A&P II Exam 3
Which vitamin is necessary for blood clotting? A) Vitamin A B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin D D)vitamin E E)vitamin K
E) Vitamin K
Which of these conditions causes inhibition of gastric secretion? A) hypotonic or hypertonic solution in the duodenum B) distention of the duodenal wall C) pH less than 2 in the duodenum D) fats in the duodenum E) all of these
E) all of these
Complex carbohydrates A) include glycogen, cellulose, and starch. B) consist of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains. C) can be energy storage molecules. D)are polysaccharides. E) all of these
E) all of these Answer: Complex carbohydrates include glycogen, cellulose, and starch, consists of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains, can be energy storage molecules, and are considered polysaccharides.
Cholesterol: A) is manufactured in the liver. B) is a component of the cell membrane. C) can be modified to form bile salts. D) can be modified to form steroid hormones. E) all of these
E) all of these Answer: Cholesterol is manufactured in the liver Is a component of the cell membrane Can be modified to form bile salts and steroid hormones.
Which of these cells is correctly matched with its function? A) absorptive cells-produce digestive enzymes B) endocrine cells-produce regulatory hormones C) goblet cells-produce protective mucus D) duodenal glands-produce protective mucus E) all of these are correct
E) all of these are correct
Given these phases of aerobic respiration: 1. acetyl-coenzyme A formation 2. citric acid cycle 3. electron-transport chain 4. glycolysis List the phases in the order they occur as a molecule of glucose is broken down. A) 1,4,2,3 B) 2,1,4,3 C)3,2,4,1 D)3,4,1,2 E)4,1,2,3
A) 1,4,2,3 1. acetyl-coenzyme A formation 4. glycolysis 2. citric acid cycle 3. electron-transport chain
Electron-carrier molecules that are used in the electron- transport chain to generate additional ATP are: A) NADH and FADH2. B) glucose and ketone bodies. C) pyruvic acid and lactic acid. D) glucose and pyruvic acid. E) acetyl-CoA and amino acids.
A) NADH and FADH2.
Which of these hormones causes contraction of the gall bladder? A) cholecystokinin B) gastrin C) gastric inhibitory polypeptide D) secretin E) zymogen Feedback: Correct Ans
A) cholecystokinin
The acini of the pancreas produce A) digestive enzymes. B) glucagon. C) insulin. D) mucus. E) both b and c
A) digestive enzymes. The acini of the pancreas produce digestive enzymes. Islet cells, specifically beta-cells, found in the islets of Langerhans, produce insulin.
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by A) duodenal pH greater than 3. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) gastric inhibitory polypeptide. E) all of these
A) duodenal pH greater than 3.
The most nutrient absorption takes place in the A) duodenum and jejunum. B) stomach and duodenum. C) jejunum and ileum. D) esophagus and stomach. E) ileum and cecum.
A) duodenum and jejunum.
For long-term storage, glucose is converted to __________ , while for short-term storage, glucose is converted to ___________ . A) fat, glycogen B) glycogen, ketone bodies C) glycogen, protein D) pyruvic acid, fat E) fat, pyruvic acid
A) fat, glycogen Answer: Glucose is converted to fat for long-term storage, for short-term storage, glucose is converted to glycogen.
The mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall is the: A) greater omentum B) lesser omentum. C) omental bursa. D) mesentery proper. E)parietal peritoneum.
A) greater omentum
All of these are enzymes that digest protein EXCEPT This is the correct answer. A) lipase. B) carboxypeptidase. C) chymotrypsin. D) pepsin. E) trypsin.
A) lipase.
The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is: A)anabolism. B)catabolism. C)metabolism.
A)anabolism.
Which mineral is involved in blood clotting, muscle activity, and nerve function? A deficiency of this mineral causes spontaneous nerve discharge and tetany. A)calcium B)chlorine C)iodine D)iron E)sodium
A)calcium
The center of the tooth, which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, is called the: A) gingiva. B ) pulp. C) cementum. D) dentin. E) enamel.
B ) pulp. Feedback: Correct Answer: The center of the tooth, called the pulp, is filled with blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue.
