A&P II: CH.16-beg. of 18 EXAM I

Explain how blood disorders are detected

Blood disorders are detected through CBS, WBC, Smears and sediment rates.

Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities

Blood typing is a fast and easy way to ensure that you receive the right kind of blood during surgery or after an injury ABO blood groups are the most basic system of blood typing. This system divides blood into four groups - A, B, AB and O.

Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a blood disorder in a fetus or newborn infant. In some infants, it can be life threatening. Normally, red blood cells last for about 120 days in the body. In this disorder, red blood cells in the blood are destroyed earlier than normal.

iron deficiency anemia

insufficient iron intake

List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells

primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs.

- Inferior vena cava:

receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart

formed elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

hemostasis.

stoppage of bleeding

left coronary artery

supplies blood to left ventricles, left atrium, interventricular septum separating L and R ventricles.

pulmonary artery

the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport oxygen

functions of blood

transportation, regulation, protection

Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood?

type A blood has anti-B

- Pulmonary valve:

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel?

would affect blood flow to the pulmonary trunk.

Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?

anemia

identify the major blood vessels, chambers, and heart valves.

- Superior vena cava: receives blood from head and upper body - RIGHT ATRIUM: receives blood from systemic circulation - Tricuspid valve: AV valve, prevents backflow into atrium - Inferior vena cava: receives blood from trunk and lower limbs - Pulmonary artery: receives blood from right ventricle - Pulmonary valve: prevents back flow into ventricle - RIGHT VENTRICLE: receives blood from right atrium, thin wall, pumps blood to lungs

Describe the events that follow the coagulation phase.

1. Protein prothrombin is converted into the active enzyme thrombin. 2. Active enzyme thrombin converts the protein fibrinogen (soluble) into the protein fibrin (insoluble). 3. As fibrin network grows, blood cells & additional platelets are trapped in fibrous tangle, forming a blood clot.

Functions of RBCs

1. Transport oxygen 2. Transport carbon dioxide 3. Transport nitric oxide

- Tricuspid valve:

A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.

- Superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

Discuss the mechanisms that control blood loss after an injury, and describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting

A) Vascular Spasm - Contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a damaged blood vessel to prevent blood loss. several minutes to several hours. The spasm is probably caused by damage to the smooth muscle, by substances released from activated platelets, and by reflexes initiated by pain receptors. B) Platelet Plug - chemicals are good for blood clotting. (ADP, ATP, Calcium, serotonin). also contain enzymes that produce thromboxanne strengthen blood clots. also within platelets is platelet derived growth factor. C) Blood clotting (Coagulation) - Blood remains in its liquid form as long as it stays within its vessels. When drawn from the body, however, it thickens and forms a gel. Eventually, the gel separates from the liquid.

Explain the origins and differentiation of the formed elements.

All formed elements arise from stem cells of the red bone marrow. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, all of which function in immunity. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the other formed elements, including the erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Does an Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus require a RhoGAM injection? Explain your answer.

An Rh+ mother carrying an Rh- fetus does not require a RhoGAM injection because the fetus is not at risk of Rh incompatibility. The fetus is not at risk because its RBCs lack Rh surface antigens, and the mother's plasma lacks anti-Rh antibodies

list arteries and veins

Arteries: left coronary artery, anterior interventricular artery, right coronary artery, marginal arteries, circumflex artery, and posterior interventricular artery. Veins: great cardiac vein, anterior cardiac veins, posterior cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein.

Compare oxyhemoglobin with deoxyhemoglobin

Blood with oxygen bound to hemoglobin -Oxyhemoglobin - bright red Blood with lots of hemoglobin not bound to oxygen -Deoxyhemoglobin - dark red

Why is it important that cardiac tissue contain many mitochondria and capillaries?

Cardiac tissue is metabolically active and dependent on mitochondrial activity for ATP and local capillaries for obtaining oxygen and nutrients.

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall.

Epicardium: the outer protective layer of the heart. Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart.

Describe the structure of the pericardium and explain its functions

Fibrous pericardium is the outer fibrous sac that covers the heart. It helps to keep the heart contained within the chest cavity. and protects the heart from an infection. Parietal pericardium is the layer between the fibrous pericardium and visceral pericardium and provides an additional layer of insulation for the heart. Visceral pericardium is both the inner layer of the pericardium and the outer layer. It protects the inner heart layers and also assists in the production of pericardial fluid.

describe the structure and functions of hemoglobin.

