A&P II - Lecture Test #4

1. Functions of the urinary system include helping to stabilize blood pH. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. conservation of valuable nutrients. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

14. A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. bicarbonate ion water sodium hydrogen ion All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

15. Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the hypothalamus. is released from the posterior pituitary gland. stimulates water intake. stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

19. The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by supporting connective tissues. the renal fascia. contact with adjacent visceral organs. the overlying peritoneum. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

4. The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by releasing renin. regulating NaCl levels in the blood. adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. releasing erythropoietin. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

43. If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? damage to the glomeruli permanent kidney injury presence of protein in urine presence of blood in urine All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

49. Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include penicillin. potassium ions. hydrogen ions. creatinine. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

58. During the micturition reflex, the external sphincter is consciously relaxed. the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed. stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

21. Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? Final urine enters here. It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration. Initial filtrate enters here. It releases renin.

Final urine enters here.

30. Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance? Aging correlates with problems in various organ systems, which can enhance acid-base imbalance problems. Older people tend to become more dehydrated. Kidney functions tend to decrease as one ages. Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content. A fetus obtains water and electrolytes from the maternal bloodstream.

Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content

23. ________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys. Polycystic kidney disease Kidney stones Pyelonephrosis Floating kidney Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis

27. ________ will raise blood pH. Diabetes mellitis Hyperventilation Smoking Stomach ulcers Strenuous exercise

Hyperventilation

30. Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? It is the tip of the medullary pyramid. Final urine enters here. It releases renin. Initial filtrate enters here. It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.

It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

63. Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE? It is composed of smooth muscle. It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis. It contracts the wall of the urinary bladder. It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves.

It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.

25. ________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules. Renal failure Hematuria Polycystic kidney disease Glomerulonephritis Calculus

Polycystic kidney disease

6. All of the following are components of ECF except RBCs. lymph. peritoneal fluid. cerebrospinal fluid. aqueous humor.

RBCs.

33. The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is filtration. secretion of acids and ammonia. secretion of drugs. adjusting the urine pH. absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

39. Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________. cortical radiate arteries renal arteries afferent arterioles efferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

20. When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. acidosis ptosis hydrosis apotheosis alkalosis

alkalosis

21. A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) acid. electrolyte. buffer. alkali. compensation.

buffer.

24. Renal columns are expanded ends of the ureters. bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. the basic functional units of the kidney. internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

60. Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal otoliths. caries. plaque. calculi. lithotrophs.

calculi.

2. Maintenance of normal fluid homeostasis requires all of these EXCEPT __________. caloric balance acid-base balance water balance electrolyte balance

caloric balance

22. Which of the following buffer systems is the most important in the extracellular fluid? hemoglobin buffer system carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system phosphate buffer system plasma protein buffers

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

69. Which of these is NOT considered to be part of the excretory system? cardiovascular system urinary system integumentary system respiratory system

cardiovascular system

25. A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of acute respiratory acidosis. chronic respiratory acidosis. chronic respiratory alkalosis. chronic metabolic acidosis.

chronic respiratory acidosis.

13. Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

9. The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to excrete sodium ions. decrease ECF. conserve sodium ions. conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF. decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

66. Which of these age-related changes most increases the risk of dehydration? decreased sensitivity to ADH weak micturition reflex reduced glomerular filtration weak sphincter tone

decreased sensitivity to ADH

51. Agents that increase urine excretion are known as calcium channel blockers. ADH agonists. muscarinic antagonists. alpha-1 antagonists. diuretics.

diuretics.

65. Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is dribbling urination. hematuria. renal failure. large amounts of dilute urine. glycosuria.

dribbling urination.

18. Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the interlobular arteriole. afferent arteriole. vasa recta. efferent arteriole. renal vein.

efferent arteriole.

4. Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called buffers. nonelectrolytes. electrolytes. electrons. osmoregulators.

electrolytes.

68. Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system. endocrine respiratory integumentary digestive urinary

endocrine

5. Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid. cerebrospinal intracellular lymphatic extracellular plasma

extracellular

23. A rise in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will cause a __________ in pH and a __________ in blood bicarbonate levels. fall; fall rise; rise fall; rise rise; fall

fall; rise

19. When the pH ________, a state of acidosis exists. falls below 7.35 rises above 7.5 falls below 7 falls below 6.5 rises above 7

falls below 7.35

15. The outermost layer of the kidney is the renal medulla. major calyx. renal pelvis. renal cortex. fibrous capsule.

fibrous capsule.

