A&P CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" are formed
Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards?
1
The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.
206
An intradermal injection is administered into which layer?
3
Which layer contains most of the accessory organs?
3
The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.
4; 5
While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?
5
Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?
All of the answers are correct.
Why can inflammation occur in any organ in the body? (Module 4.18C)
All organs have connective tissues.
Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar epithelial organization? (Module 4.5B)
All these sites are subject to physical stresses and abrasion.
Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished? (Module 6.3C)
Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint.
Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma? (Module 5.3D)
Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.
________ are transmembrane proteins that connect two cell membranes together.
Cell adhesion molecules
A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture.
Colles
The pancreas is an example of which glandular structure?
Compound tubuloalveolar
How does calcitonin act to lower blood calcium? (Module 6.11C)
Decreases osteoclast break down of bone matrix, decreases calcitriol production, decreases intestinal absorption, and increases renal excretion
Define endochondral ossification. (Module 6.7A)
Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone.
Describe the two primary types of glands. (Module 4.8A)
Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.
Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C)
Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.
Why would areolar tissue be considered the ideal type for connective tissue proper?
It has all cell types found in other forms of connective tissue.
Which of the following is not true of the skeletal system?
It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.
Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?
It is triggered by histamine and caused by increased endothelial permeability.
What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)
Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.
Describe the functions of osteocytes. (Module 6.4B)
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
Describe the functions of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts. (Module 6.4A)
Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix.
All the following result in decreased calcium levels in the bloodstream EXCEPT __________.
PTH stimulation of osteoclasts
Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called __________.
Pott's fractures
________ epithelium is found inside the eyes.
Simple squamous
Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Describe the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton. (Module 6.1A)
The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.
If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected? (Module 6.4D)
The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will decrease.
Describe the changes in appearance of the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder as stretching occurs. (Module 4.6C)
The cells become flatter.
Which of the following is not a characteristic used to describe the structure of multicellular exocrine glands?
The extensiveness of the Golgi apparatus in the secretory areas
Describe the function of the medullary cavity. (Module 6.3B)
The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.
Why does hair turn white or gray with age? (Module 5.10A)
The melanocyte activity declines, making the hair white or gray.
Define hyponychium. (Module 5.9B)
The thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of the nail.
Why does the free edge of a nail appear white? (Module 5.9C)
There are no underlying blood vessels.
Describe the appearance of simple columnar epithelial cells in a sectional view. (Module 4.7A)
They appear columnar with an elongated nucleus close to the basement membrane.
Compare thin skin with thick skin. (Module 5.2A)
Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why? (Module 5.5B)
Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.
Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B)
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a hemidesmosome?
a
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
a basal lamina.
The effects of aging on the skin include
a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.
What is a tissue? (Module 4.1B)
a group of similar cells and their cell products
A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called
a keloid
A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called
a scab
What is the survival rate of a localized malignant melanoma that is detected and removed in the early stages of the cancer?
above 95%
Excessive growth hormone after puberty could result in
acromegaly.
Rickets can be prevented by
adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol
Cells that store fat are called
adipocytes.
Skin wrinkle and sagging is caused by
all of the choices.
All of the following are true of neurons except that they
are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except
areolar connective tissue.
In compact bone, the osteons are
arranged in concentric lamellae
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a tight junction?
b
Which structures separate epithelial tissue from connective tissue?
basement membranes
The central canal of an osteon contains
blood vessels
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
bone
Osseous tissue is also called
bone
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates an adhesion belt?
c
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin.
Which substance accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?
calcium salts
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
calcium.
Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.
cardiac muscle
________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.
carotene
Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of
cartilage
Firm, rubbery matrix is a structural feature of which connective tissue type?
cartilage
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)
cartilage model.
Transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and to extracellular materials are known as:
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).
Neurons have a very limited ability to divide after injury because most neurons lack which organelle(s)?
centrioles
Which substance is produced in the skin when exposed to UV radiation and subsequently converted to calcitriol?
cholecalciferol
The dominant fiber type in most dense connective tissue is
collagen
A ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments.
comminuted
An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin.
compound
Structurally, mammary glands are examples of which of the following?
compound alveolar
A _______ has a duct that divides one or more times on its way to the gland cells
compound gland
The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture.
compression
The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a
condyle.
Which type of tissue fills internal spaces of the body?
connective
The three types of connective tissue include
connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.
All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they
contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.
All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except
corticosteroids.
A prominent ridge, as seen on the pelvis, is a
crest.
The two components of the integumentary system are the
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.
d
Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 is very abundant in cardiac muscle?
d
All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it
decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.
Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are
dense irregular connective tissues.
The keratinocytes are tightly connected with each other by
desmosomes
The shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
From what structure does merocrine secretion occur?
eccrine sweat gland
The lining of the medullary cavity is called the
endosteum
The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called
endothelium.
The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new
epidermal cells.
