A&P II Midterm Study Guide

Following stenuous exercise, levels of ATP, creatine phosphate, oxygen, and glucose must be returned to normal levels. This situation, called __________, may take several hours to complete. tetany aerobic respiration oxygen debt muscle atrophy

oxygen debt

What is the correct sequence of events that occurs along an axon after the membrane reaches threshold? 1. The membrane depolarizes. 2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward. 3. The membrane repolarizes. 4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward. 1, 2, 4, 3 3, 2, 4, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 1, 3, 2

2, 1, 4, 3

After finishing a sprint, Tawanda experiences painful cramps in her calf muscles. A deficit in __________ would explain her cramping. acetylcholine ATP actin ADP

ATP

What molecule carries energy in a form that a cell can use? Glycogen Glucose ATP Vitamin C

ATP

Which statement describes the mechanism of muscle contraction? Cross-bridges form between actin and the sarcolemma. Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific binding sites on thick filaments. Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another.

Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to __________. a buffalo hump Cushing syndrome a moon face Addison disease

Addison disease

What is the primary control for the secretion of parathyroid hormone? Hormone from the hypothalamus Concentration of blood calcium Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland Hormone from the thyroid gland

Concentration of blood calcium

How is an impulse transmitted from one neuron to another? An impulse stimulating presynaptic dendrites causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter traveling from postsynaptic axons crosses the synapse to presynaptic dendrites or a cell body. A neurotransmitter traveling from presynaptic dendrites crosses the synapse to postsynaptic axons or a cell body. An impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft.

An impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft.

A positive feedback loop occurs when the outcome of an event causes the event to continue occurring and amplifies its effects. Which of the following aspects of an action potential constitutes a positive feedback loop? The threshold potential is around -55mV. The sodium-potassium pump exactly balances ion leaks by pumping three sodium and two potassium ions across the membrane. Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes voltage-gated potassium channels to open and release potassium to the extracellular environment, slowly counteracting sodium influx. An initial flow of sodium ions into the neuron causes the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels, rapidly causing more sodium to enter.

An initial flow of sodium ions into the neuron causes the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels, rapidly causing more sodium to enter.

Where is the thyroid gland located? Superior to the kidneys Anterior to the heart Anterior to the trachea In the brain

Anterior to the trachea

What structures contain chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide? Aortic valves Aortic sinuses Aortic branches Aortic bodies

Aortic bodies

Some studies theorize that yawning is a reflex triggered by decreased blood pH. Which structures would be stimulated by the change in blood pH and, theorectically, help to trigger yawning? Arterial baroreceptors Aortic bodies and carotid bodies Free nerve endings in blood vessel walls Baroreceptors in the aortic arch

Aortic bodies and carotid bodies

Where is the pineal gland located? Behind the thyroid gland Attached to the thalamus In the pancreas Attached to an adrenal gland

Attached to the thalamus

What is a reason that the axons in the CNS and PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury? Axons of the PNS lack an endoneurium. Axons of the PNS lack Schwann cells. Axons of the CNS lack a neurilemma. Axons of the CNS lack myelin.

Axons of the CNS lack a neurilemma.

What is the effect of vasoconstriction? Heart rate decreases Viscosity increases Blood pressure increases Peripheral resistance decreases

Blood pressure increases

Which of the following is an example of an intramembranous bone(s)? Humerus Bones of the cranium Phalanges of the fingers Femur

Bones of the cranium

What are fascicles? Bundles of smooth muscle cells Bundles of myofibrils Bundles of muscle fibersIncorrect Bundles of thick and thin filaments

Bundles of myofibrils

How does a nonsteroid hormone effect change in a target cell? By causing synthesis of a second messenger By promoting phagocytosis By stimulating cell division By directly stimulating protein synthesis

By causing synthesis of a second messenger

In producing a movement, the muscle that causes an action is acting as the __________. antagonist synergis agonist mediator

agonist

What is the effect of nitric oxide in blood vessels? Causes increased permeability and leakiness of capillary walls Causes vasoconstriction Causes vasodilation Causes decreased permeability and leakiness of capillary walls

Causes vasodilation

Why is cortisol useful in controlling inflammatory reactions? Cortisol increases synthesis of prostaglandins. Cortisol decreases the permeability of capillaries. Cortisol destabilizes lysosomal membranes. Cortisol decreases blood flow to area of inflammation.