20. The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. polycystic kidney disease renal failure renal calculi pyelonephritis floating kidney

floating kidney

46. The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the colloid pressure. plasma volume. kidney filtrate volume. net filtration pressure. glomerular filtration rate.

glomerular filtration rate.

40. Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? urea amino acids hydrogen ions creatinine large proteins

large proteins

10. Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function? maintenance of various blood ion concentrations lipid digestion control of hydrogen ion and pH in the blood regulation of blood pressure control of wastes in the blood

lipid digestion

28. A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis.

metabolic acidosis.

24. Prolonged vomiting can result in metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. respiratory acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

8. Which hormone(s) is (are) released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? ADH PTH acetylcholine natriuretic peptides aldosterone

natriuretic peptides

32. The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the nephron loop (loop of Henle). proximal convoluted tubule. minor calyx. distal convoluted tubule. collecting loop.

nephron loop (loop of Henle).

17. Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone cortisol. parathyroid hormone. calcitonin. aldosterone. ADH.

parathyroid hormone.

31. The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. efferent vasa recta glomerular peritubular cortical

peritubular

12. What is the most abundant anion in the intracellular fluid?

phosphate

18. The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of calcium ions. potassium ions. chlorine ions. sodium ions. electrons.

potassium ions.

13. The principal cation in intracellular fluid is chloride. magnesium. calcium. sodium. potassium.

potassium.

45. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by protein in the filtrate. constriction of the efferent arteriole. filtrate in the capsular space. presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma. blood pressure.

presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.

11. All of the following processes are functions of the urinary system EXCEPT __________. excretion of excess ions such as sodium or potassium regulation of blood volume production of urea elimination of urine

production of urea

10. Aldosterone regulates blood calcium levels. is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood. regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

50. Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? protein chloride ions potassium ions water urea

protein

7. The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are sodium, potassium, and calcium. sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. potassium, hydrogen, and chloride. proteins, potassium, and phosphate. potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

proteins, potassium, and phosphate.

29. Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the nephron loop (loop of Henle). distal convoluted tubule. minor calyx. proximal convoluted tubule. collecting duct.

proximal convoluted tubule.

17. Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called nephrons. calyces. pyramids. renal pelvises. renal columns.

pyramids.

8. Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the kidney. urethra. rectum. ureter. urinary bladder.

rectum.

26. Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the collecting tubule system. renal corpuscle. renal pyramid. nephron loop (loop of Henle). renal papilla.

renal corpuscle.

28. The filtration of plasma takes place in the renal corpuscle. papillary duct. nephron loop (loop of Henle). distal convoluted tubule. ureter.

renal corpuscle.

57. The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is calculi. hematuria. polycystic kidney disease. glomerulonephritis. renal failure.

renal failure.

16. The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the renal sinus. renal pelvis. renal cortex. renal papilla. renal medulla.

renal pelvis.

26. A patient that is hyperventilating is at risk for metabolic acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

12. The kidney does all of the following EXCEPT __________. regulate plasma electrolytes help stabilize blood pH secrete excess albumin regulate blood volume

secrete excess albumin

47. Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except countertransport. stem cell movements. facilitated diffusion. active transport. cotransport.

stem cell movements.

16. If a hypertonic sodium chloride solution is injected into a patient's vein, this will cause a shift of water from __________ and cause cells to __________. the ICF to the ECF; swell the ICF to the ECF; shrink the ECF to the ICF; shrink the ECF to the ICF; swell

the ICF to the ECF; shrink

29. Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug. the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high. the aged have less water content in the body. the kidneys of the elderly do not work well.

the aged have less water content in the body.

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within blood vessels. lymph. the interstitial space. the cells of the body. the cerebrospinal fluid.

the cells of the body.

7. Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by the ureters. blood vessels. the urethra. lymphatics. the calyces.

the ureters.

55. The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. stratified squamous simple cuboidal pseudostratified columnar transitional simple columnar

transitional

59. The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the vasa recta. JG apparatus. pyramid. trigone. renal pelvis.

trigone.

