A&P II Module 2

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A-J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve. 1. This cranial nerve receives information from the retina 2. This cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of the digestive tract 3. This cranial nerve controls movement of the eye laterally 4. This cranial nerve receives sensory information for hearing 5. This cranial nerve is responsible for voluntarily moving the tongue

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A-J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve. 1. This cranial nerve receives sensory information for smell 2. This cranial nerve controls the inferior oblique muscle 3. This cranial nerve has three branches 4. This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the anterior portion of the tongue 5. This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the posterior portion of the tongue

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Label the nerves (A-C) in the figure below:

A. B. C.

Label the nerves (A-C) in the figure below:

A. Lateral femoral cutaneous B. Femoral C. Saphenous

This is the most superficial layer of the brain meninges.

Dura mater

The _____ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Median longitudinal

Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.

Memories are not stored in one specific area within the brain but instead are stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres. The hippocampus acts as a memory center to help with memory storage and retrieval. The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories.

What is muscle tone and how is it maintained?

Muscle tone is the degree at which muscles remain partially contracted while at rest. Muscle tone is continuously monitored and maintained by the cerebellum to keep bones and joints in place.

This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain

Pia mater

One of your patients sustained a hemorrhagic CVA. You notice they have rigid movements when moving their arms. They also have difficulty forming a plan to move their body. What area of the brain is most likely impacted? Explain your reasoning.

The basal ganglia is responsible for executing a motor plan and to slow and control fine movements (creating the rigid movements). Apraxia, or impaired motor planning. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan.

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? Describe its maintenance from a cellular level.

The blood-brain barrier is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. The blood-brain barrier is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells astrocytes. Maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system.

It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke? Explain why.

The cerebellum is most likely affected because the cerebellum's main job is to coordinate body movement by relaying information to the cerebral motor cortex. People that are intoxicated tend to be uncoordinated, so a stroke causing the cerebellum could be mistaken as intoxication.

If you were hiking in the woods and came across a mountain lion, which division of your nervous system would have increased activity? Explain your answer.

The sympathetic nervous system would have increased activity as it is responsible for preparing our bodies to respond to stressful situations.

Describe the function of the brain ventricles.

There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain.

The _____ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

Transverse

A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer.

You are trying to increase the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system as it is also sometimes called the "housekeeper system" because it promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state. The parasympathetic system also acts to slow the heart rate.

If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer.

You would be more likely to see decreased sensation because sensory neurons enter the spinal cord posteriorly.

If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer.

You would be more likely to see paralysis (muscular weakness) because motor neurons exit the spinal cord anteriorly.

Which of the following is false concerning a CVA? a. An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed" b. A TIA is a form of an ischemic stroke c. Stroke survivors may regain some lost functions through therapy d. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel

a. An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed"

A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged? a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe e. Primary motor cortex

a. Broca's area

This region of the brain controls decision making skills. a. Frontal lobe b. Cerebellum c. Occipital lobe d. Temporal lobe e. Primary sensory cortex

a. Frontal lobe

Which of the following is most likely a symptoms of ALS? a. Impaired ability to swallow b. Decreased sensation in the hands c. Shrinkage of cerebral cortex d. Increased size of brain ventricles e. All of the above

a. Impaired ability to swallow

The sacral plexus is formed from spinal nerves: a. L04-S04 b. T12-L04 c. C01-C05 d. L01-S01

a. L04-S04

These contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs. a. Sympathetic trunk ganglia b. Celiac ganglion c. Superiomesenteric ganglion d. Inferior mesenteric ganglion e. Ciliary ganglion

a. Sympathetic trunk ganglia

The lumbar plexus is from the spinal nerves: a. T12-L04 b. L04-S04 c. C01-C05 d. L01-S01

a. T12-L04

Which statement is false concerning the brainstem? a. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord b. The pons helps to regulate breathing c. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi d. The medulla contains reflex centers to regulate vasoconstriction

a. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord

A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause? a. Spinal cord injury b. Carpal tunnel syndrome c. Ulnar nerve damage d. CVA in the parietal lobe

b. Carpal tunnel syndrome

What is the largest portion of the brain? a. Cerebellum b. Cerebrum c. Corpus collosum d. Cingulate gyrus

b. Cerebrum

Which of the following is false concerning the sympathetic nervous system? a. It is also called the thoracolumbar division b. It is also called the craniosacral division c. The primary neurotransmitter is norepinephrine d. It inhibits the digestive tract