Cortisol decreases the permeability of capillaries.

What is the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate? Creatine phosphate binds to troponin while ATP binds to myosin heads during contraction. Creatine phosphate is a necessary cofactor for ATP to form bonds with myosin heads during contraction. ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate. Creatine phosphate supplies energy to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate.

Creatine phosphate supplies energy to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate.

The use of erythropoietin (EPO) is banned for use by Olympic and professional ahtletes. Why would an athlete what to take EPO? EPO increases the number of red blood cells. EPO decreases the number of red blood cells. EPO adds protein to plasma. EPO increases the number of white blood cells.

EPO increases the number of red blood cells.

When comparing the nervous system to the endocrine system, which of the following applies to the endocrine system? Endocrine system has more localized and short-term effects. Endocrine system has more widespread and long-lasting effects. Endocrine system has more widespread and short-term effects. Endocrine system has more localized and long-lasting effects.

Endocrine system has more widespread and long-lasting effects.

What term is defined as the ability to do work? Metabolism Energy Replication Oxidation

Energy

A neuron receives a stimulation that causes Cl- channels to open, resulting in a hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane. This is an example of what type of potential? Excitatory postsynaptic potential Inhibitory postsynaptic potential Facilitated potential Resting potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

The pain of angina pectoris results from a blockage in an artery that supplies what structure/area? Brain Neck and jaw Left arm and shoulder Heart

Heart

Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation? Osteoblasts deposit osseous tissue in place of disintegrating cartilage. Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue. Periosteum forms from connective tissue outside the developing bone. Hyaline cartilage develops into the shape of the future bone.

Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.

After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle has occurred, where is most of the energy that was contained in the original glucose molecule now contained? In oxygen molecules. In oxaloacetic acid molecules. In NADH and FADH. In carbon dioxide molecules.

In NADH and FADH.

What is the process by which a bone grows in length? Cell division in the medullary cavity Increased production of bone matrix by osteoclasts Increased activity within the epiphyseal plate Deposit of compact bone beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis

Increased activity within the epiphyseal plate

Hemophilia is a disorder in which bleeding is severe and prolonged due to a lack of clotting factor VIII. Which pathway is interrupted in those with hemophilia? Intrinsic clotting mechanism Hageman mechanism Extrinsic clotting mechanism Prothrombin activation mechanism

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

What is the effect of a steroid hormone binding to a receptor in a target cell? It directly causes protein synthesis. It causes a second messenger to be formed. It causes the cell to divide. It promotes phagocytosis of the cell.

It directly causes protein synthesis

Which of the following does NOT describe the function(s) of the skeletal system? It interacts with muscles, providing movement. It generates the movements of the limbs. It stores inorganic salts. It protects organs, especially in the head and thorax.

It generates the movements of the limbs.

Stacy has had three respiratory infections in the past few months. She tires easily and has had headaches and a few nosebleeds. She also is bruising easily. What should her physician suspect as a diagnosis? Sickle cell disease Edema Erythroblastosis fetalis Leukemia

Leukemia

Name the area of the sarcolemma that is part of a neuromuscular junction. M line Cisterna Motor neuron Motor end plate

Motor end plate

What makes up the cross-bridges that form during a contraction? Calcium binding to troponin ATP binding to myosin heads Troponin binding to tropomyosin Myosin heads binding to actin

Myosin heads binding to actin

What occurs during DNA replication? Molecules of tRNA bring specific amino acids to a ribosome to build an mRNA strand. Two single strands of DNA come together, restoring complementary base pairing. Amino acids are joined to form a peptide chain. New nucleotides are assembled into a DNA strand that is complementary to the existing DNA strand.

