A&P II - Test 2 Prep

Describe three mechanisms in which lymph is moved throughout the body.

- respiratory movements - muscular contraction - adjacent tissue movements - valves - arteriole pulsations

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Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. A) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) B) lymphatics C) germinal centers D) lymph nodes

A) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) B D) helper T E) suppressor T

A) NK

Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute. A) 100 B) 140 C) 40 D) 80 E) 20

D) 80

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except A) the skin B) complement C) interferon D) B and T cells

D) B and T cells

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. A) Vascular spasm B) The platelet phase C) Retraction D) Coagulation E) Fibrinolysis

D) Coagulation

________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass. A) Fenestrated, transcytotic B) Continuous, fenestrated C) Transcytotic, continuous D) Fenestrated, continuous E) Transcytotic, fenestrated

D) Fenestrated, continuous

In an adult, the interatrial septum bears a shallow opening that marks the site of the original foramen ovale, which is (the) A) ductus venosus. B) ductus arteriosus. C) ligamentum arteriosum. D) fossa ovale. E) none of the above. D) fossa ovalis

D) fossa ovalis

Lymph transport involves all but which of the following? A) thorax pressure changes during breathing B) lymph capillary minivalve action C) milking action of active muscle fibers D) smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls

D) smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls

As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot A) treppe. B) fatigue. C) tonus. D) tetany. E) recruitment.

D) tetany.

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? A) draining excess interstitial fluid B) carrying out immune responses C) transporting dietary fats D) transporting respiratory gases

D) transporting respiratory gases

Put in correct order the sequence in which excitation would move through the conducting system of the heart: 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5. B) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1. C) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1. D) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1. E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.

E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.

Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following? A) high cholesterol B) lack of exercise C) smoking D) obesity E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

The lymphoid system is composed of A) lymph B) the spleen. C) lymph nodes. D) lymphatic vessels. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include A) sebaceous glands. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) epidermal layers. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

Which of the following has the regulation of its radius determining blood flow through specific organs? A) capillary B) venule C) artery D) vein E) arteriole

E) arteriole

In passive immunity, the A) immune system attacks normal body cells. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. D) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Normal lymph flow is directed towards the A) sacral region B) limbs C) head D) pelvis E) thoracic cavity

E) thoracic cavity

Fever is caused by neurotransmitters released by pathogens. True/False?

False

T lymphocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity known as antibody mediated immunity. True/False

False

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? A) enhancement of inflammation B) opsonization C) prevention of allergic reactions D) insertion of MAC and cells lysis

C) prevention of allergic reactions

Coronary veins empty into the A) left atrium. B) left ventricle. C) right atrium. D) right ventricle. E) conus arteriosus.

C) right atrium.

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) cytotoxic T B) helper T C) B D) suppressor T E) plasma

A) cytotoxic T

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis

A) natural killer cells

Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure? A) pancreas B) spleen C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches of the intestine

A) pancreas

As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) pressure builds. B) pressure drops. C) flow becomes turbulent. D) viscosity increases. E) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.

B) pressure drops.

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for A) a heart attack. B) hypertension. C) a serious hemorrhage. D) prolonged exercise. E) a heavy meal.

C) a serious hemorrhage.

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for A) a heart attack. B) hypertension. C) a serious hemorrhage. D) prolonged exercise. E) a heavy meal.

C) a serious hemorrhage.

As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries A) decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. B) is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries. C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. D) increases and causes the blood velocity to increase. E) decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase.

C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease.

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.

C) inhibition of the immune response.

Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold

C) interfere with viral replication within cells

Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold

C) interfere with viral replication within cells

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________. A) inguinal region; B) axillary region; C) lower extremities D) cervical region

C) lower extremities

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood vessels type B) blood viscosity C) total blood vessel length D) blood vessel diameter

D) blood vessel diameter

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge, A) heart rate increases. B) heart rate decreases. C) stroke volume increases. D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase. E) the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure.

D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) arterioles B) arteries C) veins D) capillaries

D) capillaries

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.

D) complement.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T

D) cytotoxic T

If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increases peripheral resistance B) a weak, thread pulse C) increasing vasomotor tone D) decreased heart rate

D) decreased heart rate

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John A) is feeling achy. B) is producing T lymphocytes. C) has a sore throat. D) is running a fever. E) has swollen lymph nodes.

D) is running a fever.