Identify the structure labeled "2."
epiphysis
List the major parts of a long bone. (Module 6.3A)
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity
Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type?
epithelial
The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.
epithelial
Which type of tissue covers exposed surfaces of the body?
epithelial
What two types of tissues contribute to the formation and maintenance of the basement membrane? (Module 4.4D)
epithelial and connective tissue
At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the
eponychium.
Which tissue type, found within the knee joint and between the pubic bones of the pelvis, resists compression and limits relative movement?
fibrocartilage
The type of cartilage found in the intervertebral discs is ________ cartilage.
fibrous
A rib is an example of a ________ bone.
flat
Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape. (Module 6.2A)
flat, sutural, long, irregular, sesamoid, short
Blood belongs to which of the following types of connective tissue?
fluid connective tissue
A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.
foramen
A rounded hole through a bone is termed a
foramen
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found
forming the kidney tubules.
A shallow depression on a bone is termed a
fossa
Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a
fracture
Which of the following describes spiral fractures?
fractures that are produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as
full thickness
These hormones, which can be released during times of stress, loosen the connections between keratinocytes.
glucocorticoids
List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)
growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones
The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a
head
Give the term for the "study of tissues." (Module 4.1A)
histology
What type of tissue occurs at "1"?
hyaline cartilage
Which type of connective tissue is found between the ribs and the sternum, or supporting the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage is found
in the ear
Which of the following is true for parathyroid hormone?
inhibits calcitonin secretion.
Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.
interstitial fluid; ductless; ducts
All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it
is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.
All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________.
it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity
The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are
keratinocytes
Scar tissue is the result of
large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.
Simple columnar epithelia are found
lining the gallbladder.
Transitional epithelium is found
lining the urinary bladder
Bone is ________ tissue.
living connective
The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
long
What is the main function of mesenchymal cells?
make new connective tissue cells
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed
malignant melanoma.
Milk is produced by ________ glands.
mammary
Fat is stored within the
medullary cavity
An albino individual lacks the ability to produce
melanin
Which type of glands secret their products by exocytosis?
merocrine
Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.
merocrine sweat
The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the
metaphysis.
Unicellular exocrine glands secrete
mucus
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.
muscle
Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?
muscle
The nail body covers the
nail bed
Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.
neural
Which type of tissue conducts electrical impulses?
neural
All ________ function to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.
neurons
All the following are familiar indicators of inflammation EXCEPT:
numbness
The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen.
nutrient
The lacunae of osseous tissue contain
osteocytes
What are mature bone cells in lacunae called? (Module 4.14B)
osteocytes
What is the functional unit of compact bone? (Module 4.14C)
osteon
During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is least likely in the region of the injury?
pale, cold skin
Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix. Explain its mechanism of action. (Module 6.11A)
parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix
Identify the structure at "4."
periosteum
The watery fluid component of blood is called
plasma
All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it
produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."
All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except
production of skin pigments.
List four essential functions of epithelial tissue. (Module 4.3A)
provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions
A projection at an angle on a bone is termed a
ramus
The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.
reticular connective
Nail production occurs at the nail
root
Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland?
sebaceous
What process is shown at "6"?
secondary ossification
Merocrine sweat glands
secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.
Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for
secretion
Which class of bones develops inside tendons and is most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet?
sesamoid bones
The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.
short
Merocrine sweat glands are classified as
simple coiled tubular.
A ________ has a single duct that does not divide on it's way to the gland cells
simple gland
The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.
simple squamous
The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called
simple squamous
A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a
sinus
Gap junctions can be found in all of the following tissues except
skeletal muscle
Of the following tissues, which has the least ability to regenerate after injury?
skeletal muscle
The substance called sebum is commonly known as
skin oil
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
smooth
Identify the three basic components of connective tissue. (Module 4.10A)
specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.
spiral
Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because
stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury.
The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by ________ epithelium.
stratified cuboidal
In which layer of skin are keratinocytes produced?
stratum basale
The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the
stratum basale.
Insensible perspiration takes place in the
stratum corneum
Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?
supporting connective
Functions of epithelia include all of the following except
supporting muscle cells.
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except
synthesis of vitamin C.
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
temperature regulation
Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?
tendons
________ hairs are coarse pigmented hairs.
terminal
Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except
the epidermis
Secondary ossification centers occur in
the epiphyses.
If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,
the follicle will lose its blood supply
The term "branched" in glandular structure refers to
the glandular areas of the gland.
All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that
the hair becomes club hair during regression phase.
All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________.
the hypodermis is part of the dermis
What makes a connective tissue "loose" or "dense"? (Module 4.12A)
the packing or volume of fibers
Neuroglia do all of the following EXCEPT:
transmit electrical impulses.
A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a
tuberosity.
Goblet cells are classified as
unicellular exocrine glands.
________ are fine hairs that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface.
vellus hairs
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are
white cells, red cells, and platelets.