Arrange these parts of the small intestine in order from largest number of villi and circular folds to smallest number of villi and circular folds. 1. duodenum 2. ileum 3. jejunum A) 1,2,3 B) 1,3,2 C) 2,1,3 D) 2,3,1 E) 3,2,1
B) 1,3,2
Given these structures: 1. cecum 2. descending colon 3. rectum 4. sigmoid colon 5. transverse colon
B) 1,5,2,4,3 1. cecum 5. transverse colon 2. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon 3. rectum
The "pyloric pump" describes A) food movement through the esophagus into the stomach. B) chyme moving from the stomach into the small intestine. C) undigested food moving through the ileocecal valve. D) feces moving through the internal anal sphincter. E) gastrin, HCl, and pepsinogen being secreted from duodenal glands.
B) chyme moving from the stomach into the small intestine.
The muscles responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue,moving it from side to side and changing its shape are the: A) buccinator and masseter muscles. B)extrinsic tongue muscles. C) intrinsic tongue muscles. D) masseter and temporalis muscles.
B) extrinsic tongue muscles. The extrinsic tongue muscles are responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue, moving it from side to side and changing its shape. The buccinator helps flatten the cheeks, and the masseter muscles move the mandible, during mastication.
All of these occur in the large intestine EXCEPT: A) large numbers of bacteria utilize undigested food. B) fatty acids are absorbed. C) vitamin K is produced. D) sodium and water are absorbed. E) mucus is produced.
B) fatty acids are absorbed. The absorption of fatty acids does not occur in the large intestine; however, the utilization of undigested food by bacteria, the production of vitamin K, the absorption of water and sodium, and mucus production all occur in the large intestine.
The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the A) cephalic phase. B) gastric phase. C) intestinal phase. D) colic phase.
B) gastric phase
The brain relies almost entirely on __________ for energy production. A) sucrose B) glucose C) fructose D) fatty acids E) protein
B) glucose
Besides capillaries, villi also contain lymphatic vessels called A) gastric glands. B) lacteals. C) plicae circulares. D) muscularis mucosae. E) haustra.
B) lacteals.
10 The largest pair of salivary glands, which produce mostly watery saliva, are the A) laryngeal glands. B) parotid glands. C) pharyngeal glands. D) sublingual glands. E) submandibular glands.
B) parotid glands. Feedback: Correct Answer: The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands; they are serous glands producing mostly watery saliva.
Fish, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil are sources of: A) monounsaturated fat. B) polyunsaturated fat. C) saturated fat. D) steroids. Fish, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil are sources of polyunstatured fat. Monounsaturated fats include fats (triglycerides) from olives and peanuts.
B) polyunsaturated fat. Fish, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil are sources of polyunstatured fat. Monounsaturated fats include fats (triglycerides) from olives and peanuts.
All of these are functions of the liver EXCEPT: A) biotransformation of molecules. B) production of digestive enzymes. C) storage of glycogen, fat, vitamins, and iron. D) synthesis of bile. E) synthesis of blood components.
B) production of digestive enzymes. The liver functions in the biotransformation of: molecules, the storage of glycogen, fat, vitamins and iron, the synthesis of bile, and the production of blood components. It does not function in the production of digestive enzymes.
The thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus is the: A) mucosa layer. B) submucosa layer. C) muscularis layer. D) serosa (adventitia) layer.
B) submucosa layer. The submucosa is the thick connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus called the submucosal nerve plexus.
The energy currency of the cell is: A)fat. B)ATP. C)ADP . D)enzymes. E)vitamins.
B)ATP.
There are __________ amino acids in proteins, and __________ are considered to be essential amino acids. A) 30, 12 B) 20, 12 C) 20, 9 D) 12, 9 E) 12, 4
C) 20, 9 Answer: There are 20 amino acids in proteins and of those, 9 are considered to be essential acids because the body cannot synthesize them, they have to be obtained from the diet.
Adults normally have __________ permanent teeth; children have __________ deciduous teeth. A) 36,36 B) 32,32 C) 32,20 D) 20,32 E) 20,20
C) 32, 20 Adults normally have 32 permanent teeth; children have 20 deciduous teeth.
Aerobic respiration produces _______ ATPs and ______ require oxygen. A) 2, does not B) 2, does C) 38, does D)38, does not
C) 38, does
Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete A) regulatory hormones. B) pepsinogen. C) HCl and intrinsic factor. D) mucus. E) bicarbonate ions.
C) HCl and intrinsic factor.
All of these carbohydrates come from plants EXCEPT: A) cellulose. B) fructose. C) lactose. D) maltose. E)sucrose.