3. Urine is eliminated through the kidney. ureter. urinary bladder. urethra. liver.

urethra.

9. Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the convoluted tubule. urethra. collecting duct. glomerulus. ureter.

urethra.

6. Urine is temporarily stored in the urinary bladder. ureter. urethra. kidney. trigone.

urinary bladder.

38. The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle). afferent arteriolar bed vasa recta peritubular capillary bed collecting duct glomerulus

vasa recta

42. Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. 125 180 480 18 1.8

180

34. The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels? 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

53. Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? Figure 26-2 The Nephron Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following question: 5 4 3 2 6

4. Between the two parellel segments of the loop of Henie

3. If a person loses 750 mg/day of sodium in urine, sweat, and feces, to remain in electrolyte balance, he or she will need to consume at least __________ daily. 500 mg of chloride ion 750 mg of sodium ion 250 mg sodium chloride 500 mg of potassium ion

750 mg of sodium ion

52. As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? 1 99 38 63 74

99

54. Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process? Sodium is pumped into the blood while potassium is actively transported out of the blood back into the tissues. A higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine. Uric acid is excreted into the kidney tubules while urea is reabsorbed in the loops of Henle. Glucose and sodium are cotransported from urine back into blood. Creatinine is actively transported out of the blood into urine.

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

11. ________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst. Aldosterone Natriuretic peptide Renin Calcitonin ADH

ADH

62. If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate? The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine. The parasympathetic preganglionic motor fibers in the pelvic nerves innervate the skeletal muscle sphincters. Distortion of stretch receptors in the urinary bladder signal contraction of the smooth muscle layers in the bladder wall. Interneurons in the CNS relay signals to the parasympathetic preganglionic motor fibers in the pelvic nerves.

The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.

5. How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development? Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone. Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys. Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone. The kidney produces calcitriol. Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.

The kidney produces calcitriol.

41. Because of various factors - your weight gain over the last 5 years, your hereditary predisposition to heart disease that runs in your family, and an interest in getting "back to nature" - you decide to go on a vegan diet, totally restricting your intake of all meat and dairy. Because you dislike taking pills of any sort, you depend upon your vegetable intake as the source for all nutrients for your body. When explaining this to your doctor beforehand, she cautions you about the possibility of low lysine and methionine levels. What is the problem? There are not enough vitamins in a meatless diet to make enough lysine and methionine. You may be at risk for deficiency of certain essential amino acids. Your insulin levels will be very low, causing lysine and methionine levels to also be low. Plants have much more sugar and carbohydrates than meats. Plants contain less urea, uric acid, and creatinine than meats.

You may be at risk for deficiency of certain essential amino acids.

2. A glomerulus is the source of erythropoietin. attached to the collecting duct. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. the expanded end of a nephron.

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

61. You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended? an angiogram an MRI a liver enzyme assay a pyelogram a liver biopsy

a pyelogram

48. A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to dilation of the afferent arterioles. excessive ADH secretion. overproduction of aldosterone. absence of ADH. hematuric oliguria.

absence of ADH.

56. The detrusor muscle functions as the internal urinary sphincter. functions as the external urinary sphincter. surrounds the renal pelvis. moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

35. The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. pelvis vasa recta cortex calyces medulla

cortex

36. Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops. capsule cortex medulla pelvis pyramids

cortex

27. You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus. renal calculi polycystic kidney cystitis diabetes glomerulonephritis

glomerulonephritis

14. The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the hilum. pelvis. ureter. calyx. pyramid.

hilum.

44. One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. decrease secretion of aldosterone. decrease urinary albumin concentration. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

67. Which of these changes is LEAST likely as people age? increased sensitivity to ADH loss of sphincter tone loss of functional nephrons detrusor muscle weakness

increased sensitivity to ADH

64. Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except problems with the micturition reflex. loss of sphincter muscle tone. increased sensitivity to ADH. a decline in the number of functional nephrons. a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate).

increased sensitivity to ADH.

22. The renal veins drain into the peritubular capillaries. inferior vena cava. abdominal aorta. segmental arteries. renal arteries.

inferior vena cava.

37. Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons. Henle juxtaglomerular juxtamedullary vasa recta cortical

juxtamedullary