A&P chapter 22

Fungi

group of simple, plantlike animals that live on dead organic matter. - They reproduce by means of spores, which are very small and easily inhaled.

Prodromal

(2nd stage of the course of infectious disease) - Vague symptoms appear.

Invasion period

(3rd stage of the course of infectious disease) - Specific symptoms appear

Acme

(4th stage of the course of infectious disease) - (worst stage) is followed by recovery or death.

True of infections and disease

- A person who has recovered from a disease but remains a source of the pathogen is considered a carrier. - When influenza is followed by bacterial pneumonia, the pneumonia is considered a secondary infection. - The " AIDS epidemic" is really the " AIDS pandemic". - Septicemia is a systemic infection, and is always serious.

true of yeasts and molds

- A superficial mycosis affects the skin or mucous membranes. - The molds that form mycelia are not considered part of resident flora - Several system mycoses are lung infections following the inhalation of spores.

True of portals of entry and exit

- Even a small break in the stratum corneum is a potential portal of entry for bacteria. - The HCI in gastric juice destroys many pathogens that enter with food and drink - There is no direct portal of entry to the human nervous system. - The human large intestines is a portal of exit for water - borne disease such as cholero.

Resident Flora

- Many of our resident flora prevent pathogens from establishing themselves. - Some colon flora produce vitamins that are useful to us. - The urinary bladder should have only a small population, and the blood should be free of bacteria. - Resident skin flora include fungi as well as bacteria.

true of vectors and the diseases they spread

- Mosquitos are vector of malaria and yellow fever. - Vectors spread disease when they bite humans or other warm-blooded animals. - The vector of a pathogen may be an essential part of the life cycle of that pathogen.

True of sterilization and pasteurization

- Pasteurization is the pathogen-destroying process for milk and milk products. - Boiling drinking water for a minute will kill most bacteria, but may not kill bacterial spores. - Surgical instruments must be sterilized after each use. - Bleach is an effective bactericide.

True of infections and disease

- Subclinical is a synonym for asymptomatic or inapparent. - Fomites are objects that may be a source of pathogens. - A post-op infection of abdominal skin sutures is an example of nosocomial infection.

True of Bacteria

- The chemical structure of the cell wall of bacteria is the basis for the Gram stain. - A bacterial capsule inhibits phagocytosis by white blood cells. - Many bacterial toxins are enzymes the bacteria use to obtain food.

True of viruses

- To reproduce, a virus must be within a living cell. - Viruses cause disease by killing the cells they reproduce within. - Some viruses require insect vectors to spread from host to host.

Broad spectrum

A _____ antibiotic is considered effective against many kinds of bacteria.

Inactive

A bacterial spore is a dormant form, which means that the cell is _____.

Temperatures

A bacterial spore is a resistant form, which meant that it can survive extremes of _____.

Antiseptic

A chemical that is used to destroy bacteria on the skin is called _____.

Sphere, rod, spiral

A coccus is shaped like a _____ a bacillus is shaped like a _____ and a spirillum is shaped like a _____.

Communicable and Contagious

A disease such as malaria, which is spread from host to host by a vector is considered _____ but not _____.

Systemic

A fungus infection of the heart valves is an example of ____ mycosis.

In a healthcare facility and hospitals

A nosocomial infection is one that is acquired ______.

Carrier

A person who recovers from a disease but continues to shed the pathogen is called _____.

Shows no symptoms

A subclinical infection is one in which a person.

People acquire from animals

A zoonosis is a disease that _________.

Need oxygen

Aerobic bacteria are those that _____.

Begins abruptly and is severe

An Acute infection.

Endemic

An ____ disease is one that is present in a population, with a certain number of cases expected.

Epidemic

An ____ disease is one with more than the usual number of cases in a population

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread throughout several countries.

Subclinical and asymptomatic & inapparent

An inAn infection in which a person shows no symtoms is called ____ or _____ _____

Localized

An infection such as a cold, in one are of the body.

Acute

An infection that begins suddenly or progresses rapidly are _____.

Systemic

An infection that has spread throughout the body by way of the blood or lymph.

Endogenous

An infection that is caused by the patients own flora in abnormal site is called an ______ infection.

Oxygen is present

Anaerobic bacteria are those that cannot reproduce when ____

Spores

Bacteria may be able to survive a freezing environment if they are able to form _____.

Aerobic

Bacteria that require oxygen to reproduce are called?

Binary fission

Bacteria usually reproduce by the process of _____.

Antigenic

Bacterial capsules may be used to make vaccines because the capsules are _____.

Reproduce

Binary Fission is the process by which bacteria _____.

Armpits

Contains the largest amount of resident flora.

Inanimate objects

Fomites are ____ that may be sources of pathogen.

Stomach

Hydrochloric acid destroys most pathogens that get to the _______.