C) Lactose
Which of these statements concerning essential fatty acids is correct? A) There are no essential fatty acids in the human diet. B) The most important essential fatty acid is cholesterol. C) Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are two fatty acids that must be ingested. D) The liver can synthesize some essential fatty acids. E) Essential fatty acids are only found in animal fat.
C) Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are two fatty acids that must be ingested. Answer: Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids are essential fatty acids in the human diet because the body is unable to synthesize them; they must be obtained from the diet.
Besides ATP, the end products of aerobic respiration are: A)lactic acid and pyruvic acid. B)lactic acid and citric acid. C)carbon dioxide and water. D)carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and water. E)carbon dioxide and citric acid.
C) carbon dioxide and water.
Duodenal gland secretion is stimulated by: A) stimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS. B) amylase. C) chemical (acid) or tactile stimulation. D) gastric inhibitory polypeptide. E) the duodenocolic reflex.
C) chemical (acid) or tactile stimulation. Answer: Duodenal gland secretion is stimulated by chemical (acid) or tactile stimulation.
11 Saliva: A) secretion (of the serous portion) is increased primarily by sympathetic stimulation. B) contains amylase, which digests cellulose. C) contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action. D) contains pepsin, which digests protein. E) all of these
C) contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action. Feedback: Correct Answer: Saliva contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action.
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are connected to ducts which enter the A) cecum. B) descending colon. C) duodenum. D) ileum. E) jejunum.
C) duodenum.
Lactic acid can be converted to__________ in the liver. A)acetyl-coenzyme A B)carbon dioxide C)glucose D)sucrose E)water
C) glucose Answer: Lactic acid can be converted to glucose in the liver. This process is called the Cori cycle.
All other monosaccharides absorbed into the blood are converted into __________ in the liver. A) fructose B) galactose C) glucose D) sucrose E) lactose
C) glucose Feedback: Correct Answer: The liver converts all other monosaccharides in the blood into glucose.
The mucosal lining of the large intestine contains predominantly A) absorptive cells. B) endocrine cells. C) goblet cells. D) granular cells. E) parietal cells. The predominant cell in the mucosal lining of the large intestine is the goblet cell. Granular cells are also found in the mucosal lining, but they are not the predominant cells.
C) goblet cells. The predominant cell in the mucosal lining of the large intestine is the goblet cell. Granular cells are also found in the mucosal lining, but they are not the predominant cells.
Which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules? A) sucrose B) galactose C) maltose D) lactose E) fructose
C) maltose Maltose is the disaccharide made from two glucose molecules. Fructose is a monosaccharide.
The intramural plexus is associated with the: A) somatic motor nervous system. B) afferent (sensory) division of the PNS. C) parasympathetic division of the ANS. D) sympathetic division of the ANS.
C) parasympathetic division of the ANS. The intramural plexus, consisting of the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus, is associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Large mucosal folds formed when the stomach is empty are called A) the muscularis layer. B) the pyloric sphincter. C) rugae. D) the fundus.
C) rugae.
In the chemiosmotic model, __________ ions diffuse from the outer mitochondrial compartment to the inner mitochondrial compartment; as a result, ADP is converted to ATP. A)calcium B)chloride C)hydrogen D)potassium E)sodium
D)potassium
Vitamins A)may function as hormones in the body. B)have a stable chemical structure that is unaffected by heat. C)can be manufactured in the body from provitamins. D)such as A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins. E)all of these
C)can be manufactured in the body from provitamins.
Given these sphincters: 1. external anal sphincter 2. ileocecal sphincter 3. lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter 4. pyloric sphincter Arrange them in the order in which food passes through them. A) 1,3,2,4 B) 2,3,4,1 C) 2,1,3,4 D) 3,4,2,1 E) 4,2,1,3
D) 3,4,2,1 3. lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter 4. pyloric sphincter 2. ileocecal sphincter 1. external anal sphincter
Arrange these events in the order in which they occur during fat digestion, absorption, and transport: 1. chylomicrons enter lacteals 2. triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol coated with protein 3. fatty acids and glycerol packaged into micelles 4. bile salts emulsify fats 5. lipase digests fat A) 1,2,4,5,3 B) 2,5,4,3,1 C) 3,5,4,1,2 D) 4,5,3,2,1 E) 5,3,4,1,2
D) 4,5,3,2,1 4. bile salts emulsify fats 5. lipase digests fat 3. fatty acids and glycerol packaged into micelles 2. triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol coated with protein 1. chylomicrons enter lacteals
Each gram of carbohydrate or protein metabolized by the body releases about __________ kcal of energy, whereas each gram of fat metabolized by the body releases about __________ kcal. A) 4 , 5 B) 4,7 C) 7,9 D) 4,9 E) 9,100
D) 4,9 Feedback: Correct Answer: Each gram of carbohydrate or protein metabolized yields 4 kcal; each gram of fat metabolized yields 9 kcal.