Lipids absorbed in the digestive tract enter ________ in the intestinal wall. A) macrophages B) lymph nodes C) capillaries D) lacteals E) none of the above

D) lacteals

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________. A) inguinal region B) cervical region C) axillary region D) lower extremities

D) lower extremities

Lymphatic capillaries A) filter lymph. B) cannot be discerned structurally from cardiovascular system capillaries. C) concentrate lymph prior to passing it to larger lymphatic vessels. D) originate as blind sacs within the loose connective tissue of the body E) include layers of smooth muscle for peristalsis.

D) originate as blind sacs within the loose connective tissue of the body

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve. A) pulmonary semilunar B) bicuspid C) mitral D) tricuspid E) aortic semilunar

D) tricuspid

The ______ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. a) bicuspid b) pulmonic c) semicaval d) tricuspid

a) bicuspid

As blood leaves the right ventricle it passes through the ______ and then into the pulmonary trunk. a) pulmonary semilunar lunar valve b) inferior vena cava c) aorta d) pulmonary veins e) superior vena cava

a) pulmonary semilunar lunar valve

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ____ system a. urinary b. lymphatic c. immune d. digestive e. thirst quenching B. lymphatic

b. lymphatic

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the a) heart. b) liver. c) intestines. d) brain. e) lungs.

e) lungs.

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? A) ADH B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) nitric acid D) angiotensin II

(C) Nitric acid

What vessels have valves? What is the purpose of the valves?

- Veins - To prevent back flow of blood.

The cells in the second line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

- natural killer cells - neutrophils - macrophages - basophils - eosinophils

Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

B) All carry blood away from the heart.

Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is measured in mm Hg. B) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. C) It is relatively constant through all body organs. D) It is greatest where resistance is highest.

B) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

A cytokine produced by cells in response to invasion by a virus is ______. A) Mucus B) Interferon C) Complement D) Interleukin

B) Interferon

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than A) 37.2 C or 99 F B) 37.2 C or 98.6 F C) 98.6 F D) 37.2 C E) 99 F

A) 37.2 C or 99 F

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? A) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 B) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 C) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6 D) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6 E) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5

A) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

Which of these is an autoimmune disease? A) C and D only B) Influenza C) Rheumatoid arthritis D) Systemic lupus erythematosus

A) C and D only

Activated T-cells and macrophages release ______________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other luekocytes into the area. A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins

A) Cytokines

The HIV virus targets __________. A) Helper T-cells B) B-cells C) Natural killer cells D) Dendritic cells

A) Helper T-cells

If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? A) Increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart B) Increased sympathetic output to the heart C) Increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction D) Faster heart rate and greater heart contractility

A) Increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.

A) Isografts are between identical twins.

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.

A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

The first leukocytes to arrive at a site of damage are the A) Neutrophils B) Dendrite cells C) Mast Cells D) Basophils

A) Neutrophils

The first leukocytes to arrive at a site of damage are the... A) Neutrophils B) Dendrite cells C) Mast Cells D) Basophils

A) Neutrophils

In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks the A) Synovial membrane B) Myelin membrane C) Pleural membrane D) Mucous membrane

A) Synovial membrane

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies. A) True B) False

A) True

Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized

A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

Of the following choices, which has the elastic recoil of its walls during diastole, causing a continuation of blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle? 58) A) artery B) venule C) vein D) capillary E) arteriole

A) artery

The group of diseases that occur when antibodies develop and begin to destroy the body's own cells is A) autoimmune diseases B) Immunodeficiency disease C) Immunocompetent disease D) Diseases of the reticuloendothelial system

A) autoimmune diseases

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located A) between the left atrium and left ventricle. B) in the opening of the aorta. C) in the opening of the pulmonary trunk. D) where the venae cavae join the right atrium. E) between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A) between the left atrium and left ventricle.

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located A) between the left atrium and left ventricle. B) in the opening of the aorta. C) in the opening of the pulmonary trunk. D) where the venae cavae join the right atrium. E) between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A) between the left atrium and left ventricle.

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called __________. A) chemotaxis B) margination C) diapedesis D) phagocytosis

A) chemotaxis

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called A) continuous capillaries. B) fenestrated capillaries. C) sinusoidal capillaries. D) sinusoids. E) vasa vasorum.

A) continuous capillaries.

