A&P II Exam 4: Ch. 22 The Respiratory System

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. surface tension air pressure surfactant friction

friction

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere equal to the pressure in the atmosphere greater than the intra-alveolar pressure less than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

emoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning? Charles' law Boyle's law Henry's law Dalton's law

henrys

As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________. higher in pitch more distinct louder lower in pitch

higher in pitch

Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning? hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body slow breathing into a paper bag

hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. vital capacity inspiratory reserve volume expiratory capacity reserve air

inspiratory reserve volume

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by__________. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations warming the air before it enters humidifying the air before it enters interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tensions of the alveolar fluid

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tensions of the alveolar fluid

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon? external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract diaphragm would contract, internal intercostals would relax

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation? temperature BPG nitric oxide partial pressure of carbon dioxide

nitric oxide

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest? exposure to asbestos obstructive pulmonary disease healthy lungs restrictive disease

obstructive pulmonary disease

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? solubility in water the temperature partial pressure gradient molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

partial pressure gradient

Which center is located in the pons? pacemaker neuron center inspiratory center pontine respirator group (PRG) expiratory center

pontine respirator group (PRG)

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure pressure within the alveoli of the lungs pressure within the pleural cavity negative pressure in the intrapleural space

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder? asthma restrictive dz emphysema obstructive pulmonary disease

restrictive dz

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing? rising blood pressure rising carbon dioxide levels acidosis resulting from CO2 retention arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg

rising blood pressure

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________. trap dust and other debris replace mucus in the alveoli secrete surfactant protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

secrete surfactant

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs? single layer of smooth muscle cells basement membrane capillary endothelium alveolar epithelium

single layer of smooth muscle cells

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses? frontal ethmoid maxillary temporal

temporal

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure? alveolar duct alveolar sac respiratory bronchiole terminal bronchiole

terminal bronchiole

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid compliance and transpulmonary pressures the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Inspiratory capacity is ________. functional residual capacity the total amount of exchangeable air the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration air inspired after a tidal inhalation

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. too little oxygen in the atmosphere getting very cold taking several rapid deep breaths obstruction of the esophagus

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. ventilation-perfusion coupling the Haldane effect chloride shifting the Bohr effect

ventilation-perfusion coupling

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. tidal volume inspiratory capacity expiratory reserve volume vital capacity

vital capacity

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? surfactant production surface tension of water C-shaped cartilage rings pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

C-shaped cartilage rings

Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization? Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2. At high altitudes, hemoglobin's affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded. When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen.

High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration. It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels. It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

Which of the following is INCORRECT? The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________. three lobes an oblique fissure a wider and more vertical primary bronchus a cardiac notch

a cardiac notch

which of the following determines lung compliance? flexibility of the thoracic cage muscles of inspiration airway opening alveolar surface tension

alveolar surface tension

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? alveoli respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoilar sacs

alveoli

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium? alveolus nasopharynx oropharynx trachea

alveolus

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. Charles' law henrys law daltons law boyles law

boyles

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? chloride shifting the Haldane effect the Bohr effect release of hydrogen ion

chloride shifting

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. ciliated mucous lining in the nose porous structure of turbinate bones action of the epiglottis abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes temperature is lower at higher altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. Charles' law dalton henry boyle

dalton