The two vitamins necessary for nucleic acid synthesis are folate and: A)vitamin A. B)vitamin B1 (thiamine). C)Vitamin B3 (niacin). D)Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). E)Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
D) Vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
Which of these carbohydrates is NOT digestible and provides fiber, or "roughage" in humans? A) sucrose B) starch C) glycogen D) cellulose E) lactose
D) cellulose Because humans do not have the enzymes capable of breaking the bonds between glucose molecules in cellulose, it is not digestible, but is used as fiber or "roughage".
In the liver, blood from the __________ and the hepatic artery flow into the hepatic sinusoids and become mixed. A) bile canaliculi B) central vein C) hepatic ducts D) hepatic portal vein E) hepatic vein
D) hepatic portal vein In the liver, blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery flow into the hepatic sinusoids and become mixed.
All of these are examples of proteins in the body EXCEPT: A) collagen B) enzymes. C) hemoglobin. D) lecithin. E) myosin.
D) lecithin. Answer: Collagen is a protein in the body. Lecithin is a lipid, not a protein.
Essential nutrients A) are the only nutrients used by the body. B) can be synthesized by the body from other ingested nutrients. C) include most carbohydrates. D) must be ingested. E) all of these
D) must be ingested. Feedback: Correct Answer: Essential nutrients must be ingested; the body either cannot manufacture them or is unable to make adequate amounts.
Folds formed from the mucosa and submucosa that are perpendicular to the long axis of the duodenum are called A) intestinal glands. B) lacteals. C) microvilli. D) plicae circulares. E) villi.
D) plicae circulares. Plicae circulares are the folds formed by the mucosa and submucosa that run perpendicular to the long axis of the duodenum. Villi are fingerlike projections of the mucosa found primarily in the duodenum and in decreasing amounts from the jejunum to the ileum.
All of these are retroperitoneal organs EXCEPT the: A) duodenum. B) kidneys. C) rectum. D) stomach. E) urinary bladder.
D) stomach. The retroperitoneal organs include the duodenum, the pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands, and the urinary bladder. The stomach is not a retro-peritoneal organ. The retroperitoneal space (retroperitoneum) is the anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they have peritoneum on their anterior side only. Structures that are not suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity and that lie between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall are classified as retroperitoneal.
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called A) haustra. B) epiploic appendages. C) intestinal glands. D) teniae coli. E) vermiform appendixes.
D) teniae coli.
The major duodenal papilla is A) a location for nutrient absorption in the duodenum. B) the opening for the accessory pancreatic duct in the duodenum. C) a large collection of villi in the jejunum. D) the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum. E) the opening for the spleen in the colon.
D) the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum. Incorrect Answer: The major duodenal papilla is the opening for the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum. The opening for the accessory pancreatic duct in the duodenum is the minor duodenal papilla. Feedback: Incorrect Answer: The major duodenal papilla is the opening for the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum. The opening for the accessory pancreatic duct in the duodenum is the minor duodenal papilla.
12 Successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx. This describes A) the voluntary phase of swallowing. B) the esophageal phase of swallowing. C) the mastication reflex. D) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. E) the regurgitation reflex.
D) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. During the pharyngeal phase of swallowing there is successive contraction of the constrictor muscles and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx. During the esophageal phase of swallowing, the bolus of food is moved by peristaltic contractions of the esophagus towards the stomach.
Except in the upper esophagus and stomach, the muscularis layer of the digestive tract consists of: A) one layer of skeletal muscle. B) one layer of smooth muscle. C) two layers of skeletal muscle. D) two layers of smooth muscle. E) one layer of smooth muscle and one layer of skeletal muscle.
D) two layers of smooth muscle.
Anaerobic respiration produces __________ ATPs and __________ as a waste product. A)38, carbon dioxide B)38, lactic acid C)2, water D)2, lactic acid
D)2, lactic acid
All of these foods contain cholesterol EXCEPT: A) liver. B) butter. C) cheese. D) eggs. E) coconut oil.
