A&P II 20/21 LAB
In the Ouchterlony test, if an unknown antigen contains only swine serum albumin, how many precipitin lines will form between it and the wells of antibodies for horse, bovine, and swine albumin?
1
How many sites on this antibody molecule have potential to bind to a non-self molecule?
2
Which of these lymphoid organs is part of a collection of tissues called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and removes pathogens entering the pharynx (throat)?
A
Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life?
B
Which of these lymphoid organs is the thymus?
B
Germinal centers in the cortex of lymph nodes contain primarily ________.
B cells
Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?
C
Which of these lymphatic organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?
C
Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the intestinal wall and generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory?
D
What type of lymphoid tissue is found in the highlighted structure? GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) lymph collecting vessels lymph nodes white pulp
GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
Which of the following is an INACCURATE statement regarding lymph nodes?
Immune system cells are only located in the cortex.
__________, which serve as filters for the lymphatic system, occur at various points along the lymphatic vessels.
Lymph nodes
Which structures are highlighted? germinal centers tonsils white pulp of spleen Peyer's patches
Peyer's patches
__________ differentiate in the thymus.
T cells
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
What causes the flow of lymph to slow within lymph nodes?
There are more afferent vessels than efferent vessels.
What is not true about antibodies?
They are cells.
Antibodies are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens and are found in all body secretions.
True
Collecting lymphatic vessels have three tunics and are equipped with valves like veins.
True
The immune response is a systemic response that occurs when the body recognizes a substance as foreign and acts to destroy or neutralize it.
True
The lymphatic system protects the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria from the lymphatic stream.
True
What is the medium for diffusion in the Ouchterlony technique?
agar
When two antigens have NO epitopes in common, their precipitin lines form _______.
an X
Which of the following describes the precipitin line formation between wells 2 and 3?
an arc
The direct fluorescent antibody test for Chlamydia uses fluorescently labeled _______.
antibody to detect antigen in the patient sample
Antibodies ________.
are proteins composed of heavy chains and light chains
Which lymph nodes are highlighted? axillary aortic cervical thoracic
axillary
A positive result with the negative control would _______.
be a "false positive" and invalidate the results
In the Ouchterlony test, where will a precipitin line form when bovine serum albumin is mixed with the antibodies for horse albumin, bovine albumin, and swine albumin?
between the wells for bovine albumin and antibodies for bovine albumin
In the direct ELISA, _______.
both primary and secondary antibodies bind to the antigen
Antigens with epitopes in common _______.
can have partial identity and can be identical
Which structure is highlighted? white pulp capsule trabeculae red pulp
capsule
What vessel serves as the source of the spleen's blood supply from the aorta?
celiac truck
T cells mediate __________ immunity because they destroy cells infected with viruses and certain bacteria and parasites.
cellular
What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk return lymph?
cisterna chyli
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
constant (C) region
Within a class of antibodies, the _______.
constant region has the same sequence of amino acids
What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?
cortex
Which structure is highlighted? medulla capsule cortex lymphoid follicles
cortex
In the tonsils, these structures trap bacteria and other foreign material.
crypts
Lymph is __________.
excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of capillaries
Which statement best describes the highlighted structure? extensions of the fibrous capsule into the cortex location of T lymphocytes lymphoid tissue containing B cells, T cells, and plasma cells fibrous connective tissue that forms the framework of the medullary sinuses
extensions of the fibrous capsule into the cortex
Lymph in the cisterna chyli differs in composition from lymph in the general lymphatic stream in that it contains more ________.
fat
Which type of tissue forms the highlighted structure? loose reticular connective tissue lymphoid tissue epithelial tissue fibrous connective tissue
fibrous connective tissue
Antigens that can provoke an immune response include ________.
foreign proteins, polysaccharides, and small molecules, called haptens that link to our own body proteins
Antibodies that have only one structural unit (monomer) consist of __________ protein chains, connected by disulfide bonds.
four
Which structure is highlighted in this section through a tonsil? germinal center cortex lymphoid follicle medulla
germinal center
The antibodies used in this activity have been produced in _______.
goats
B cells provide this kind of immunity.
humoral
The thoracic duct runs parallel and close to all of the following EXCEPT the __________.
iliac arteries
Where is the spleen located?