Antibody Production and host

If part of a bacterial cell is antigenic, that means it will stimulate _____ by the _____.

Acidic

In women, flora of the vagina create an ______pH that inhibits growth of pathogens.

Fomites

Inanimate objects that may be sources of pathogens are called _____.

Bacterial diseases

Include plague, strep throat, anthrax, botulism, tetanus, and salmonella food poisoning.

Fecal/Oral

Intestinal pathogens are usually spread by the _____ route.

Toxin

Is a waste product of micro-organisms. Chemicals that are poisonous to host cells.

Infectious disease

Is caused by mircroorganisms or their toxins.

Flagella

Long thread like sturctures that project from the ell and move.

Resident flora

Microorganisms that are on or in nearly everyone most of the time.

Malaria, encephalitis, and yellow fever

Mosquitos are vectors of ____, ____, and ____.

Saprophytes

Most fungi live on dead organic matter and are called _____.

Arthropods

Multicellular animals with jointed legs and exoskeletons. Some cause infestations or are vectors of disease.

Viruses

Not cells. All are parasites. It consists of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein shell. Must be inside living cells to reproduce, the host cell often dies. (Severity of viral disease depends on the types of cells affected).

Chronic infection

Progresses slowly, by may last a long time.

Droplets

Respiratory pathogens are most often spread by _____.

Superficial, and Skin

Ringworm is an example of a _____ mycosis because it affects the ____.

Bacillus

Rod-shaped bacteria are called _____.

Streptococci

Rod-shaped bacteria that grow in chains are called _____.

Bacteria and blood

Septicemia is the presence of ____ in the ____

Blood

Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the ____.

Bacteria

Simple unicellular organisms that are ound in all environments. Most are decomposers, some are pathogens.

Reservoir

Sources of infection fro people are in general called ______.

Staphylococcus

Spherical bacteria that grow in clusters are called _____.

Diplococci

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs are called.

Spirillum, bacillus, and coccus

Spiral bacteria are called _____, rod-shaped bacteria are called _____, and spherical bacteria are called _____.

gram positive, gram negative, and cell wall

The Gram stain distinguishes between bacteria that are _____ or _____ and this difference is based on the _____ of the bacteria.

Virulence

The ability of the pathogen to cause disease.

Respiratory, digestive, urinary, and Reproductive

The body systems lined with mucous membranes are the _____, ____, ____, and _____.

Chlorine

The chemical _____ is often added to the water supply to make the water safe to drink.

Vitamins and Pathogens

The colon flora are beneficial to us because they can produce _____ and they inhibit _____.

Sebum

The fatty acids in ____ inhibit the growth of some bacteria on the skin.

Onset of systems

The incubation period of a disease is the time between the entry of the pathogen and the _____.

Transient flora

The micro-organisms that come and go on or in the body. They usually cause no harm unless the hosts resistance is lowered.

Mold and Spores

The multicellular fungi are called _____ and they reproduce by forming _____.

Capsule

The part of a bacterial cell that enables it to resist phagocytosis by WBC's is the?

Cell wall

The part of a bacterial cell that makes it gram positive or negative is the _____.

Septicemia or bacterema

The presence of bacteria in the blood is called ______ or ______.

Sterilization

The procedure used to destroy all microorganisms on surgical instruments is called ______.

Water

The process of chlorination is used to destroy microorganisms in _____.

Colon

The resident flora that produce vitamins for us are found in the?

Ciliated

The respiratory tract limits the intake of airborne pathogens because of its ____ epithelium

Epidemilogy

The study of the patterns and spread of disease within a population.

Lungs

The sweeping of ciliated epithelium normally prevents pathogens from reaching ____

Incubation period

The time between the entry of a pathogen and the onset of symptoms of disease is called the ______.

Yeast and Budding

The unicellular fungi are called _____ and they reproduce by the process of _____.

Pasteurized

The use of moderate heat to destroy most of the bacteria in dairy products is called ______.

flea

The vector of plague is a ____.

tick

The vector or Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease is a _____,

Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ticks are the vectors of _____ and _____.

Resistence

Total of body defenses.

Protozoa

Unicellur animal. Most are free living in watery environments , some are pathogens.

Outside of the body

Vectors are ectoparasites, which means they affect the _____.

Inside a host and reproduce

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, which meant that they must be _____ in order to _____.

Reproducing inside a host cell

Viruses cause disease by _______.

Pair of cells and Clusters

With respect to bacteria diplo means _____ staphylo means _____ and strepto means _____

Binomial nomenclature

a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name. Genus - Comes first Species - is the smaller category. Ex: Staphylococcus aureus (genus is Staphylococcus) (species is aureus).

Worms

a type of virus that copy themselves over and over. Some are parasites, cause human infestations.