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium. A) coronary arteries (right & left) B) cardiac veins C) carotid arteries D) coronary sinus E) superior vena cava

A) coronary arteries (right & left)

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) decreased size of the heart muscle B) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium C) increased incidence of coronary artery disease D) increased work of the left ventricle

A) decreased size of the heart muscle

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) decreased size of the heart muscle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium D) increased work of the left ventricle

A) decreased size of the heart muscle

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________. A) efferent lymphatic vessels B) afferent lymphatic vessels C) the cortical sinus D) the subscapular sinus

A) efferent lymphatic vessels

The lumen of every blood vessel is lined by a monolayer of what cell type? A) endothelial cells B) smooth muscle cells C) fibroblasts D) erythrocytes E) platelets

A) endothelial cells

Due to the difference in opposing forces, there is net ____ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ____ at the venous end. A) filtration, absorption B) absorption, filtration

A) filtration, absorption

Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion B) lower plasma volume C) decreased blood pressure D) increased urine output

A) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion

Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles A) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. B) allow blood to bypass capillary beds. C) have an endothelial lining. D) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls and allow blood to bypass capillary beds. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure only C) blood volume and viscosity D) plasma and formed element concentration

A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Which of the following does NOT result in metabolic alkalosis? A) hyperventilation B) lowered body temperature C) constipation D) decrease in food intake

A) hyperventilation

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow A) in one direction only. B) in both directions. C) in many directions. D) in opposite directions on the right and left. E) from a ventricle to an atrium.

A) in one direction only.

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the A) interatrial septum. B) right ventricle. C) left atrium. D) left ventricle. E) right atrium.

A) interatrial septum.

The thoracic duct empties into the A) left subclavian vein. B) right subclavian artery. C) right lymphoid duct. D) right subclavian vein. E) left subclavian artery.

A) left subclavian vein.

The thoracic duct empties into the ________. A) left subclavian vein. B) right subclavian artery. C) right lymphoid duct. D) right subclavian vein. E) left subclavian artery.

A) left subclavian vein.

A constriction of an arteriole in response to stretch of the arteriole smooth muscle is called A) myogenic response. B) reactive hyperemia. C) ischemia. D) active hyperemia. E) hypoxia.

A) myogenic response.

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis

A) natural killer cells

In general it is expected that ______ A) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed. B) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end. C) osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venuous end. D) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed.

A) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed.

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all the following regions, except the ______________. A) pelvic viscera B) left arm and shoulder C) left breast D) left side of the neck E) right breast

A) pelvic viscera

Aldosterone will ________. A) promote an increase in blood pressure B) promote a decrease in blood volume C) result in a larger output of urine D) decrease sodium reabsorption

A) promote an increase in blood pressure

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process

A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

The vessel(s) entering the left atrium is/are A) pulmonary veins. B) pulmonary trunk. C) aorta. D) vena cava.

A) pulmonary veins.

Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the ____. A) small intestines B) large intestines C) stomach D) esophagus

A) small intestines

The final destination of lymph fluid is the A) subclavian veins. B) abdominal trunk. C) lymph nodes. D) liver. E) spleen.

A) subclavian veins

The P wave of an ECG corresponds to A) the depolarization of the atria. B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. C) the repolarization of the ventricles. D) atrial repolarization. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) the depolarization of the atria.

Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is A) the subclavian artery. B) the external carotid artery. C) the brachial artery. D) the femoral artery. E) the ulnar artery.

A) the subclavian artery.

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age? A) thymus B) tonsils C) spleen D) appendix

A) thymus

Which of the following does NOT contain a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? A) thymus B) appendix C) tonsil D) Peyer's patch

A) thymus

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________. A) tonsil B) thymus C) Peyer's patch D) appendix

A) tonsil

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

A) tunica intima

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production of complement and interferon

A) vasodilation

Which of the following has high compliance, allowing it to hold a large volume of blood with little change in pressure? A) vein B) arteriole C) artery D) capillary E) venule

A) vein

Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? A. increasing plasma protein concentration B. increasing blood pressure C. relaxing precapillary sphincters D. reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid

A. increasing plasma protein concentration

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is a) much slower b) at least twice as fast. c) about the same. d) at least 10 times faster. e) impossible to predict without more information.

a) much slower

Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? a) the SA node fires b) atrial systole occurs c) blood is ejected from the atrium d) the P wave develops e) ventricular systole occurs

a) the SA node fires

______ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. a) tonsils b) spleens c) immune complexes d) peyer patches e) lymph nodes

a) tonsils

Antigens are the body's weapons against disease A) True B) False

False

Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur. True/False?

False

Innate immunity improves with experience. True/False?

False

Natural immunity is acquired during vaccination. True/False?

False

Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus. True/False?

False

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the ANSWER: liver. kidneys. lungs. heart. skin.

Liver

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. Bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is a) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 b) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 c) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 d) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

a) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. B) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation. C) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. D) Lower pressure on the venus end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsportion of fluid back to the plasma.

B) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections? A) Basophils B) Macrophages C) Eosinophils D) B cells

B) Macrophages

Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? A) Flow = Pressure × Resistance B) Pressure = Flow × Resistance C) Resistance = Flow × Pressure D) Flow = Pressure + Resistance E) Flow = Pressure - Resistance

B) Pressure = Flow × Resistance

Lymph nodes can be described as _______. A) Immature antibodies B) Small encapsulated bodies C) Organelles of immunity D) Patches of cytokines

B) Small encapsulated bodies

Memory B cells remember pathogens. True/False

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. True/False

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. True/False?

True

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D) chemoreceptors

B) altering blood volume

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory

B) antigenic

Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the ________. A) intracellular fluid B) blood vascular system C) endocrine system D) respiratory system

B) blood vascular system

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with A) hyaline cartilage. B) blood vessels. C) adipose tissue. D) sensory nerve endings. E) both blood vessels and adipose tissue.

B) blood vessels.

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) a decrease in carbon dioxide B) changes in arterial pressure C) a decrease in oxygen levels D) an increase in oxygen levels

B) changes in arterial pressure

Molecules that attract immune cells are known as A) interferons. B) chemotaxins. C) antigens. D) lysozymes. E) opsonins.

B) chemotaxins.

The thymus is most active during _____. A) fetal development B) childhood C) middle age D) old age

B) childhood

Resistance is a force that A) increases blood flow. B) decreases blood flow. C) never changes in a blood vessel. D) acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. E) is always higher than blood pressure.

B) decreases blood flow.

The AV node is important because it A) directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria. B) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting. C) serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. D) electrically opens the AV valves. E) None of these answers are correct.

B) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting.

What is the equation relating flow to resistance and a pressure gradient? A) flow x resistance = 1/pressure gradient B) flow = pressure gradient / resistance C) flow = pressure x resistance D) flow/resistance - 1/pressure gradient

B) flow = pressure gradient / resistance

What are local controls that tend to keep blood flow constant called? A) osteogenic factors B) flow autoregulation C) flow telemetry D) autonomics E) extrinsic factors

B) flow autoregulation

In general it is expected that _________ A) hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed. B) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed. C) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed. D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venimus end

B) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed.

Peyer's patches are found in the ________. A) duodenum of the small intestine B) ileum of the small intestine C) large intestine D) jejunum of the small intestine

B) ileum of the small intestine

Fear can result in A) increased stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center by higher brain centers. B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers. C) decreased heart rate. D) decreased blood pressure. E) parasympathetic stimulation.

B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.

Fear can result in A) increased stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center by higher brain centers. B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers. C) decreased heart rate. D) decreased blood pressure. E) parasympathetic stimulation.

B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.

A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but _________________. A) increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) increased thirst and higher blood volume C) decreased peripheral resistance due to decreases vasomotor tone D) lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption

B) increased thirst and higher blood volume

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following, except A) uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure. B) inhibition of EPO secretion. C) activation of ADH secretion. D) activation of aldosterone secretion. E) increased thirst and water intake.

B) inhibition of EPO secretion.

Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________. A) lymph follicles B) lymph nodes C) axillary nodes D) cisterna chyli

B) lymph nodes

Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.

B) monocytes.

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) elastic arteries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries

B) muscular arteries

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) active B) naturally acquired passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

B) naturally acquired passive

Which of the following chemical's concentration is NOT increased by an elevation in metabolic activity? A) potassium B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) hydrogen E) pyruvic acid

B) oxygen

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen in the tissue increases. B) pH decreases. C) vessels constrict. D) All of the answers are correct.

B) pH decreases.

The smallest arterial branches are called the A) veins. B) precapillary arterioles. C) venules. D) capillaries. E) arterioles.

B) precapillary arterioles

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.

B) produce a fever.

To produce angiotensin II, what must be secreted from the kidney to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme? A) preangiotensin B) renin C) erythropoietin D) vitamin D3 E) angiotensinogen

B) renin

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes

B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes

B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax. A) thoracic B) right lymphatic C) subclavian D) brachiocephalic

B) right lymphatic

When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________. A) shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb C) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage D) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region

B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is _______________. A) the only factor that influences resistance B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the A) end-diastolic volume. B) stroke volume. C) end-systolic volume. D) cardiac output. E) cardiac reserve.

B) stroke volume.

The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure C) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure D) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)

B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) the dural sinus reflex C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction D) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide

B) the dural sinus reflex

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because A) cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own. B) the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes. C) neural stimulation is lacking. D) potassium channels outnumber sodium channels. E) the refractory period ends before the muscle reaches peak tension.

B) the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

Lymph from the body sections inferior to the diaphragm and the left side of the body collects in the A) left lymphoid duct. B) thoracic duct. C) right lymphoid duct. D) abdominal duct.