New nucleotides are assembled into a DNA strand that is complementary to the existing DNA strand.

Which option lists the structures in order of increasing size? Nucleotide; nitrogenous base; chromosome; gene; genome. Chromosome; nucleotide; nitrogenous base; genome; gene. Nitrogenous base; nucleotide; gene; chromosome; genome. Genome; nitrogenous base; chromosome; gene; nucleotide.

Nitrogenous base; nucleotide; gene; chromosome; genome.Correct

What happens in the condition called mitral valve prolapse? The cusps of the mitral valve become immovable. One or more cusps bulge into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. The mitral valve has hardened, narrowing the opening into the ventricle. One or more cusps bulge into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation.

One or more cusps bulge into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

What is the function of osteoblasts? Osteoblasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down the calcified bone matrix. Osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers and then mature into osteoclasts. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae. Osteoblasts secrete an acid that breaks down the epiphyseal plate.

Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae.

What occurs in arteries that results in the disease called atherosclerosis? Plaques containing cholesterol and other fats accumulate in the vessel walls. Holes slowly develop in the vessel walls. Sustained smooth muscle contraction causes reduced lumen size. Valves become inflammed and eventually stiffen and become nonfunctional.

Plaques containing cholesterol and other fats accumulate in the vessel walls.

What is the difference between serum and plasma? Plasma contains albumin; serum does not. Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not. Plasma does not have blood cells; serum does. Plasma contains calcium; serum does not.

Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not.

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction? Trypsin in the stomach digesting large proteins into smaller ones. Amylase in saliva breaking down starch into simple sugars. The release of energy by converting ATP into ADP during a metabolic reaction. Producing glycogen to store excess glucose

Producing glycogen to store excess glucose

What can cause upregulation of a target cell's receptors? Prolonged elevated concentration of a hormone Signals from inhibitory hormones Signals from the posterior pituitary Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone

Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone

How do red fibers compare to white fibers? Red fibers have more mitochondria than white. Red fibers contract more slowly than white. Red fibers fatigue more quickly than white. Red fibers contain less myoglobin than white.

Red fibers have more mitochondria than white.

What is the effect of exercise on bones? Results in thickening and strengthening bones Results in thinning and weakening bones Results in weakening and elongating bones Results in thickening and elongating of bones

Results in thickening and strengthening bones

What chambers of the heart will contain oxygen-poor blood? Right atrium and right ventricle Left atrium and left ventricle Left atrium and right ventricle Right atrium and left atrium

Right atrium and right ventricle

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart? Purkinje fibers AV bundle Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node

Sinoatrial node

What are the basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? Enzyme and product combine, forming an E-P complex. The reaction occurs, enzymes are released, and the unchanged substrate is released and recycled. Substrate, enzyme, and product combine, forming an S-E-P complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled. Substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled. Substrate and product combine, forming an S-P complex. The reaction occurs, enzymes are released, and the unchanged substrate is released and recycled.

Substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.

Which of the following describes leukemia? The red blood cell count is too low. The red blood cells are misshapen and become lodged in capillaries. The blood has too many immature white blood cells. The platelets are malformed and are low in number.

The blood has too many immature white blood cells

Hailey is suffering from a condition requiring multiple blood transfusions. She is blood type A and her first transfusion was successful. However, her second transfusion of type A blood caused her to become very ill. A blood test revealed that agglutination had occurred. What happened to cause her second transfusion to fail? The second transfusion contained anti-A antibodies, which then attacked Hailey's red blood cells. She developed a sensitivity to A antigens after being exposed to the first transfusion. She then had a massive allergic reaction to the second transfusion. The second transfusion contained anti-B antibodies, which then attacked Hailey's red blood cells. The blood used in the first transfusion contained Rh antigens, which caused the patient to produce anti-Rh antibodies. These antibodies then attacked the Rh+ red blood cells in the second transfusion.