in the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm and curled around the anterior aspect of the stomach
Which structure is highlighted? epiglottis pharyngeal tonsil lingual tonsil palatine tonsil
lingual tonsil
Although all of the organs below can raise an immune response, only this one filters the lymph.
lymph nodes
The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system are the two basic functions of the __________.
lymph nodes
These cells recognize antigens and initiate the immune response.
lymphocytes
Which structure is highlighted? red pulp germinal center white pulp lymphoid follicle
lymphoid follicle
Which structures are highlighted? lymphoid follicles germinal centers tonsillar crypts Peyer's patches
lymphoid follicles
This medullary region of the lymph node contains primarily ________.
macrophages
Which structure is highlighted? hilum capsule cortex medulla
medulla
How many patient samples were positive for Chlamydia?
one
Which structure is highlighted? submandibular gland pharyngeal tonsil lingual tonsil palatine tonsil
palatine tonsil
Which of the following describes the identity seen between human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin?
partial identity
Which type of identity would you expect to see between human serum albumin and sheep serum albumin?
partial identity
Which patient(s) tested positive for HIV?
patient C
Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?
permeability of the walls
Antibodies are produced by _______.
plasma cells
Select the mechanism below that is not involved in the flow of lymph through the lymphatic vessels.
pumping action of the heart
Which structure is highlighted? white pulp central artery trabeculae red pulp
red pulp
The washing steps are necessary to _______.
reduce any nonspecific binding that may occur
What is a function of the white pulp of the highlighted organ? oxygenation of blood removal of fats from the blood production of red blood cells removal of antibody-coated bacteria from blood
removal of antibody-coated bacteria from blood
Which function of the spleen occurs in the highlighted region? removing old, damaged blood cells activation of B lymphocytes in response to pathogens production of bile production of new blood cells
removing old, damaged blood cells
The functions of the lymph system include all of the following except ________.
removing worn out erythrocytes from the system
The form of Chlamydia that divides inside the host cell is the _______.
reticulate body
The fluid portion of the blood with the clotting factors removed is called _______.
serum
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?
small heart-like pumps
The highlighted lymph nodes are important in removing pathogens that have entered through what organ? liver small intestine esophagus kidney
small intestine
Which structure is highlighted? pancreas kidney adrenal gland spleen
spleen
The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs such as ________.
spleen, and thymus
Which structure is highlighted? stratified squamous epithelium capsule septa lymphoid follicles
stratified squamous epithelium
In both the direct and indirect ELISA, the substance that changes from colorless to colored in a positive result is the _______.
substrate
The property of immunological memory is ________.
the ability to recognize and mount an attack on an antigen that was previously encountered
Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?
the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions
In the Ouchterlony technique, a precipitin line forms where _______.
the ratio of antigen and antibodies is optimal
The right lymphatic duct drains ________.
the right side of the head and thorax, and the right upper extremity
Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?
the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and the thorax
In the indirect ELISA, _______.
the secondary antibody binds to the constant region of the primary antibody
In certain classes of antibody, the monomeric versions join to form dimers. What portions of the molecules adhere to each other to form these dimers?
the stem regions
Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?
thoracic duct
The ________ receives lymph from the left half of the body and part of the right side as well.
thoracic duct
Which of the following vessels delivers lymph into the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?
thoracic duct
Which structure is highlighted? cisterna chyli right lymphatic duct thoracic duct left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
Which structures are highlighted? medullae central arteries thymic lobules thymic corpuscles
thymic corpuscles
What is the purpose of the highlighted vessels? to drain fluid from the tissues of the lower limb back towards blood vessels near the heart to bring oxygenated blood out to the muscles of the lower limb to return deoxygenated blood from the lower limb to the heart to provide somatic sensory innervation to the muscles of the thigh
to drain fluid from the tissues of the lower limb back towards blood vessels near the heart
The function of B cells in the immune response is ________.
to produce plasma cells that make antibodies
Which structures are highlighted? white pulp red pulp (splenic cords) trabeculae central arteries
trabeculae
Which lymph nodes are highlighted? iliac tracheobronchial axillary abdominal
tracheobronchial
This region of an antibody forms the antigen-binding site that binds a specific antigenic determinant of an antigen.
variable portion of heavy and light chains
Lymph vessels resemble these vessels of the systemic circulation.
veins
The ________ pulp is responsible for the immune functions of the spleen.
white
Which part of the spleen is the site of immune function?
white pulp
