A&P Chapter 4

Facilitated diffusion requires

carrier proteins

The plasma membrane is composed of an approximately equal measure of protein and __________.

Lipids

During osmosis, water will move _____ the concentration gradient until equilibrium has been reached.

Down

The anti-porter

is a membrane transport protein that moves two specific ions or molecules in opposite directions across a plasma membrane.

Symporter

is a membrane transport protein that moves two specific ions or molecules in the same direction across a plasma membrane.

Provides resistance to mechanical stress at a single point

#2 Desmosome

Has fluid filled pores between neighboring cells

Gap Junction

Phagocytosis

Active

Pinocytosis

Active

ATP consumption

Active

Endocytosis

Active

Exocytosis

Active

Movement against a concentration gradient

Active

Receptor Meditated endocytosis

Active

Sodium- potassium pumps

Active

Vesicular Transport

Active

The sodium potassium exchange pump is an example of

Active transport

All forms of membrane transport can be divided into either those that consume energy directly_____ and those that do not _____.

Active/ passive

_____ are proteins that secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane

Anchoring sites

The movement of small, polar molecules across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein is called __________.

Carrier- meditated diffusion

_____ form cell to cell attachments

Cell adhesion proteins

_______ bind ligands, such as neurotransmitters and hormones.

Cell surface receptors

The type of active transport in which large molecules are secreted from the cell is called __________.

Exocytosis

________ is the process in which large molecules, such as proteins, are secreted from the cell. Endocytosis is the process in which large molecules are taken into the cell.

Exocytosis

Simple and facilitated diffusion differ because________.

Facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a transport protein within the plasma membrane, while simple diffusion does not

Active transport is able to move these substances without the expenditure of energy.

False

Active transport moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of that substance.

False

The selective permeability of the plasma membrane allows all substances to pass through the membrane, ensuring that the inside of the cell is in constant interaction with its external environment.

False

The sodium potassium exchange pump moves three potassium ions out of the cell and two sodium ions into the cell with each cycle.

False

Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.

False

Water molecules will no longer pass through the semipermeable membrane once equilibrium is reached.

False

A high concentration of water has _____ dissolved particles than a low water concentration.

Fewer

Movements of fluids through a selective permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as _________.

Filtration

Allows substances to pass between neighboring cells

Gap Junction

Contains membrane proteins called connexions between cells

Gap Junction

Small non-polar molecules, like _______, pass directly through the phospholipids bilayer.

Oxygen

Diffusion

Passive

Filtration

Passive

Movement down a concentration gradient

Passive

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Passive

When a membrane that is only permeable to water separates water with a high osmolarity from water with a low osmolarity

The water will diffuse through the membrane until there is an equal concentration of solute and water on both sides.

Completely attaches each cell to its neighbors

Tight Junction

Does not allow material to move between cells

Tight Junction

________ provide a means of regulating the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. These proteins include channels, carriers, and pumps.

Transports proteins

A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.

True

Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.

True

Tonicity/ osmosis

______ is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell. If a solute cannot pass through a membrane but remains more concentrated on one side of the membrane than the other, it causes ______.

Necrosis

__________ results from a cell being killed by harmful agents or mechanical damage.

Active transport requires

a carrier protein on the surface of the cell.

Gap Junctions

allow the passage of small molecules between cells.

When a membrane that is permeable to both a solute and water separates water with a high osmolarity from water with a low osmolarity

both the water and the solute will pass through the membrane in both directions until equilibrium is reached on both sides of the membrane for both water and the solute.

Active transport requires

energy in the form of ATP.

Facilitated diffusion occurs

n either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.

Certain white blood cells engulf microorganisms and bring them in to digest them. This process is best described as

phagocytosis

Leakage Channel

refers to an ion-specific, non-gated protein channel within the plasma membrane

Homeostasis

refers to the dynamic constancy maintained by normal physiological processes within a cell of an organism

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport

sugars and amino acids.

The directional movement of ions by facilitated diffusion through protein channels is determined by _________.

the electrochemical gradient of the ion being transported

Active transport moves a solute

up its concentration gradient; that is, from a low concentration to a high one.

Forces substances to move through fused plasma membranes

#1 Tight junction

Contains pores that allow small molecules to pass between cells

#3 Gap junction

Simple diffusion is movement of particles from a place of high to low ______.

Concentration

Place a red blood cell with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl into a solution of 1.5% NaCl

Crenation

Placing a red blood cell into a hypertonic solution

Crenation

Necrosis

Damage is irreversible and there is inflammation

Water you drink is absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract. An increase in water intake causes a(n) ______ in the plasma osmolality.

Decrease

Water you drink is absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract. An increase in water intake causes a(n)_______ in the plasma osmolarity.

Decrease

A reduction in number of glucose carrier proteins within the plasma membrane ________ the rate of glucose diffusion.

