A&P Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5.
Identify properties of a receptor protein.
It attaches to chemical signals. It is made up of glycoproteins. It is made up of proteins.
The pH of solution A fell from 7.0 to 6.5. What happened to the concentration of hydrogen ions in this solution?
It increased.
Identify substances that are excreted through the skin. Select all that apply.
Urea Ammonia Uric acid
Light microscope
Used to visualize general features of a cell
Nucleotides are the subunits of ______.
nucleic acids
Solvent
The fluid within which a substance is dissolved
What is the name of the universal energy-transfer molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups?
Adenosine triphosphate
Popiteal
back of knee
nuchal
back of neck
An injury to tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, or electricity would be categorized as a _______.
burn
Glands that release their secretions via ducts onto a body surface are glands, while glands that release their secretions into the blood are glands.
exocrine endocrine
The causes of burns include ______. Select all that apply.
exposure to chemicals exposure to extreme temperature exposure to radiation
Identify the importance of O2 in the human body. O2 is necessary to ______.
extract energy (ATP) from food molecules
The tissue layers that gives rise to all the body's mature tissues are called the layers.
germ
Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______. Select all that apply.
stratified epithelial tissue presence of components of the immune system secretions of sebaceous glands
Amino acids combining to form a protein molecule is an example of a decomposition reaction.
False
What is the thick secretion produced by goblet cells?
Mucus
Select the major glands of the skin.
Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
What class of tissue is comprised of widely-spaced cells and abundant extracellular material?
Connective
Identify locations of serous membranes.
Covering organs within trunk cavities. Lining the trunk cavities.
Leg
Crural
Identify the components of the integumentary system. Select all that apply.
Cutaneous glands Skin Nail Hair
What type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
Epithelial
Mitochondria are in the space between the they cell membrane and nucleus; therefore, they are in the ______.
cytoplasm
True or false: A selectively permeable membrane is able to allow all substances to pass only some of the time.
false
True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.
false
True or false: Exocrine glands release their secretions into the blood, while endocrine release their secretions via ducts to a surface.
false
True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.
false
True or false: If you are lying on the ground in the supine position, your chest is superior to your back.
false
True or false: Most cells in the body have the same DNA and express their genes in the same way.
false
True or false: The cytoskeleton contains calcium salts.
false
True or false: When a substance is attracted to a watery environment because of its electrical properties, it is often referred to as being hydrophobic.
false
thigh
femoral
Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the ______.
integumentary system
The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.
integumentary
All unmodified proteins begin with the amino acid ______; its codon is also the start codon.
methionine
The start codon found in every mRNA codes for the amino acid ______.
methionine
The cytoskeleton is composed of ______.
microtubules intermediate filaments actin (intermediate) filaments
Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called ______.
microvilli
The inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips is the ______.
pelvis
The structure indicated by the black arrow is adhered to the membrane surface. It is a(n) ______.
peripheral protein
Organelles called ______ contain catalase and are active in detoxification.
peroxisomes
Organs like the liver and kidney cells contain cells that are active in detoxification. These cells contain a large number of _____ (name the organelle).
peroxisomes
The functions of vitamin D include ______. Select all that apply.
promoting calcium and phosphate release from bones. stimulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines. reducing calcium loss from the kidneys.
An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a(n) ______.
tissue
Collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are known as a(n) .
tissue
The process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA is called ______.
transcription
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.
within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
Identify the accessory skin structures. Select all that apply.
Hair Nails Sweat glands
Loss of an electron by an atom
Oxidation
Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.
Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Attachment of one tissue to another Lends support Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals
Macromolecules composed of carbon and a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, including sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose are categorized as _____.
carbohydrates
The viscous secretion produced by goblet cells is called .
mucus
The exertion of force on other tissues and organs is the function of tissue.
muscle
Which tissue can exert physical force on other tissues and organs?
muscle
Cervical
neck
Body temperature decreases. Shivering occurs. Body temperature increases. This is an example of _____ feedback.
negative
Rearrange the list of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, so that the least complex level is first and the most complex is last.
1. Atom 2. cell 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. organism
List the steps of translation in correct order, from the first step at the top to the last at the bottom.
1. a ribosome binds to mRNA 2. a tRNA anicondon binds to a complementary mRNA codon 3. a new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain 4. the tRNA is released from the ribosome and is available to pick up another amino acid
Carbohydrates have a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen close to _____.
2:1
What is a proteasome?