b. It is also called the craniosacral division

A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What nerve is most likely damaged? a. Radial b. Phrenic c. Sciatic d. Median

b. Phrenic

A patient has decreased sensation over the posterior surface of the thigh. What nerve is most likely damaged? a. Femoral b. Sciatic c. Saphenous d. Common fibular nerve

b. Sciatic

Which of the following is false concerning the cerebellum? a. The gray matter is external while the white matter is internal b. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly c. The anterior love receives information from the body trunk d. The vermis coordinates arm movements

b. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly

Which of the following is true concerning the brachial plexus? a. Roots are located furthest from the spinal cord b. There are anterior and posterior divisions c. Divisions branch next into two cords: anterior and posterior d. The posterior cord forms the median nerve

b. There are anterior and posterior divisions

A patient is having difficulty understanding language but is still able to speak fluently. The patient's dermatomes are intact. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged? a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe e. Primary sensory cortex

b. Wernicke's area

Which of the following is false concerning the parasympathetic nervous system? a. Primarily contains cholinergic synapses b. It is also called the craniosacral division c. Acts to increase the heart rate d. Promotes the digestion of foods

c. Acts to increase the heart rate

This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information. a. Primary sensory cortex b. Primary motor cortex c. Association area d. Precentral gyrus e. Postcentral gyrus

c. Association area

All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: a. Regulates sleep b. Links the nervous and endocrine systems c. Filters out unimportant sensory information d. Regulates water balance

c. Filters out unimportant sensory information

A patient sustained damage to their femoral nerve. What is most likely limited? a. Sensation over the medial thigh b. Sensation over posterior thigh c. Hip flexion, knee extension d. Hip extension, knee flexion

c. Hip flexion, knee extension

A patient is not able to extend his left wrist or fingers. What nerve is most likely damaged? a. Ulnar b. Axillary c. Radial d. Median

c. Radial

Which of the following is true concerning the cerebellum? a. The gray matter is internal while the white matter is external b. The cerebellum works to plan body movements by relaying information spinal cord c. The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk d. The vermis coordinates the trunk and shoulder movements

c. The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk

Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve? a. The mandibular branch receives sensory information from taste buds b. The ophthalmic branch controls eye movements c. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip d. The maxillary branch controls the muscles of mastication

c. The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip

Which of the following is true concerning the lumbar plexus? a. It arises from L2-S2 spinal nerves b. There are three cords: medial, lateral, and posterior c. There are two divisions: anterior and posterior d. The anterior division forms the femoral nerve

c. There are two divisions: anterior and posterior

A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely the cause? a. CVA in the frontal lobe b. Carpal tunnel syndrome c. Ulnar nerve damage d. Anterior spinal cord injury

c. Ulnar nerve damage

Which of the following is true concerning a CVA? a. An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed" b. A TIA is a form of hemorrhagic stroke c. Stroke survivors never regain any lost function d. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel

d. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel

What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below? a. Optic b. Oculomotor c. Trochlear d. Abducens e. Spinal accessory

d. Abducens

A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What region of the spine is most likely damaged? a. L01-L05 b. S01-S05 c. T01-T12 d. C03-C05

d. C03-C05

This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum. a. Lateral b. Medial c. Third d. Fourth

d. Fourth

What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) a. Mixed: Sensation of digestive tract and Regulation of heart rate b. Motor: Tongue movement c. Sensory: Hearing/balance d. Mixed: Facial muscles and Taste

d. Mixed: Facial muscles and Taste

All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: a. Maintain homeostasis b. Controls the pituitary gland c. Links the nervous and endocrine systems d. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum

d. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum

Which statement is false concerning the brainstem? a. The medulla portion of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord b. The medulla contains reflex centers to regulate vasoconstriction c. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi d. The midbrain helps to regulate breathing

d. The midbrain helps to regulate breathing

A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited? a. Elbow flexion b. Hip extension c. Wrist flexion d. Wrist extension

d. Wrist extension

Alzheimer's disease impacts which region(s) of the brain? a. Occipital lobe b. Frontal lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Hippocampus e. All of the above

e. All of the above

These contain the ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system that target the intrinsic eye muscles to change the diameter of the pupil. a. Sympathetic trunk ganglia b. Pterygopalantine ganglion c. Superiomesentertic ganglion d. Intramural ganglia e. Ciliary ganglion

e. Ciliary ganglion