E) coconut oil. Answer: Liver is an organ meat that is rich in cholesterol. Cholesterol is not found in plants; therefore, coconut oil does not contain cholesterol.
The __________ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the __________ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nucleases. A) stomach, liver B) stomach, small intestine C) liver, small intestine D) liver, pancreas E) small intestine, pancreas
E) small intestine, pancrea Answer: (1) Small intestine secretes peptidases and disaccharidases; (2) pancreas secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nucleases.
The frenulum is part of the A) esophagus. B) muscles of mastication. C) lips. D) teeth. E) tongue.
E) tongue. Correct Answer: The frenulum is a thin fold of tissue that is part of the tongue. It anchors the tongue anteriorly to the floor of the mouth.
Skeletal muscle cells derive most of their energy from A) glucose. B) sucrose. C) glycogen. D) proteins. E) triglycerides. Answer: Skeletal muscles derive most of their energy from triglycerides.
E) triglycerides.
Which of these is NOT a function of minerals in the body? A)acting as coenzymes B)adding mechanical strength to bones and teeth C)acting as buffers D)acting as a regulator of osmotic pressure E)acting as a source of energy
E)acting as a source of energy
Which of these inhibits secretion and motility of the stomach? A) enterogastric reflex B) parasympathetic stimulation C) gastrin D) intrinsic factor E) distention of stomach wall
Gastrin stimulates gastric secretion and motility. The enterogastric reflex, consisting of a local reflex and a reflex integrated within the medulla oblongata, inhibits gastric secretion and motility. It results from distension of the duodenal wall, presence of irritating substances in the duodenum, reduced pH and hypertonic or hypotonic solutions in the duodenum.
A major transport lipoprotein that has 92% lipid and 8% protein is a(n) A) Chylomicron. B) HDL (high-density lipoprotein). C) LDL (low-density lipoprotein). D) VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein).
VLDL's are 92% lipid and 8% protein. HDL's are 55% lipid and 45% protein. D) VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein).
18) An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to another protein is called a kinase. a) True b) False
a) True
30) The driving force for water reabsorption across all permeable segments of the kidney tubule is an osmotic gradient. a) True b) False
a) True
28) The vertical osmotic gradient in the kidney: a) is established and maintained by the countercurrent system. b) makes it possible to put out urine of variable concentration depending on the needs of the body by varying the degree of water permeability of the distal portions of the nephron. c) is found in the renal cortex. d) both [a] and [b] above. e) all of these answers
d) both [a] and [b] a) is established and maintained by the countercurrent system. b) makes it possible to put out urine of variable concentration depending on the needs of the body by varying the degree of water permeability of the distal portions of the nephron.
6) Bile acts on: a) distention of the stomach. b) gastrin. c) carbohydrate in the stomach. d) fat in the duodenum. e) fat in the stomach.
d) fat in the duodenum.
1) Which is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system? a) salivary glands. b) oral cavity. c) stomach. d) small intestine. e) colon.
d) small intestine.
19) To create the hydrogen ion gradient during electron transport, hydrogen ions are pumped from the cytosol of the cell across the mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix. a) True b) False
b) False
20) Functional unit of the primary human excretory system: a) Protonephridia b) Nephron c) Malpighian tubule d) Green gland e) Metanephridia
b) Nephron
8) Which of the following accurately describes chymotrypsinogen? a) Chymotrypsinogen is activated by enterokinase. b) Once activated, chymotrypsinogen is involved in protein digestion. c) Chymotrypsinogen is secreted by the endocrine pancreas. d) All of these answers. e) None of these answers.
b) Once activated, chymotrypsinogen is involved in protein digestion.
21) Which of the following is not part of a nephron? a) Loop of Henle b) Renal artery c) Distal convoluted tubule d) Glomerulus e) Bowman's capsule
b) Renal artery
23) The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule have numerous microvilli and mitochondria. Such structures indicate that _______ is conducted in these cells. a) rapid diffusion of water b) active transport c) conservation of water d) storage of salts e) production of urea
b) active transport
9) The major chemical digestive activity occurring in the stomach is: a) digestion of starch. b) digestion of protein. c) digestion of fat. d) absorption of monosaccharides. e) digestion of vitamins.
b) digestion of protein.
17) The proton-motive force is: a) ATP synthase. b) the proton concentration gradient and electric charge difference. c) a metabolic pathway. d) a redox reaction. e) None of the above
b) the proton concentration gradient and electric charge difference.
