A&P Chapter 6 Skeleton

The only bone of the skull that can move freely is the ______. It's the largest and strongest bone of the face, because it has to withstand mechanical stress when we chew. Its connection with temporal bone is called ________ joint.

Mandible; temporomandibular

Which structure attaches the lower limbs to the sacrum ?

pelvic (hip bone)

The skeleton of the hand consists of _____ bones, eight _______ bones in the _______, five ______ bones in the ______, and fourteen _______ in the _______.

27; carpal; wrist; metacarpal; palm; 14; phalanges; fingers

Name the eight cranial bones

Frontal, right parietal, left parietal, occipital, right temporal, left temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.

The ______ cavity is even more complex. The roof, lateral walls and floor are formed by parts of one cranial bone (_______) and three facial bones (______, _______, ________). The nasal _______ consists of a bony part (______, _________) and the __________.

Nasal; ethmoid; palatine; maxillary; inferior nasal concha; septum; ethmoid; vomer; anterior septal cartilage

________ sinuses are mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces that ligthen the skull and enhance resonance of the voice. They are called _________, ________, _______, and ______ sinus.

Paranasal sinuses; frontal; sphenoid; ethmoid; maxillary

Each hip or ______ bone consists of three fused bones: _____, ______, and ______. At the center of the hip, where the three bones fuse is a deep fossa called the ________, which accommodates the head of the ______ to form the _____ joint.

coxal; ilium; ischium; pubis; acetabulum; femur; hip

The deepest skull bone is the ______ bone. It forms part of the superior part of the ______ septum and the roof of the _____ cavity, and contributes to the medial wall of the _______.

ethmoid; nasal; nasal; orbit

Tiny irregularly shaped bones within sutures are called ______ bones.

sutural bones

Which bones form the shoulder girdle?

the clavicle and scapula

The pelvis is subdivided into a _______ or ________ pelvis, which is located below that ________, and a _______ or ______ above it. In women the true pelvis is ________ and has a greater ________.

true; lesser; pelvic brim; false; greater; broad; shallow; outlet

The _______ forms the major part of the _______ joint. Its thick, proximal end carries the _________ and _______ processes that are separated by a deep concavity called _________, which is perfectly shaped to articulate with the ______ of the humerus. On the_______ side of the coronoid process is the ______ notch for articulation with the ______ of the _______. The distal end of the ulna is smaller and ends in a lateral _______ and a medial ___________.

ulna; elbow; olecranon; coronoid; trochlear notch; trochlea; lateral; radial; head; radius; head; styloid process

The _____ thoracic vertebrae are bigger than the cervical vertebrae . Because they all form joints with ______ they have additional _____ or _______ on their _____ and ______. Their spinous processes are ________ and point downwards because of the back muscles that pull on them. The alignment of the inferior and superior ______ fascets inhibit _______ and _______, but allow for ______ of the thoracic spine.

12; ribs; facets; demifacets; bodies; transverse processes; long; articular; flexion; extension; rotation

The _____ pairs of ribs are subdivided into two main groups: _____ or _____ ribs (pairs ___ through ___) and ______ ribs (pairs ___ through___). The first group attaches directly to the ______ by individual ______. The second group is subdivided into ______ ribs (pairs ___ through____), which attach ______ by joining costal cartilage of the rib above, and _______ or ________ ribs, which do not attach to the sternum at all.

12; true; vertebrosternal; 1; 7; false ribs; 8; 12; sternum; costal cartilages; vertebrochondral; 8; 10; indirectly; vertebral; floating

There are ___ facial bones. The two _______ bones or ______ are fused medially to form the ______ jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton. They articulate with all other facial bones except the ______. They are connected laterally to the _____ bones or _______.

14; maxillary; maxillae; upper; mandible; zygomatic; cheeckbones

There are about ______ bones all together in a typical adult skeleton. The axial skeleton is made up of the ______, ______, and ________. It forms the ______ axis of our body. Usually, the axial skeleton consists of about ______ bones.

206; skull; vertebral column; thoracic cage; longitudinal; 80

The lowest _____ vertebrae are the ______ vertebrae. They are the biggest because they have to carry all the weight of the upper body and any additional weight we carry. Their ______ and _______ are short and thick, and their spinous processes are flat ______. The ______ facets lock lumbar vertebrae together to prevent ________, but allow for _______ and _______.

5; lumbar; pedicles; laminae; hatchet-shaped; articular; rotation; flexion; extension

Which bones form the appendicular skeleton?

The bones of the limbs and their girdles

The _______ is the backbone of our body. It consists of _____ vertebrae, ___ in the neck (_______ vertebrae), ____ in the thoracic part (________ vertebrae), and ____ in the lower back (_____ vertebrae), as well as the _____ and the _____ or _______.

