a&p exam review

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________.

choroid plexuses

The membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids is the ________.

conjunctiva

Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________.

contractility.

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the ________.

cornea

Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, then absorbed through the retina

In cell division, the term that refers to division of the cytoplasm is ________.

cytokinesis

Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.

cytoplasm

The prime mover of arm abduction is the ________ muscle.

deltoid

Tendons and ligaments are classified as ________.

dense connective (fibrous) tissue

A nucleotide of DNA contain three components: ________, ________, and ________.

deoxyribose sugar phosphate group nitrogen base

The ___________ system rids the body of indigestible food residue in feces while the ____________ system removes nitrogen-containing metabolic waste in urine.

digestive; urinary

What process results in the exact duplication of DNA?

dna replication

The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as ________ glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts

exocrine

The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the ________.

foramen magnum.

Which area of the retina has the highest concentration of cones?

fovea centralis

The DNA segment that carries information for building one protein or polypeptide chain is called a(n) ________.

gene

An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) ________ fracture, is commonly seen in children.

greenstick

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as ________.

homeostasis

The pH scale is based on the number of ________ in solution.

hydrogen ions

The phospholipid tails are ________, which make the plasma membrane impermeable to water.

hydrophobic

The auditory ossicle called the "anvil" is also known as the ________.

incus

What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways?

interneurons

The period of the cell cycle when the cell grows and performs its metabolic activities is ________.

interphase

The pupil is an opening within the

iris

The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the ________.

lens

The organelle responsible for making the majority of ATP in a cell is the ________.

mitochondria

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.

motor unit

The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the __________ system.

muscular

The inability to see distant objects is termed "nearsighted" or ________.

myopia.

According to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur?

myosin filaments form cross bridges, muscle fiber contracts when myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer together and thus shorten sarcomeres within a fiber, when all the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber shorten, the fiber contracts

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

nodes of ranvier.

What region of the retina lacks photoreceptor cells?

optic disc

The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ________.

origin.

The passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins is ________.

osmosis

The process of bone formation is known as ________.

ossification.

Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called ________.

otoliths

The most common element in the human body is ________.

oxygen

The small, peglike projections of the tongue's surface are called ________.

papillae

The hypothalamus regulates which gland?

pituitary

During a synthesis reaction, amino acids join to form ________.

polypeptide

During repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?

potassium

Which layer of the eye contains photoreceptors known as rods and cones?

retina

Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

retina

The fibrous covering of the eye consists of the white outer layer, known as the ________, and a transparent portion known as the ________.

sclera cornea

What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

sensory and motor

________ muscle tissue has no visible striations and is found in the walls of hollow organs.

smooth

What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?

sodium

Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the ________.

spiral organ of corti

The five taste sensations are

sweet, sour, bitter, umami, salty

Immovable joints are functionally classified as ________.

synarthrosis

The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is ________.

thymine

The nucleotides of DNA join in a complementary way in which adenine pairs with ________ while cytosine pairs with ________.

thymine guanine

Groups of cells that are similar in both structure and function are known as ________.

tissue

The two steps of protein synthesis, in the correct order, are ________ and ________.

transcription and translation.

Sound waves entering the external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) hit the eardrum, also known as the ________.

tympanic membrane

The two major body cavities are ________ and ________.

ventral and dorsal

What bones protect the spinal cord?

vertebrae

The axon terminals are located where?

very end of a branch of a nerve's axon.

The gel-like substance housed in the posterior segment of the eye is the ________.

vitreous humor.

What accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the body's weight?

water

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white grey

What structure is lined with ceruminous glands?

External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)

What specific receptor cells respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva?

Gustatory cells

What sensation is related to sitting motionless at a desk studying your anatomy and physiology material?

Static equilibrium

What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel?

Stroke.

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which cranial nerve transmits both hearing and equilibrium information to the brain?

The vestibulocochlear nerve

Which facial muscle is considered the "smiling" muscle since it raises the corners of the mouth?

Zygomaticus major

Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ________.

antagonists

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton.

axial

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

axon.

The myofilament composed of actin is indicated by ________.

c

Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as ________.

canaliculi

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

cardiac

The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the ___________ system.

cardiovascular

What vision disorder results from the loss of lens transparency?

cataracts

What is the smallest unit of all living things?

cells

Hearing receptors within the spiral organ of Corti are called ________.

hair cells

Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) ________.

joint

What type of photoreceptor cell allows us to see gray tones in dim light, and provides our peripheral vision?

rods

An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as ________.

muscular dystrophy.

Irritability and conductivity are the two major functional characteristics of ________.

nerve tissue

What type of chemoreceptor is responsible for our sense of smell?

Olfactory receptor

Place the following steps of protein synthesis and export from the cell in the proper order

1. The protein is synthesized on the ribosome as it migrates through the rough ER 2. The protein folds into its functional shape. 3. The protein is packaged in a transport vesicle. 4. The transport vesicle travels to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.

Which disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia and is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine?

Alzheimer's.

From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Which gland is located above the lateral end of each eye and releases tears?

Lacrimal gland

____________ refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism

________ tissue is commonly called fat.

adipose