A&P Chapter 16

When studying in lab, Anne repeats, over and over, the names of the structures she is studying. What is Anne trying to accomplish?

All of the listed responses are correct.

Binding to which of the following receptors of the ANS causes a DECREASE in cAMP levels?

Alpha-2

What is the most common and disabling form of senile dementia?

Alzheimer's disease

Which 2 limbic system components are necessary for memory consolidation?

Amygdaloid body and the hippocampus

What effect on memory would occur if there was damage to the hippocampus?

An inability to convert short-term memory to new long-term memories, although existing long-term memories remain intact and acessible

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the nervous system?

An increase in the number of neurons used for dual innervation

Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called

Autonomic plexuses.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

Both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

The heart, lungs, and digestive organs are innervated by __________.

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Which of these is NOT a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Both use norepinephrine.

Preganglionic fibers that synapse at collateral ganglion are collective called ___________ nerves. These nerves lie in the posterior wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Splanchnic

Which of the following statements is FALSE about autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors always excites the postsynaptic cell.

What is the common term for a cerebrovascular accident?

Stroke

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

Varicosities

The telodendria of sympathetic postganglionic neurons release neurotransmitters through __________.

Varicosities

In the ANS, motor neurons of the CNS synapse on visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia. What do these ganglionic neurons control?

Visceral effectors

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic

Chain

Place the following ANS structures in the correct order that visceral motor commands are propagated (A) autonomic ganglion, B) effector, C) preganglionic neuron, D) postganglionic neuron)

1 - C Preganglionic 2 - A Autonomic ganglion 3 - ? 4 -?

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug. 1. sympathomimetic 2. parasympathomimetic 3. adrenergic activating 4. cholinergic activating

1, 3

The ___________ contains the integrative centers for autonomic activity.

Hypothalamus

Luke has a brain tumor that is interfering with the function of his hypothalamus. Why does this tumor interfere with autonomic function?

A brain tumor that interferes with hypothalamic function would also interfere with autonomic function, because centers in the hypothalamus are involved with autonomic (visceral) function.

Which of the following effects is NOT a result of parasympathetic activity?

A general elevation of muscle tone so that a person looks tense and may begin to shiver

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause

A reduction in saliva.

In the somatic nervous system, __________.

A single lower motor neuron directly controls the activity of a muscle

Huntington's disease (also known as Huntington's chorea) is a genetic disease which causes uncontrolled movements in affected individuals. The destruction of certain neurons in basal nuclei decreases the amount of which two neurotransmitters?

ACh secreting and GABA secreting neurons

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

Abdominopelvic

Which neurotransmitter is released at all parasympathetic synapses?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Which neurotransmitter is released by stimulated sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholins (ACh)

The parasympathetic division __________.

Activates the "rest and repose" reaction and conserves energy

Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division can be located in the __________.

Adrenal medulla, collateral ganglia, and sympathetic chain ganglia

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

Adrenal medullae.

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

Adrenergic.

Stimulation of what type of membrane receptor by norepinephrine would activate enzymes that break down glycogen in skeletal muscles?

Beta-1

Which type of sympathetic receptor causes inhibition and a relaxation of smooth muscles along the respiratory tract?

Beta-2

Autonomic tone allows autonomic neurons to __________.

Both increase and decrease their activity

Autonomic fibers entering the thoracic cavity intersect at which of the following plexuses?

Cardiac plexus

Which plexus innervates the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver?

Celiac plexus

The prevertebral (collateral) ganglia of the ANS include the __________.

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric

Which response is NOT part of sympathetic activation?

Decreased muscle tone

Tracts leading from the amygdaloid body to the hippocampus may link memories to specific ___________.

Emotions

The two neurotransmitters that secretory cells of the adrenal medulla release _________ and ____________.

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

In the lungs, autonomic tone allows for __________.

Finely controlled dilation and constriction of the airways

Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic division is INCORRECT?

Ganglia are located relatively close to the central nervous system.

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

Ganglionic neurons.

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is INCORRECT?

Heart rate and blood pressure are increased under parasympathetic stimulation.

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion. When medullary cells are stimulated, they release neurotransmitters directly into the bloodstream, not at a synapse. This mode of release allows the neurotransmitter to act like a ___________, affecting target cells throughout the body.

Hormones

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a semitrailer runs the red light only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which of the following effects would you NOT expect to find in Jennifer's body?

Increased digestive activity

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

Increased heart rate and force of contraction.