A barrel-like structure in the cell that breaks down and recycles proteins
If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?
A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood
What is a secretory vesicle?
A small vesicle that moves substances through the cell to the cell surface
What region of the body is found between the thorax and the pelvis?
Abdomen
The trunk consists of what three body regions?
Abdomen Pelvis Thorax
Identify the function of a marker protein.
Allows for cellular identification
What is an ion?
An atom that has gained or lost electrons
What is a lysosome?
An organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes and functions in intracellular digestion
Forearm
Antebrachial
An element is composed of ______ of only one kind
Atoms
Which is a type of fluid connective tissue?
Blood
The four major types of organic molecules are ___ ,___ , proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates, lipids
Transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from ______.
DNA to mRNA
Which hypothesis of cell death says that some genes turn on late in life that lead to the cell death?
Death genes
Select the statements that describe calluses.
Develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure Are localized thickenings in the stratum corneum
Identify characteristics of life.
Development Growth Metabolism Reproduction Responsiveness Organization
Scanning electron microscope
Enables the study of the fine surface structures of a cell
What class of tissue is capable of secretion and absorption of substances?
Epithelial tissue
True or false: Small folds in the plasma membrane that are supported by microtubules are referred to as microvilli.
FALSE
Select all of the components of the dermis.
Fibers Blood vessels Glands Nerve fibers
Choose the components of the dermis.
Fibers, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings
What forms the matrix of blood?
Fluid
Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.
Fluid Ground substance Protein fibers
With your knowledge of DNA and genetics, explain why only red blood cells produce hemoglobin.
Gene expression varies with the cell type based on internal and external signals.
What term refers to molecules that attract water or dissolve in it because of their polar nature?
Hydrophilic
What can cause problems with the use of other species to study human structure and function?
Important ethical concerns Differences between species
Lucas has a cramp in his crural area. Where is his cramp?
In his lower leg
What process produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain in response to an injury?
Inflammation
Name the phase of the cell cycle that runs from the end of cytokinesis to the beginning of the next prophase.
Interphase
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
What are the two stages of the cell life cycle?
Interphase and cell division.
An atom that has gained or lost an electron would be called a(n) ______.
Ion
Identify the term that best describes the amount of matter that an object possesses.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object is referred to as its
Mass
When two or more atoms are chemically bonded to one another, the resulting structure is called a(n) ______.
Molecule
Identify the properties that help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body. Select all that apply.
Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter. The lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation. Secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms.
Which tissue comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia?
Nervous
What are internal components of a cell that carry out metabolic functions?
Organelles
Choose the four molecules that are the principle organic molecules of the body.
Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Elijah has a pectoral tattoo. Where is his tattoo?
On his chest
Identify common ways of expressing solution concentration.
Percent of solute by weight per volume Number of particles in a solution Osmoles
Acrominal
Point of shoulder
What is the function of an osteoblast?
Produces bone
Identify the uses of energy when ATP is broken down.
Production of heat The synthesis or breakdown of molecules Performing work such as opening a channel
What are the functions of serous fluid? Select all that apply.
Protect internal organs from friction Reduce friction between serous membrane layers
Amino acids are the subunits of larger molecules called .
Proteins
Gain of an electron by an atom
Reduction
Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue.
Regeneration and replacement
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
Resistance to infection Sensation of environmental stimuli Thermoregulation
Transmission electron microscope
Reveals detailed aspects of cell and sees through parts of a cell
What term is used to describe reactions that can proceed in either direction?
Reversible
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Secretion of substances Act as a barrier
What is the term used to describe a small generic membrane-bound structure that transports substances to the plasma membrane for release by exocytosis?
Secretory vesicle
What are the three major types of tissue membranes?
Serous, mucous, synovial
Indicate the type of epithelium that is best suited for allowing diffusion of substances, as would be found lining the air sacs of the lungs.
Simple squamous
_______ is defined as the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance resulting in a homogeneous solution.
Solubility
Which structures of the body are composed of nervous tissue?
Spinal cord Brain
What major category of tissue membrane is composed only of connective tissue?
Synovial
List the three major types of tissue membranes.
Synovial Serous Mucous
A chemical reaction in which two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule is what type of reaction?
Synthesis
Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age. Select all that apply.
The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity. Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material. The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.
What is cytoplasm?
The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Indicate the analogy that best represents the structure and role of the subcutaneous tissue.