12) The formation of ethanol from pyruvate is an example of: a) an exergonic reaction. b) an extra source of energy as the result of glycolysis. c) a fermentation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. d) cellular respiration. e) None of the above
c) a fermentation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen.
16) According to the chemiosmotic theory, the energy for the synthesis of ATP during the flow of electrons down the respiratory chain is provided directly by the a) hydrolysis of GTP. b) reduction of NAD+. c) diffusion of protons. d) reduction of FAD. e) hydrolysis of ATP.
c) diffusion of protons.
2) Fats are digested to: a) amino acids. b) cellulose. c) fatty acids and glycerol. d) fructose. e) monosaccharides.
c) fatty acids and glycerol.
13) The end result of glycolysis is the: a) creation of 38 molecules of ATP. b) reduction of 8 molecules of NAD. c) formation of 2 molecules of pyruvate. d) conversion of 1 molecule of glucose to lactic acid. e) None of the above
c) formation of 2 molecules of pyruvate.
4) Which of the following breakfasts would remain in the stomach the longest? a) toast, orange juice, and coffee. b) black coffee. c) fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns. d) bowl of cereal with skim milk. e) boiled egg, toast, and juice.
c) fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns.
11) Which of the following organs is not a digestive tract organ? a) esophagus. b) stomach. c) pancreas. d) small intestine. e) large intestine.
c) pancreas.
15) Pyruvate oxidation generates: a) acetyl CoA. b) NADH + H+ from NAD+. c) ATP. d) Both [a] & [b]. e) All of the above
d) Both [a] & [b].
24) Function(s) as a countercurrent multiplier system a) Renal pyramids b) Proximal convoluted tubule c) Distal convoluted tubule d) Loop of Henle e) Collecting duct
d) Loop of Henle
22) Blood enters a nephron's vascular component by way of the a) peritubular capillaries. b) glomerulus. c) efferent arteriole. d) afferent arteriole. e) renal vein.
d) afferent arteriole.
10) Digestion of polysaccharides: a) is accomplished using enzymes. b) utilizes hydrolysis. c) utilizes dehydration. d) both (a) and (b) above. e) both (a) and (c) above.
d) both (a) and (b). a) is accomplished using enzymes. b) utilizes hydrolysis.
29) Which of the following statements concerning the medullary vertical osmotic gradient is incorrect? a) the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons establish a medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication. b) the vasa recta enable the medulla to be supplied with blood while conserving the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent exchange. c) the countercurrent system establishes and maintains a medullary vertical osmotic gradient ranging from 300 to 1,200 mosm/liter. d) the collecting tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons but not the cortical nephrons descend through the medullary vertical osmotic gradient before emptying into the renal pelvis. e) the medullary vertical osmotic gradient permits excretion of urine of differing concentrations by means of vasopressin-controlled, variable H2O reabsorption from the final tubular segments.
d) the collecting tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons but not the cortical nephrons descend through the medullary vertical osmotic gradient before emptying into the renal pelvis.
26) Which of the following factors would decrease the glomerular filtration rate? a) an increase in plasma protein concentrations b) an obstruction such as a kidney stone in the tubular system, which increases Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure c) vasodilation of the afferent arterioles. d) two of these answers e) all of these answers
d) two of these answers
14) The end product of glycolysis is: a) pyruvate. b) the starting point for pyruvate oxidation. c) the starting point for the fermentation pathway. d) Both a and b e) All of the above
e) All of the above
7) Which of the following statements concerning HCl secretion by the stomach is correct? a) HCl inactivates salivary amylase and the pancreatic enzymes. b) HCl activates pepsinogen. c) It establishes a low pH in the stomach. d) Both (a) and (b) above. e) All of these answers.
e) All of these answers.
27) Vasopressin: a) secretion is stimulated by a water deficit. b) increases the permeability of the distal and collecting tubules to water c) is produced by the hypothalamus d) both [a] and [b] above e) all of these answers
e) all of these answers
3) Which of the following is accomplished by chewing? a) grinding and breaking up food. b) mixing food with saliva to facilitate swallowing. c) reflexively increasing salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and bile secretion. d) two of these answers. e) all of these answers.
e) all of these answers.
5) The pyloric sphincter is located between the: a) esophagus and stomach. b) oral cavity and esophagus. c) large intestine and rectum. d) small intestine and large intestine. e) stomach and small intestine.
e) stomach and small intestine.