Don has had a long day at work. He comes home, eats dinner, relaxes on the couch, and watches a few television programs. What type of response would you NOT expect to find in Don's body during this relaxation period?

Increased respiratory activity

Which of these would NOT occur under sympathetic stimulation?

Increased storage of lipid and glycogen

As a general rule, the sympathetic division __________.

Increases the metabolic rate and reduces digestive and urinary functions

The higher centers of the CNS __________.

Influence the effects of autonomic reflexes

Which of the following is NOT a feature of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

Inhibition of somatic sensory neurons

The sympathetic division does NOT include which of the following?

Intramural ganglia

Which of the following organs does NOT receive dual innervation?

Lacrimal gland

As the result of an accident, the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?

Left pupil and heart

Which of the following organs are not innervated by parasympathetic preganglionic fibers called pelvic nerves? (Choices: kidney, liver, urinary bladder, terminal portion of the large intestine)

Liver

Most vital organs have dual (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation. Where dual innervation exists, what type of general effect on organs do the two divisions have?

May be separate or complimentary - Digestive, heart, & lungs

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called

Memory consolidation.

The two types of ACh receptors that occur in cholinergic postsynaptic membranes are called _________ and __________.

Nicotinic, muscarinic

Sympathetic ganglionic neurons have post synaptic fibers that most often (NOT always) release the neurotransmitter __________

Norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is associated with an inherited form of depression which has been linked to a defective enzyme involved in its synthesis?

Norepinephrine

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.

Norepinephrine; serotonin

Nicotinic receptors __________.

Open sodium channels when stimulated

Which division of the ANS consists of long preganglionic fibers, ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia with or adjacent to target organs, and short postganglionic fibers in or near target organs?

Parasympathetic division

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

Parasympathetic division of the ANS

Visceral reflexes are __________.

Polysynaptic and involuntary

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.

Preganglionic

Axons of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are called ___________.

Preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Which of the following visceral reflexes is controlled by the sympathetic division?

Pupillary reflex

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

REM

During deep sleep, which of these changes is/are NOT normally observed?

Rapid eye movements

The autonomic nervous system __________.

Regulates "automatic" activities and is influenced by the hypothalamus

Excessive production of dopamine may be associated with which psychological disorder?

Schizophrenia

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters and receptors is INCORRECT?

Secretory output from the adrenal medullae is about 90-95 percent epinephrine.

The abdominopelvic viscera receive sympathetic innervation by sympathetic preganglionic fibers that synapse in ___________ ganglia.

Separate collateral

Severe depression can result from low levels of certain hormones. Severe depression caused by the neurotransmitter ___________ can, in some cases, be alleviated by taking SSRI drugs.

Serotonin

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

Short; myelinated

In the absence of stimuli, autonomic motor neurons __________.

Show a background level of activity

If preganglionic fibers carry motor commands targeting the upper body (ie: head, neck, body wall, etc...), it synapses in one or more _____________ (2 words) ganglia.

Sympathetic chain

Which division of the ANS consists of short preganglionic fibers, ganglionic neurons in ganglia near the spinal cord, and long postganglionic fibers extending to target organs?

Sympathetic division

You stand up after sitting in class for an hour. Signals from the baroreceptors in the carotid artery tell the brain that blood pressure is dropping. Your heart must compensate and increase blood pressure. How is this accomplished?

Sympathetic fibers in the cardiac plexus release stimulatory neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a visceral reflex?

Tendon reflex

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.

Tertiary

What kind of memory allows you to remember the shape and features of your own face throughout your lifetime?

Tertiary memory

Stimulation of the beta receptors on the heart muscle would result in __________.

The formation of cAMP

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic division?

The parasympathetic division includes the splanchnic nerves.

When reviewing the general functions of the parasympathetic division, which of the following statements best summarizes the physiologic outcome?

The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate.

Which of the following statements is true?

The vagus nerve is number X and is part of the parasympathetic division.

Which of the following statements is true of the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on the postsynaptic membranes?

They last longer than the effects of acetylcholine, and they last until NE is reabsorbed by the telodendria.

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

True only for the parasympathetic nervous system

In the autonomic nervous system, __________.

Two or more neurons control the activity of an effector, and a second visceral neuron is between the central nervous system and the effector

Postganglionic axons usually are

Unmyelinated

Which cranial nerve provides ~75% of all parasympathetic outflow and supplies preganglionic innervation to structures in the neck, and the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Vagus nerve

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.