A&P Chapter 17 Endocrine System

When the effects of one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Antagonistic

Modified amino acids

Biogenic amines (Thyroid hormone)

In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, cells decrease their number of receptors and decrease sensitivity to hormone; increase hormone dose.

Down-regulation

The stimulus for release of a hormone from an endocrine gland is stimulation from another hormone.

Hormonal Stimulation

The stimulus for the release of a hormone is caused by changes in the levels of nutrients or ions in the blood.

Humoral Stimulation

The release of the hormone is due to stimulation by the nervous system.

Neural Stimulation

When the activity of one hormone requires another hormone.

Permissive

Molecules composed of small chains of amino acids

Protein hormones (GH)

Lipid soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol

Steroid hormones (Cortisol)

When the activity of one hormone reinforces the activity of another.

Synergistic

The term "gluconeogenesis" refers to the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules and it occurs when blood glucose is low.

True

In response to chronic lack of hormones, the target cells increase their number of receptors and also increase hormone sensitivity; the tendency is to decrease dose of hormone.

Up-regulation

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels and ________ protein metabolism. a. Intracellular......increasing......increasing b. Intracellular......decreasing.......increasing c. Intracellular......increasing.......increasing d. Membrane-bound.....increasing......increasing e. Membrane-bound.....decreasing......increasing

a

Insulin causes _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and _______ in lipogenesis in adipose tissues. a. Increase.....increase b. Increase......decrease c. Decrease......decrease d. Decrease......increase e. Insulin does not have any effect in the liver and adipose.

a

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the: a. adenohypophysis b. neurohypophysis c. pineal gland d. thalamus e. cerebral cortex

a

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a: a. Biogenic amine that is lipid soluble b. Protein hormone that is water soluble c. Steroid hormone that i water soluble d. Steroid hormone that is lipid soluble e. Monoamine that is water soluble

a

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the: a. Hypothalamus and it stimulates release of TSH from the anterior pituitary. b. Anterior pituitary and it prompts the release of thyroid hormone for the thyroid gland. c. Thymus gland and it prompts the release of thymopoietin from the thyroid gland. d. Parathyroid gland and it increases the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. e. Hypothalamus and it stimulates the release of TSH from the posterior pituitary.

a

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, the release of insulin decreases. This type of regulation is an example of: a. Endocrine dysplasia b. Negative feedback c. Positive feedback d. Neural regulation e. Somatic regulation

b

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which: a. A glandular cell decreases the amount of hormone it secretes. b. A cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone. c. A carrier protein increases the rate of degradation for a hormone and thereby decreases its blood concentration. d. A carrier protein decreases the rate if degradation of the protein it ferries. e. A large amount of hormone shuts down all metabolic activity in a target cell.

b

Which of the following is not a tropic hormone? a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone b. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Follicle-stimulatin hormone e. Prolactin

b

Hormones display __________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. a. Synergistic b. Antagonisic c. Permissive d. All of the choices are correct e. None of the choices are correct

c

The part of the brain that is considered to be "the master control center" of the endocrine system is the: a. Cerebral cortex b. Frontal lobe c. Hypothalamus d. Brainstem e. Midbrain

c

What stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland? a. High calcium levels in the urine b. Low urine calcium levels c. Low blood calcium levels d. Elevated blood calcium levels e. Low bone calcium level

c

Which hormone induces its target cells to release glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose levels? a. Pancreatic polypeptide b. Somatostatin c. Glucagon d. Insulin e. Somatotropin

c

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? a. Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells b. Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks c. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level d. Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream e. Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours

c

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. This type of endocrine reflex is initiated by: a. Positive feedback stimulation b. Hormonal stimulation c. Neural stimulation d. Humoral stimulation e. Somatic stimulation

d

Steroid hormones are lipids derived from: a. Amines b. Nucleic acids c. Polypeptides d. Cholesterol e. Glycerol

d

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? a. Gh affects most body cells b. Gh stimulates cell growth and mitosis c. GH is also known as somatotropin d. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin e. GH is a tropic hormone

d

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by: a. Growth hormone b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone c. Follicle-stimulating hormone d. Thyrotropic hormone e. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

e

The the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be: a. Sarcastic b. Agnostic c. Antagonistic d. Permissive e. Synergistic

e

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions? a. Anterior pituitary b. Liver c. Thyroid gland d. Pineal gland e. Pancreas

e