Decreases

Contains a web of protein filaments between neighboring cells

Desmosome

Found in external layer of skin (epidermis)

Desmosome

Provides resistance against mechanical stress at a single point

Desmosome

Desmosomes

Desmosomes do not encircle the cell, but provide support at a single spot.

The ________ determines if glucose moves into or out of the hepatocyte.

Glucose concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluid.

Differences in concentration on either side of a membrane lead to a concentration ________.

Gradient

Place a red blood cell with a concentration of 0.9% NaCl into a solution of 0.1% NaCl

Hemolysis

Placing a red blood cell into distilled water

Hemolysis

The movement of water by osmosis is always from a _____.

High to low water concentration

The movement of water by osmosis is always from a_______.

High to low water concentration

The pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container (or vessel, in the case of the human body) is called ___________.

Hydrostatic pressure

Physiological saline is a solution containing 0.9% NaCl. A cell in 1.5% NaCl is in a _______ solution.

Hypertonic

Contains a lower concentration of membrane impermeable solute particles than normal (isotonic) extracellular fluid

Hypertonic solution

Contains higher concentration of membrane-limpermeable solute particles than normal (isotonic) extracellular fluid.

Hypertonic solution

An IV solution of 0.45% NaCl is _______ and induces the movement of water _____.

Hypotonic; into cells

An IV solution of an 0.45% NaCl ______ and induces the movement of water

Hypotonic; into cells

______ are proteins or glycoproteins that communicate to other cells that they belong to the body.

Identity Markers

Membrane proteins that penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer and can possibly extend from one surface to the other are called __________ proteins whereas other proteins that are attached to either the inner or the outer surface of the lipid bilayer are called __________ proteins.

Integral; peripheral

Is administered directly into the venous circulation by either a syringe or intravenous catheter

Intravenous (IV) Solution

Contains the same concentration of membrane-impermeable solute particles are normal extracellular fluid

Isotonic solution

Which of the following statements about receptor-mediated endocytosis is TRUE?

It involves clathrin-coated pits.

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

Molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Primary and Secondary active transport proteins differ in that primary active transport proteins _________.

Move both molecules against their gradients, while secondary active transport proteins couple the movement of an ion down its gradient with the movement of another molecule against its gradient.

Placing a red blood cell in an isotonic solution

No Change

The Na+/K+ATPase moves sodium in the _______ direction compared with the direction it travels through sodium leakage channels

Opposite

Movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes ________.

Osmosis

Osmosis

Passive

Particles driven through a selectivity permeable membrane via hydrostatic pressure

Passive

______ processes must involve a gradient pressure of concentration where molecules will be forced from areas of greater to areas of lower pressure or concentration.

Passive

is a 0.9% sodium chlorine solution that is isotonic to body fluids

Physiological saline

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death _________ can promote proper development and destroy harmful cells, thereby preventing cells from causing developmental defects or becoming cancerous.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death induces cell to commit suicide

Exocytosis is a process by which cells

Release substances from the cell via vesicles

________________ ensures that only certain substances are allowed to pass through the plasma membrane. This ensures a constant internal environment for the cell as well as allows only certain substances to pass from the external environment to the inside of the cell, depending on the function of the cell.

Selective permeability

Osmosis is the net flow of water from one side of a ________ permeable membrane to the other.

Selectivity

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will

Shrink

The movement of of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration describes __________.

Simple Diffusion

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Small nonpolar molecules

Changed particles, like _________, can diffuse through the membrane if specific channel proteins are open.

Sodium Ions

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?

Temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when

The dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

Which of the following statements are not true about the sodium potassium pump?

The ions in the extracellular fluid bind to the carrier protein, and the potassium attached to the carrier protein is released.

Not soluble/not dissolve

The lipids in a plasma membrane are ______ in water. This ensures that the membrane will ______ in water.

Changes in the membrane potential trigger the opening or closing of______.

Voltage-gaged channels

Some large, polar molecules, like _____, can slip through small gaps in the phospholipid bilayer.

Water

The normal movement of water across the membrane is from high to low _____ concentration.

Water

Tight Junctions

encircle the apical surface of cells and prevent substances from passing between cells.

The net movement occurs across the gradient until _______ is reached

equilibrium

______ catalyze chemical reactions, and may be attached either to the internal or external surface of the cell.

Enzymes

Facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule.

True

If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water.

True

If the material the cell takes in is liquid, the process is termed pinocytosis.

True

Low-density lipoproteins are brought into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

True

Once the solute molecule is in the binding site, a phosphate disengages from the binding molecule and the solute is released.

True

Osmosis can be described as both the diffusion of a liquid from an area of high concentration of that liquid to an area of a low concentration of that liquid, and, as the diffusion of a liquid from a low concentration of solutes to an area of high concentration of solutes.

True