The subcutaneous tissue is like the foundation of a house.
Solute
The substance to be dissolved
What is heredity?
The transmission of genetic traits
Solution
a mixture of dissolved substances within a fluid
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain _____.
a relatively stable internal condition
The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures.
accessory
The protein-mediated movement of substances across a membrane that requires energy, such as the ATP, is called _____ transport.
active
The type of membrane transport that requires energy, such as the ATP-powered protein pumps and a protein channel to move substances across the membrane is called ___ transport.
active
The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ___ ___
adenosine triphosphate
The small organic molecules that are the monomers used to form proteins are ______.
amino acids
The primary determinant for skin color is the _______, not the _______.
amount of melanin, number of melanocytes
Studying the structure of the heart is an example of ______.
anatomy
The study of body structures is called ______.
anatomy
Programmed cell death is _____.
apoptosis
Synovial membranes ______.
are associated with joints
The smallest particle of an element that still has the characteristics of the element is called a(n) _____.
atom
One cell can stick to another by using specialized proteins known as ______ proteins.
attachment
arm
brachial
In skin subjected to friction or pressure, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases to produce a thickened area called a(n) .
callus
Heat increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Therefore heat is a ______.
catalysts
The cells in the most superficial layer of the skin are dead because _______.
cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis
The term ______ refers to the neck.
cervical
A process in which a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed is generally called a ______ reaction.
chemical
Cylindrical structures that project off the cell that are capable of movement and contain microtubules are known as ______.
cilia
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for tissue.
connective
The class of tissue that consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of extracellular matrix is called tissue.
connective
The cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane that contains the organelles and cytosol is called .
cytoplasm
The material between the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane is called ______.
cytoplasm
Apoptosis is programmed cell .
death
A polysaccharide is broken down into smaller monosaccharides. This is a type of ______ reaction.
decomposition
An increase in pH of a solutions indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions ______
decreased
Cells in the stratum spinosum are nourished by blood vessels located in the ______.
dermis
In order to observe very fine structure of a cell, you must use a(n) ______ microscope.
electron
A protein on the cell surface in the small intestine breaks the peptide bonds found in dietary proteins to release amino acids. This membrane protein is an example of a (an) ______.
enzyme
Proteins called are specialized proteins that catalyze reactions inside the cells and on the cell's surface.
enzymes
Substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and speed up the rate of reaction by bringing reactants into a position that allows them to react with each other are ______.
enzymes
The most superficial layer of skin is the _____.
epidermis
The layers of the skin include the ______ which is the most superficial and the ______ which is deeper.
epidermis, dermis
The tissue type that covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body is called tissue.
epithelial
orbital
eye
One of the major sources of DNA damage is _____, which are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons.
free radicals
The embryonic layers that give rise to all of the body's mature tissues are called ______.
germ layers
All are excreted by the skin except ______.
glucose
Calcaneal
heel
The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring is called ______.
heredity
The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment is known as ______.
homeostasis
When a substance is attracted to water it is called ______.
hydrophilic
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except ______.
increases in sebaceous gland activity
A normal tissue response to injury that involves redness, swelling, heat, pain, and altered functioning of the affected area is called .
inflammation
Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm are fluids found inside the cell. These are called fluids.
intracellular
Fluids found inside the cell are called ______ fluids.
intracellular
Inorganic chemists study substances that usually ______ carbon.
lack
Identify the term that refers to the anterior portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle.
leg
Organization, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and responsiveness are recognized as the six characteristics of .
life
Changes in the cells, extracellular materials and tissues in older adults cause a ______.
loss of flexibility loss of elasticity
The membrane-bounded organelle containing a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles is a ______.
lysosome
______ is not a step of translation.
mRNA binding an amino acid, consuming one ATP,
Cells normally have ______ microvilli.
many
A plasma membrane protein is involved in helping to identify its cell to other cells. This protein is acting as a(n) ______.
marker protein
Cells such as liver cells (hepatocytes) and epithelial cells reproduce via the process of .
mitosis
The form of cell division in which a cell divides once and produces two genetically identical daughter cells is known as ______.
mitosis
Water is formed with two hydrogen atoms chemically bond to an oxygen atom. Therefore, water is a(n) ______.
molecule
Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal body function during ______.
negative feedback
The acidic chain of nucleotides found or produced in the nucleus, that functions in heredity and protein synthesis is a(n) ______.
nucleic acid
The most noticeable organelle visible in most cells is the ______.