Haemoglobin is found in red blood cells and carries oxygen efficiently from the lungs to the tissues in body. It also aids in transporting hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide back to the lungs Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. There are four iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly can bind four atoms of oxygen. Globin

Functions of the pericardium

Keeps the heart contained within the chest cavity, Prevents the heart from over-expanding when blood volume increases, Limits heart motion, Reduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissues, and Protects the heart against infection.

- RIGHT ATRIUM

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

What is determined by the surface antigens on RBCs?

Red blood cell antigens determine your blood group The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's blood group.

Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant Rh- women?

RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies, which circulate in the mothers' bloodstream to destroy any fetal RBCs there, thereby preventing the mother from making antibodies against the developing fetus's red blood cells. It helps prevent miscarriages.

Name and describe the shallow depressions and grooves found on the heart's external surface.

The anterior interventricular sulcus marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles on the heart's anterior surface; the shallower posterior interventricular sulcus marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles on the posterior surface; and the coronary sulcus is a deep groove that marks the border between the atria and the ventricles.

Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries.

The right coronary artery supplies blood mainly to the right side of the heart. The right side of the heart is smaller because it pumps blood only to the lungs. The left coronary artery, which branches into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery, supplies blood to the left side of the heart

Describe how the components of aged or damaged red blood cells are recycled.

They are phagocytyzed by white blood cells and their contents are broken down excreted (pigments) or recycled (iron)

pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

describe examples of the various categories of blood disorders.

anemia, bleeding disorders such as hemophilia, blood clots, and blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea

Describe the cardiac chambers and the heart's external anatomy.

auricle-expandable pouch coronary sulcus-deep groove, marks border betw. atria and ventricles coronary sinus posterior interventricular sulcus anterior interventricular sulcus ligamentum arteriosum

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

condition developing in fetus when mother's blood type is Rh-negative and baby's blood is Rh-positive; antibodies in mother's blood enter fetus' bloodstream through placenta and destroy fetus' red blood cells; causes anemia, jaundice, and enlargement of spleen; treated with intrauterine blood transfusion; also called erythroblastosis fetalis

Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which heart chamber does this blood flow?

coronary veins collect the blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium

great cardiac vein

drains blood from region supplied by anterior interventricular artery

deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin without oxygen

Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection?

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Describe a complete blood count (CBC).

is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures several components and features of your blood, including: ... Hemoglobin

white blood cells and their structures

lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus Granulocytes and agranulocytes Granulocytes-contain cytoplasmic granules, or secretory vesicles. also have multilobed nuclei

Describe the heart's location in the body.

located in the mediastinum and enclosed in pericardial cavity

Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells produce.

lymphoid stem cells only produces lymphocytes, myeloid stem cells produce all of the rest

origin of platelets

megakaryocyte,found in bone marrow

Identify the two types of leukemia.

myeloid leukemia lymphoid leukemia

Categorize the various types of white blood cells on the basis of their functions.

neutrophils-phagocytosis eosinophils-kills parasites, allergic rxn basophils- release heparin and histamine monocytes- phagocytosis lymphocytes-produce antibody

Define arteriosclerosis, and explain its significance to health

occurs when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body (arteries) become thick and stiff — sometimes restricting blood flow to your organs and tissues.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process

Identify the two components making up whole blood

plasma 55% formed elements 45%

What do semilunar valves prevent?

prevent blood that is pumped out of the heart from returning back into the heart.

lymphoid stem cells

produce lymphocytes

RIGHT VENTRICLE:

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

The anterior view of the heart is dominated by which chambers?

right ventricle

anterior interventricular artery

runs along the surface within the anterior interventricular sulcus

Compare pernicious anemia with iron deficiency anemia.

share similar symptoms, since both disorders lead to diminished hemoglobin function. Symptoms of these disorders include irritability, headaches and light-headedness because of the decrease in oxygen flow to the brain.

hemaology

study of blood

In what way would a liver disease affect the level of bilirubin in the blood?

the liver's job to process bilirubin and convert it into bile. When a person has liver disease, the ability of the liver to complete this process becomes impaired. This can cause bilirubin to build up

explain the clinical significance of the cross-reaction between fetal and maternal blood types, and cite preventive measures.

when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta..... Preventative measure would be for the mother to receive the rhogam shot with each pregnancy.

posterior vein of left ventricle

drains area supplied by circumflex artery

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Briefly describe the vascular, platelet, and coagulation phases of hemostasis.