The blood used in the first transfusion contained Rh antigens, which caused the patient to produce anti-Rh antibodies. These antibodies then attacked the Rh+ red blood cells in the second transfusion.

What is diapedesis? The formation of platelets from megakaryocytes. The filling of red blood cells with hemoglobin. The movement of white blood cells through blood vessel walls. The squeezing of red blood cells through narrow capillaries.

The movement of white blood cells through blood vessel walls.

What factors increase the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions? The number of enzyme and substrate molecules formed, and strength of the enzyme. The temperature of the reaction, the number of H2O molecules, and bond strength. The size of the enzyme compared to the substrate, the number of active sites, and the ratio of enzyme to substrate molecules. The number of enzyme molecules, the number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.

The number of enzyme molecules, the number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.

Axon terminals from several different neurons synapse onto a single neuron. Some of these presynaptic neurons are sending excitatory signals, while others are sending inhibitory signals. Over the course of the effects of these signals, the postsynaptic membrane potential reaches around -90mV. What is the overall effect on the postsynaptic neuron? The postsynaptic neuron is excited enough to easily cross threshold and generate an action potential. The postsynaptic neuron is stabilized and remains at its resting potential. The postsynaptic neuron is excited, but not enough to cross threshold. The postsynaptic neuron is inhibited from generating action potentials.

The postsynaptic neuron is inhibited from generating action potentials.

Name two substances that function to dissolve blood clots. Prothrombin activator and vitamin K Thrombus and embolus Calcium ions and fibrinogen Tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase

Tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase

How do the processes of transcription and translation differ? Transcription produces protein and translation produces mRNA. Transcription produces mRNA and translation produces protein. Transcription produces tRNA and translation produces mRNA. Transcription produces mRNA and translation produces DNA.

Transcription produces mRNA and translation produces protein.

What is the rarest ABO blood type in the United States? Type AB Type A Type B Type O

Type AB

When is an action potential triggered? When EPSPs exceeds IPSPs When potassium channels open When IPSPs exceeds EPSPs When chloride channels open

When EPSPs exceeds IPSPs

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is __________. acetylcholine norepinephrine nitric oxide GABA

acetylcholine

Synaptic knobs are at the ends of __________. cell bodies neuroglia dendrites axons

axons

A muscular contraction in which the muscle shortens, moving an object, is called a(n) __________ contraction. tetanic eccentric concentric isometric

concentric

Molecules that function to increase the rate of chemical reactions are called __________. enzymes substrates mutagens hormones

enzymes

It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the bone and looking for a(n) _________. medullary cavity diaphysis articular cartilage epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal plate

Prothrombin time is a blood test used to evaluate the __________. intravascular clotting mechanism fibrinolysis mechanism intrinsic clotting mechanism extrinsic clotting mechanism

extrinsic clotting mechanism

Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of __________ , which in turn decreases the rate of cell division of __________. thyroid hormones; osteocytes in the periosteum growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate growth hormone; fat cells in the medullary cavity thyroid hormones; osteoclasts in the compact bone

growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of __________. red and white blood cells only red blood cells only white blood cells only red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Endochondral ossification __________, whereas intramembranous ossification __________. inhibits osteoblast activity; increases osteoclast activity replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone forms bone of the cranium; forms bone of the limbs increases osteoclast activity; inhibits osteoblasts

replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone

The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is __________. thick and myelinated thin and unmyelinated thick and unmyelinated thin and myelinated

thick and myelinated

How does heparin prevent the clotting of blood? By binding to calcium ions By depleting the blood of platelets By inhibiting the formation of prothrombin activator and the action of thrombin on fibrinogen By interfering with the formation of thrombin and fibrinogen

thrombin on fibrinogen

Sounds from the closing of the __________ valve are best heard at the fifth intercostal space just to the left of the sternum. pulmonary mitral tricuspid aortic

tricuspid