nucleus
Using a light microscope, the largest, most noticeable organelle visible in most cells is the .
nucleus
If Liam has a bruise on his scapular area, he has a bruise ______.
on his shoulder blade
Identify functions of attachment proteins. They attach ______.
one cell to another cell cells to extracellular material
Internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks are called .
organelles
Chemistry dealing with substances that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds is referred to as ______ chemistry.
organic
The number of particles in a solution is expressed in ______.
osmoles
A cell that produces bone is a(n) .
osteoblast
A chemical reactions in which one or more electrons are removed from an atom are ______ reactions, while those in which one or more electrons are added to an atom are ______ reactions.
oxidation, reduction
In order to get energy (ATP) from food molecules in the final stage of respiration, humans require _____.
oxygen
Water consists of one ___ atom covalently bonded to two ___ atoms.
oxygen, hydrogen
The dermis contains receptors that detect ______. Select all that apply.
pain changes in pressure variations in temperature touch
Anatomical position refers to a body that is ______.
palms forward standing erect
Blood pressure decreases below normal levels. Blood flow to the heart decreases. Heart is unable to pump as much blood. Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _____ feedback.
positive
The tube-like protein complexes found within the cytoplasm that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell are referred to as ______.
proteasomes
Ribosomes synthesize .
proteins
Cells communicate via chemical signals which bind to specialized molecules on the plasma membrane surface. These molecules are called _____.
receptor proteins
In _____, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.
regeneration
Negative feedback is a mechanism that ______.
reverses the change and maintains homeostasis
Carbonic acid breaks down into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in some situations. In other situations, bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions combine to form carbonic acid. This describes a type of ______ reaction.
reversible
Organelles that synthesize proteins are ______.
ribosomes
A sagittal plane divides a body into _____.
right and left portions
A lengthwise cut that separates the body into left and right portions is a ______ plane.
sagittal
The specific term for the shoulder blade is ______.
scapular
The two major glands of the skin are the glands and the glands.
sebaceous or oil sweat, sudoriferous, or sweat (sudoriferous)
A membrane that only allows some substances to pass through it but restricts other substances is known as a(n) ___ permeable membrane.
selectively
A watery, low-protein fluid that moistens serous membranes and reduces friction is fluid.
serous
The double-layered membranes that line body cavities that do not open to the outside of the body are called membranes.
serous
An epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells in which all cells rest directly on the basement membrane is ______.
simple
The epithelium consisting of one layer of cells in which all cells rest directly on the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers, is epithelium.
simple
calf
sural
Sugar dissolves in water; therefore, sugar has ______.
solubility
When a substance is dissolved in fluid, the substance is referred to as the _______, the fluid it dissolves into is the _______, and the entire mixture is called the _______.
solute; solvent; solution
Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT ______.
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide. This is an example of a(n) ______ reaction.
synthesis
ankle
talus
Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for areas ______.
that allow diffusion of substances across the epithelium
An organelle containing flattened sacs and vesicles is _____.
the Golgi complex
Variations in skin color are determined by ______.
the amount of melanin produced the distribution of melanosomes
Interphase and cell division are the two stages of ____.
the cell life cycle
Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via ______.
the dilation of blood vessels in the dermis
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in ______.
thermoregulation
Mia has a scrape on her femoral region. She has a scrape on her ______.
thigh
What term refers to the portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee?
thigh
The chest is referred to as the ______.
thorax
Charlotte is having abdominal pain. She is having pain between her ______.
thorax and pelvis
Integral proteins that allow the movement of ions or molecules across the plasma membrane are called ______ proteins.
transport
Ions or molecules are carried from one side of the plasma membrane to the other by integral proteins called ___ proteins.
transport
In a chemical reaction, chemical bonds are formed or broken.
true
True or False: The pelvic region is the inferior-most region of the trunk.
true
True or false: Directional terms are always used relative to anatomical position, regardless of the actual person's body position.
true
True or false: Studying microorganisms can be helpful to understanding the human body.
true
True or false: When ATP is broken down, the energy that is transferred from this reaction can be used to synthesize molecules, perform work or produce heat.
true
The thorax, abdomen and pelvis are regions of the
trunk
A water molecule is best described as ______.
two hydrogens covalently bonded to a single oxygen
Hydrophilic means "soluble in ".
water, H20, or h2o
The tissue of ______ adults is more elastic and more flexible.
younger