During the vascular phase, local blood vessel constriction occurs at the injury site. In platelet phase, platelets are activated aggregate at the site, and adhere to damaged blood vessel surfces. In the coagulation phase, factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a blood clot, a process involving the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibers of fibrin.

Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

Eosinophils do all of the described actions. Monocytes and neutrophils because they are phagocytes

identify the layers of the heart wall

Epicardium - the outer layer of the wall of the heart. Myocardium - the muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart. Endocardium - the inner layer of the heart.

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen

describe the structures and functions of cardiac muscle.

Its spindle-shaped cells allow it to do smooth movements. Its striations allow for big movements. Its discs allow it to coordinate movement with other cells. Its multinucleated cells allow it to trigger involuntary actions

Identify the five types of white blood cells.

Neutrophils. Lymphocytes. Monocytes. Eosinophils. Basophils

What is the most common blood type in the United States?

O+

Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O− blood?

O-

describe pulmonary and systemic circuits

Pulmonary circuit: the right side of the body that brings blood from the body to the heart and the lungs Systemic circuit: the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes

Hemocytoblast

Stem cell that gives rise to all blood cells, resides in the red bone marrow.

Compare the anterior cardiac veins to the posterior vein of the left ventricle.

The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area (posterior surface of the left ventricle) supplied by the circumflex artery.

Hemacrit

The percentage of a blood sample that is RBC's

Describe the functional aspects of RBCs.

The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs

circumflex artery

a branch off the left coronary artery

cardiac regurgitation

backflow of blood due to imperfect closure of the heart valves

Platelets

blood clotting

Describe the structural and functional roles of the cardiac skeleton.

cardiac skeleton or anulus fibrosus is not a bony structure like the human body's actual skeleton, but a fibrous structural support for the heart chambers.

Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition?

cardiac tamponade is where excess fluid around the heart compresses the heart, impairing the heart's ability to pump blood normally.

systemic circuit

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

Describe the major vessels supplying the heart, and cite their locations.

coronoary arteries (2)-at base of ascending aorta anterior interventricular artery-surface of anterior interventricular sulcus marginal arteries-surface of ventricles posterior interventricular artery-towards apex within posterior interventricular sulcus anterior cardiac vein-anterior surface of right ventricle great cardiac vein-anterior surface of ventricles along interventricular sulcus coronoary sinus-near base of inferior vena cava posterior vein of left ventricle middle cardiac vein- small cardiac vein-

middle cardiac vein

draining the area supplied by the posterior interventricular artery, empties into the coronary sinus

anterior cardiac vein

drains anterior surface of R ventricle, empty directly into R atrium

Explain why venipuncture is a common clinical procedure for obtaining blood for examination.

easy to locate superficial veins vein walls are thinner venous blood pressure is low-> vein seals quickly

Give examples of red blood cell lab tests.

ex. CDC meausres : The number of red blood cells (RBC count) The number of white blood cells (WBC count) The total amount of hemoglobin in the blood. The fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells (hematocrit)

cornary sinus

expanded vein that opens into R atrium near base of inferior vena cava

white blood cells (leukocytes)

fight infection

right coronary artery

follows coronary sulcus around heart, supplies blood to R atrium, portions of both ventricles, and portions of electrical conducting system of heart

myeloid stem cells

give rise to red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?

has to supply blood to entire body compare to right ventricle,that only supplies to lungs

Describe the heart's location, shape, its four chambers, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

heart located near anterior chest wall, directly behind sternum. heart's four chamber-r. atrium, l. atrium, l.ventricle,r. ventricle

Identify the components of the cardiovascular system.

heart, blood vessels (arteries-carry away from heart,caillaries, veins-return blood to heart), blood