Vertebral column; 24; 7; cervical; 12; thoracic; 5; lumbar; sacrum; coccyx; tailbone

To stabilize the column the _____ and _______ ligaments run from the neck down to the sacrum, while _____ ligaments connect each vertebra to those above and below. ______ are yellow due to their high content of ________ fibers.

anterior; posterior longitudinal; short; yellow; ligament flava; elastic

The first cervical vertebrae (C1) is easy to recognize, its the only vertebra without a body. Instead it has an ______ and _______ arch and two ______, which articulate with the _______ of the skull. Because C1 carries the skull it was named _______ after a Greek mythological figure.

anterior;posterior; lateral masses; occipital condyles; atlas

The upper limb consists of three parts: ______, ________, and ______, and ______ bones overall.

arm; forearm; hand; 30

The second vertebra also has a special name. It is called ______ because it has a tooth-like projection called _______, around which the atlas rotates when we shake our head to say no.

axis; dens

Each vertebra but one has an anterior weight-bearing region called ______ or _______. The posterior part of that surrounds the vertebral ______ is the vertebral _______, which is composed of _______ and _________. All the foramina together make up the ______ canal, which houses the _________

body; centrum; foramen; arch; pedicles; laminae; vertebral canal; spinal cord;

_______ vertebrae are the smallest vertebrae, C3-C7 have special features other vertebrae don't have. Their spinous processes are usually _______ (except C7), they have an oval body, and a large, _______ vertebral foramen. Plus they have _______ in each transverse process.

cervical ; bifid; triangualar; transverse foramen

The S-shaped ______, also called _______, connects the _______ with the _______. The flattened outer or lateral end is called the ______ end because it articulates with the _____ in the ______ joint. The inner or medial cone-shaped end articulates with the ______ of the sternum and is thus called the ______ end.

clavicle; the collarbone; scapula (acromion of the scapula); sternum; acromial; acromion; acromioclavicular; manibrium; sternal

There are two sets of bones that make up the skull. The ______ bones surround the ______ which encloses the ______, and provides sites of attachment for head and neck muscles. The top part is called _____ or ________, the lower part forms the __________, which has three fossae called ________, _______,and ________ cranial fossa. The _______ bones form ______, and openings for ______ and _______ passage

cranial; cranial cavity; brain; cranial vault; calvaria; cranial base; anterior; middle; posterior; facial; vision; taste; smell; air; food

The lower or ______ end has two _______. The medial _______ has an hour-glass shape, the lateral one is ball-shaped and is called __________. Each of them carries a little raised attachment areas for muscles called _______ and __________. On the anterior aspect of the proximal part there are two fossae, a shallow _____ fossa and a deeper _____ fossa. On the posterior aspect is the _______ fossa for the _______ process of the ______.

distal; condyles; trochlea; capitulum; medial; lateral epicondyle; radial; coronoid; olecranon; olecranon; ulna

The ______ is the only bone of the _______. The proximal end has an elongated _____ with a ball-like ________ that articulates with the _______ of the _______ to form the _______ joint.

femur; thigh; neck; head; acetabulum; hip bone; hip

The leg has two bones: the lateral _______ and the medial ______. They are connected by the ______ proximally, the _________distally, and the ______ along the shaft. The _______ carries all the weight of the body, while the _______ is a non-weight-bearing bone because it does not articulate with the ______.

fibula; tibia; proximal tibiofibular joint; distal tibiofibular joint; interosseous membrane; tibia; fibula; femur

The seven bones that form the orbit.

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine

The _______ bone forms the anterior portion of the cranium and most of the ______ cranial fossa. It also forms the ______ wall of the orbits and contains the air-filled _______ sinus

frontal; anterior; superior; frontal

Just inferior to the head of the humerus are the _______ and ________, which are attachment sites for muscles. Midway down its shaft is the V-shaped ________, which is the attachment site for the _______ muscle.

greater; lesser tubercle; deltoid tuberosity; deltoid

The fibula is much thinner, more like a stick with an expanded end, a proximal _______ and a distal _______, which forms the lateral ankle bulge.

head; lateral; malleolus

Two ______ bones form the bony _____ together with the _____ and the _______.

hip; pelvis; sacrum; coccyx

The ______ is the sole bone of the arm. Its upper or ______ ends forms the rounded, smooth _______, which articulates with the ______ of the _______ to form the shoulder joint.

humerus; proximal; head; glenoid cavity; scapula

The _______ bone is the only bone in the body that is not connected directly with any other bone. It's an attachment site for muscles of _______ and _______.

hyoid; swallowing; speech

The ________ forms the upper part of the hip bone. It has a ______ that connects with the other two parts of the hip bone and an upper wing-like portion called ________ with a thickened superior margin, the so-called _______. The medial surface of the ala has a concave fossa called _______. The posterior ear-shaped _________ articulates with the ______ in the _______ joint.

