastrin- Stimulates gastric secretions Intrinsic factor- Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 Pepsinogen- Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains Mucous- Protects lining of the stomach
Match the digestive secretions with the organ that produces the secretion.
Hydrochloric acid= Stomach Trypsinogen= Pancreas Peptidases=Small Intestine Bile= Liver
Identify the oneway valve between the small intestine and the large intestine.
Ileocecal
Correctly pair the digestive secretion with the correct function.
Intrinsic factor= Aids in absorption of vitamin B12 Trypsin= Digests proteins Amylase= Digests starch Hydrochloric acid= Activates pepsin Enterokinase= Activates trypsin Bile salts= Emulsifies lipids
Match the digestive secretions to the correct organ that produces the secretion.
Intrinsic factor= Stomach Bicarbonate ions= Pancreas Enterokinase= Small Intestine Bile= Liver Salivary Amylase= Salivary glands
Why are the proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas secreted in an inactive form?
It prevents digestion of the pancreas.
Worn-out blood cells, bacteria and cell debris are removed from circulation in the liver by
Kupffer cells
What are Peyer patches?
Lymphoid tissue associated with the ileum
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
Match the cells of the duodenal mucosa with the correct function.
absorptive cells- produce digestive enzymes and absorb digestive food goblet cells- produce mucous granulose cells- protect intestinal epithelia from bacteria endocrine cells- produce secretin and cholecystokinin
The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are ___ organs of the digestive system.
accessory
Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains
accessory organs
Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth; they are ___ of the digestive system.
accessory organs
The function of intrinsic factor is to
aid in the absorption of vitamin B12
The digestive tract is also known as the ___ canal or tract.
alimentary
The pathological accumulation of serous abdominal fluid is called
ascites
The emulsification of lipids occurs primarily through the action of
bile salts
Digestion includes mechanical digestion, which involves mastication and mixing of food and ___ digestion, which is accomplished by digestive enzymes.
chemical
Name the hormone which inhibits stomach emptying and is secreted in response to lipids and fatty acids in the duodenum.
cholecystokinin
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called
chyme
Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.
cystic duct
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called
defecation
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of
defecation (or elimination)
Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus.
deglutition
The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or
deglutition
Hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea which is more easily excreted from the body. This is an example of
detoxification
True or false: Bile contains digestive enzymes.
false
Food is ingested, digested and finally eliminated from the body as
feces
During stomach filling the rugae
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume
The organ that stores and concentrates bile the
gallbladder
The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the
gallbladder
Cholesterol in bile can precipitate out to produce ___ which may block the cystic duct.
gallstones
The distension of the stomach stimulates gastrin secretion and activates the CNS by activating the ___ phase of gastric regulation.
gastric
The blood-filled channels found between the hepatic cords are called
hepatic sinusoids
Parietal cells of the stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor
The valve that allows intestinal contents to move from the to the large intestine but not in the opposite direction is called the ___ valve.
ileocecal
Stretching the stomach wall leads to
increased motility and secretion
Bile helps in ___ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.
increasing
Cholecystokinin is the hormone that is a major ___ of stomach emptying and is secreted in response to the presence of and lipids in the duodenum.
inhibitor
Identify the two structures where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs
jejunum duodenum
Match the types of digestion with the correct description.
mechanical digestion- includes mastication and mixing food chemical digestion- enzymatic action that breaks larger organic molecules into smaller components.
Identify the organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue located within the curvature of the duodenum.
pancreas
The lymphatic nodules within the digestive tract that initiate immune responses against ingested microorganisms are called
peyer patches
Heparin, globulins, clotting factors and albumin are
produced in the liver
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening are called the
pyloric pump
Identify the folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach.
rugae
The folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching are called
rugae
Which of the following functions to mix food with digestive secretions?
segmental contractions
identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine
segmental contractions peristaltic contractions
The adventitia or ___ the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.
serosa
The abdominal cavity is lined by ___ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the
small intestine
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the
small intestine
Cholecystokininsecretin and the vagus nerve all ___ the release of pancreatic juices.
stimulate
Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
stomach
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the
stomach
Stomach secretion and stomach motility are controlled by neural mechanisms that respond to
stomach wall distension
What is the primary function of the stomach?
storage and mixing chamber
The network of nerve cells in the submucosa that regulates intestinal secretions is called the
submucosal plexus
