A&P Chapter 24 Textbook Questions

1. What are the four main organs of the urinary system?

The four main organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

5. Describe the structure of the filtration membrane

The filtration membrane consists of a series of three progressively finer filters, including the glomerular endothelial cells, the basal lamina, and the filtration slits of the podocytes.

6. Which of the following substances would pass through the filtration membrane to become part of the filtrate under normal circumstances? (Circle all that apply.) a. Sodium ions b. Albumin c. Glucose d. Erythrocytes e. Leukocytes f. Amino acids g. Urea

a Sodium Ions, c Glucose, f Amino Acids, g Urea

15. Normal urine should have which of the following properties? Circle all that apply. a. Translucency b. Yellowish pigment c. Cloudy appearance d. pH less than 4.5

a. Translucency b. Yellowish pigment

3. Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. a. The kidneys are retroperitoneal and covered by three layers of connective tissue. b. Internally, the kidneys consist of an outer renal medulla, a middle renal pelvis, and an inner renal cortex. c. The first capillary bed of the kidneys is the peritubular capillaries, which are fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole. d. Filtrate flows from the renal corpuscle to the distal tubule, the nephron loop, the proximal tubule, and into the collecting system.

a. True b. False: Internally, the kidneys consist of an outer renal cortex, a middle renal medulla, and an inner renal pelvis. c. False: The kidneys' first capillary bed is the glomerulus, which is fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole. d. False: Filtrate flows from the renal corpuscle to the proximal tubule, the nephron loop, the distal tubule, and into the collecting system

11. Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement. a. Sodium ions and glucose are cotransported into the proximal tubule cell by secondary active transport. b. The distal tubule reabsorbs sodium ions and secretes potassium and hydrogen ions in response to ADH. c. Sodium ion reabsorption creates a gradient that helps drive the reabsorption of water and many other solutes from the proximal tubule. d. ADH triggers water reabsorption from the nephron loop. e. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the distal tubule and collecting system.

a. True b. False: The distal tubule reabsorbs sodium ions and secretes potassium and hydrogen ions in response to aldosterone. c. True d. False: ADH triggers water reabsorption from the late distal tubule and collecting system. e. False: Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the distal tubule and collecting system.

8. Fill in the blanks for the following statements: a. When the GFR decreases, the macula densa releases chemicals to __________ the afferent arteriole. b. The sympathetic nervous system __________ the blood vessels supplying the kidney to __________ the glomerular filtration rate. c. The enzyme __________ is released by JG cells in response to a decrease in the GFR. d. The enzyme __________ converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II. e. Generally, angiotensin-II __________ systemic blood pressure while __________ the GFR.

a. dilate b. constricts; reduce c. renin d. angiotensin-converting enzyme e. increases; maintaining

14. Fill in the blanks: The kidneys produce __________ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids increases. They produce __________ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids decreases.

concentrated; dilute

17. Fill in the blanks for each of the following statements: a. The process by which urine is eliminated is called __________, and it is mediated by reflexes involving the __________ nervous system. b. The mucosa of the organs of the urinary tract is lined with __________ epithelium. c. The three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder are known as the __________ muscle. d. The female urethra provides a passageway for __________, whereas the male urethra provides a passageway for __________ and __________.

a. micturition; parasympathetic b. transitional c. detrusor d. urine; urine and semen

16. The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as: a. renal clearance. b. plasma creatinine. c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure. d. inulin estimation.

a. renal clearance

13. Which of the following conditions does not contribute to the creation and/or maintenance of the medullary osmotic gradient? a. The countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta b. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of cortical nephrons c. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons d. The permeability of the medullary collecting system to urea and other ions

b. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of cortical nephrons

10. The route by which substances are reabsorbed by crossing through the cells of the renal tubule and collecting system is known as the: a. paracellular route. b. transcellular route. c. primary active transport route. d. secondary active transport route.

b. transcellular route.

12. Dilute urine is produced when decreased levels of __________ are secreted: a. aldosterone b. atrial natriuretic peptide c. ADH d. none of the above

c. ADH

9. Which of the following is false about the GFR? a. The GFR averages about 120 ml/min. b. The GFR increases when the afferent arteriole dilates. c. The GFR decreases when the efferent arteriole constricts. d. The GFR decreases when the afferent arteriole constricts.

c. The GFR decreases when the efferent arteriole constricts.

7. Fill in the blanks: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure __________ filtration; colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure __________ filtration. a. favors; favor b. opposes; oppose c. favors; oppose d. opposes; favor

c. favors; oppose

4. Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons differ in the: a. lengths of their nephron loops. b. structure of the capillaries surrounding them. c. structure of their renal corpuscles. d. Both a and b are correct. e. Both b and c are correct

d. Both a and b are correct.

2. Which of the following is not a physiological process carried out by the kidneys? a. Blood pressure regulation b. Tubular reabsorption c. Tubular secretion d. Glomerular filtration e. All of the above are physiological processes carried out by the kidneys.

e. All of the above are physiological processes carried out by the kidneys.