ilium; body; ala; iliac crest; iliac fossa; auricular surface; sacrum; sacroiliac joint

The ______, which form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, are the most caudally based of the three nasal conchae. The plow-shaped _______ is part of the lower part of the _________.

inferior nasal conchae; vomer; nasal septum

_____ discs are cushion-like pads composed of two parts: an inner core called ______ that gives the disc its ______ and _____, and an outer ring of ________ and _______ called ______. The discs can ________ shock from bouncing up and down, but also give us _______ so we can bend forwards or to the side.

intervertebral discs; the nucleus pulposus; elasticity; compressibility; collagen; fibrocartilage; the annulus fibrosus; absorb; mobility

The pedicle part of each arch has a little notch on its upper and lower border. The notches from two adjacent vertebrae form openings called _______, through which spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal. Each vertebra has ____ processes. One _____ process that projects straight to the back and two _______processes that project to the sides. There are also two processes protruding from the upper (________) and lower pedicle-lamina junction (___________ process)

intervertebral foramina; 7; spinous; transverse; superior articular; inferior articular

The _______ forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone. It has two parts , a thicker, superior part called the ______, and thinner inferior _______ that connects with pubis. The lower, thickened surface of the body is the part we're sitting on; it's called the ________.

ischium; body; ramus; ischial tuberosity

A condition with a more pronounced thoracic curvature is called ______ or _______, and an equally abnormal concave curvature of the lumbar region is called ________ or ________. Any lateral curve of the spine is abnormal. It is a condition called _______.

kyphosis; hunchback; lordosis; swayback; scoliosis

In order to be able to withstand the forces pushing down on the foot it has to have a structure similar to an arched doorway. Because it is fairly wide one arch wouldn't be sufficient and therefore we have three arches, a ______ and __________ as well as a _______ arch.

lateral; medial longitudinal; transverse

The distal femur broadens and forms two wheel-like processes, the _____ and _______. Each of them carries small elevations called ________ and an _________ that connects with the tibia as part of the ______ joint. In between the condyles on the anterior femur is another cartilage-covered surface, the ___________. The _______ is a U-shaped fossa on the posterior aspect of the distal femur.

medial; lateral condyle; epicondyles; articular surface; knee; patellar surface; intercondylar fossa

There are five long ______ bones and ______ smaller ______ for the fingers of each hand. Each finger or _______ has three bones called _____, _______, and _______ phalanx. The exception is the ______ finger, which is usually called ______ or ______; it has _____ phalanges only as the middle phalanx is missing.

metacarpal; long; 28; phalanges; phalanx; proximal; middle; distal; first; thumb; pollex; 2; middle

The _______ consists of ____ bones, just like the ______ of the hand. The ______ are numbered form 1 through 5, with the medial bone being number 1. Its distal head is enlarged and forms the so-called _______ of the foot. There are ______ phalanges with each having three _______ except for the ________ toe, which is also called ________.

metatarsus; 5; metacarpus; metatarsals; ball; 14; digits; fisrt; hallux

The bridge of the nose is formed by the ________ bones, whereas the ________ bones form part of the medial wall of the _______.

nasal; lacrimal; orbit

The _______ bone forms most of the skull's posterior wall and the ______ cranial fossa. It forms a joint with the ______ vertebra also known as atlas or C1.

occipital; posterior; first

The ______ house the eyes and lacrimal glands and are sites of attachment for eye muscles.

orbits

The two ______ bones are part of the three skull openings. They form the posterior one-third of the ______ which separates ______ and ________ cavity, the posterolateral wall of the ______ cavity, and contributes to the _______.

palatine; hard palate; oral; nasal; nasal; orbit

The _______ bones form the superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault, while the ______ bones form the inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor. The latter ones have four major areas called ________, ________, _______, and ______ region.

parietal; temporal; squamos; tympanic; mastoid; petrous

The _______ or _______ is the largest sesamoid bone of the body. It is a triangular with the ______ pointing down towards the leg. It is embedded into the tendon of the ______ muscle and its cartilage-covered posterior surface allows for smooth gliding of the tendon over the lower end of the _____.

patella; kneecap; apex; quadriceps; femur

Which structure attaches to the upper limbs to the thorax?

pectoral (shoulder)

Name the eight carpal bones starting with the proximal row.

pisiform; triquetrum; lunate; scaphoid; hamate; capitate; trapezoid; trapezium

The pubis or _______ forms the ______ portion of the hip bone. It is the V-shaped with an ______ and a _______ ramus and a medial ________. The two bodies form the _______ in the midline of the pelvis.

pubic bone; anterior; inferior; superior; body; pubic symphysis

The forearm has two bones: The _____ on the lateral side and the _______ on the medial side. The thin proximal end of the radius is called the ______; it articulates with the _______ of the humerus and the ______ of the ulna. Just below the head is a rough patch called _______ for attachment of the ______ muscle. The distal, expanded end of the radius is part of the ______ joint. The ______ notch on its medial side articulates with the ulna in the ________ joint, whereas the ______ process on the lateral side acts as anchoring side for wrist ________.

radius; ulna; head; capitulum; radial notch; radial tuberosity; biceps (brachii) muscle; wrist; ulnar; distal radioulnar; styloid; ligaments

The spine has curvatures that give it ______ and ______. Looked at from the side the _______ and ________ spines show ______ curvatures, while the ______ spine and the ______ spine display ________ curvatures.

resilience; flexibility; cervical; lumbar; concave; thoracic; sacral; convex

Although the _____ are of different size and shape, all have four main parts: a ______ that articulates with facets or demifacets on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae, a short _______, a ______ with an articular ________ that articulates with the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra, and a ______that can be short or long depending on the rib.

ribs; head; neck; tubercle; facet; shaft

The cervical spine is the only part of the spine that allows fr _______ as well as _______ and _______.

rotation; flexion; extension

During evolution the last vertebrae fused together forming two bones, the _____, which is the keystone bone of the _____, and the ______ or _______. The sacrum consists of ____ fused vertebrae, the coccyx of _____-_____ vertebrae.

sacrum; pelivs; tailbone; coccyx; 3; 5

There are two projections that serve as attachment sites for muscle at the junction of ______ and _______, the ______ on the ______ side and the _________ on the __________ aspect.

shaft; neck; greater trochanter; lateral; lesser trochanter; posteromedial

The broad upper end of the tibia (aka_________) forms an almost flat surface that is subdivided into the _______ and _______ by the __________. The condyles articulate with the femur as part of the ______joint. Just below the condyles on the anterior aspect is the _______. The distal tibia carries an articular surface for articulation with the ________. Next to it on the medial side is a projection called ________.

shinbone; medial condyle; lateral condyle; intercondylar eminence; knee; tibial tuberosity; talus; medial malleolus

The scapula or _____ is a much more complex bone. It is located on the ______ surface of the rib cage, between ribs ___ and ____. Basically it's a flat, ______ bone with ____ borders and ____ angles and several large fossae.

shoulder blade; dorsal/posterior; 2; 7; triangular; 3; 3; 7

The _______ bone is a very complex, bat shaped bone. It's called a ______ bone, because it articulates with all other cranial bones. Its three pairs of processes are called _______ and _________, and ________.

sphenoid; keystone; greater wing; lesser wing pterygoid process

The most striking features are the prominent _____, which end laterally in an enlarged projection called _____(point of the shoulder), the beak-like ________, which arises form the lateral end of the superior border, and the _______, which forms part of the _________ joint together with the _____ of the ______.

spine; acromion; coracoid process; glenoid cavity; shoulder; head; humerus

The ______ or _____ looks a bit like an old-fashioned toy sword. It has three parts, the handle or ________,the _________, and a tip called _______. The connection between manubrium and body forms a visible and palpable prominence in the midline of our chest called ________. It is important anatomical landmark for finding the second rib and the second intercostal space below.

sternum; breastbone; manubrium; body; the xiphoid process; the sternal angle

The thoracic cage is made up of a frontal part, the ________, the 12 _______ in the back, and ___ pairs of _____ on the side.

sternum; thoracic vertebrae; 12; ribs

The jagged lines that connect the frontal, occipital, and temporal bones of the cranial vault are called _______. a) Connects parietal bones and frontal bone: _______ b) Connects parietal bones and occipital bone: ______ c) Connects parietal and temporal bones on each side of the skull: _______ d) Suture between right and left parietal bone: ________

sutures a) coronal suture b) lambdoid suture c) squamos (squamosal) sutures d) sagittal suture

The ______ has only ______ bones, compared to ____ for the wrist. Because the foot has to carry all the weight when we walk, the _____ bones are stronger than the ______ of the hands and have different alignment. The _____ or _______ is the biggest and strongest of the ______. It is also the attachment site for the strongest and thickest tendon of our body, the ________ or _______ tendon. On top of the calcaneus sits the ______ or _______ bone, which articulates with the ______ and _______ above. The two bones lying distally to the calcaneus and talus are the _____ and ______ bones. Three wedge-shaped bones, the _____, ______, and ________ bone complete the tarsus.

tarsus; 7; 8; tarsal; carpal; calcaneous; heel bone; tarsals; Achilleus; calcaneal; talus; ankle; tibia; fibula; cuboid; navicular; lateral; intermediate; medial cuneiform

Which bones form the pelvic girdle?

the hip bones

The lower limb has three regions, _________, _________, and ________, with a total of _____ bones.

thigh; leg; foot; 30

The last cervical vertebra is called _______ because it has a _______ process that makes it easy to palpate.

vertebra prominens; spinous