B) thoracic duct.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) right lymphatic duct. B) thoracic duct. C) cisterna chyli. D) hepatic portal vein. E) dural sinus.

B) thoracic duct.

Which of the following is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? A) tonsil B) thymus C) Peyer's patch D) appendix

B) thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) top; bottom B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived. C) thyroid; bowel D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom E) none of the above

B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis

B) type II diabetes

The ______________ cells release antibodies to destroy cells that carry non-self antigens. A) Mast B) Natural Killer C) B-lymphocytic D) T-lymphocytic

C) B-lymphocytic

Which of the following is the smallest of blood vessels with thin walls allowing for ready exchange of material between blood and tissue? A) Arteriole B) Vein C) Capillary D) Venule E) Artery

C) Capillary

Cells that help regulate the immune response are _______ cells. A) B B) plasma C) Helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK

C) Helper T

__________ are essential for the reproduction of B cells and other types of cells. A) Memory B-cells B) Regulatory T-cells C) Helper T-cells D) Cytotoxic T-cells

C) Helper T-cells

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyer patches D) Immune complexes E) Lymph glands

C) Peyer patches

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected? A) There will be much bigger P waves. B) The P-R interval will be shorter. C) The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes. D) The QRS duration will be longer. E) The ventricles will stop beating.

C) The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. B) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. C) They decrease to osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. D) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole.

C) They decrease to osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has A) less resistance to blood flow. B) the same amount of pressure as resistance. C) a greater resistance to blood flow. D) a higher blood pressure. E) a greater blood flow.

C) a greater resistance to blood flow.

Newborns gain their immunity initially from A) early immunizations. B) contact with viruses and bacteria. C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. D) contact with siblings. E) breast milk.

C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

Where are the arterial baroreceptors (stretch receptors) located? A) brachiocephalic artery B) coronary sinuses and aortic arch C) aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries) D) coronary arteries E) the pons

C) aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries)

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. A) elastic arteries B) venules C) arterioles D) muscular arteries

C) arterioles

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A) angiotensin II B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D) epinephrine

C) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes

C) bone marrow

The right common carotid artery and right subclavian arteries are branches of (the) ________. A) thyrocervical trunk B) vertebral artery C) brachiocephalic trunk D) aortic arch E) pulmonary trunk

C) brachiocephalic trunk

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to A) increased membrane permeability to potassium ion. B) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions. C) calcium channels remaining open. D) movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membrane. E) decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane.

C) calcium channels remaining open.

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues. A) arteries B) veins C) capillaries

C) capillaries

The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

C) capillaries

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

C) capillary

Which of the following equations is correct? A) mean arterial pressure = cardiac output x stroke volume B) mean arterial pressure = resistance x viscosity C) cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate D) resistance = (length x radius^4) / viscosity E) cardiac output = mean arterial pressure x total peripheral resistance

C) cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

The hepatic portal vein ___________. A) carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera B) is actually an artery C) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver D) carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava

C) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to A) trabeculae carneae. B) coronary sulci. C) chordae tendineae. D) papillary muscles. E) interatrial septa.

C) chordae tendineae.

The end of the plateau phase is due to the __________ of Ca2+ channels and __________ of K+ channels. A) closing, closing B) opening, closing C) closing, opening D) opening, opening

C) closing, opening

The function of an atrium is to A) collect blood. B) pump blood to the lungs. C) collect blood then pump it to the ventricle. D) pump blood into the systemic circuit. E) pump blood to the ventricle.

C) collect blood then pump it to the ventricle.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except A) interferon B) B and T cells C) complement D) the skin E) inflammation

C) complement

The process of fibrinolysis A) activates fibrinogen. B) draws torn edges of damaged tissue closer together. C) dissolves clots. D) forms emboli. E) forms thrombi.

C) dissolves clots.

Clinical symptoms that would indicate that there is a blockage in the right lymphatic duct would include A) increased blood pressure. B) swelling of the body inferior to the diaphragm. C) edema of the right arm and upper chest. D) increased heart rate. E) a greatly increased cisterna chyli.

C) edema of the right arm and upper chest.

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) cardiac output B) peripheral resistance C) emotional state D) blood volume

C) emotional state

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing stroke volume B) rising blood volume C) falling blood volume D) increasing heart rate E) all of these

C) falling blood volume

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called A) perforated capillaries. B) discontinuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinuses. E) vasa vasorum.

C) fenestrated capillaries.

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the _______. A) liver. B) lungs. C) heart. D) intestines. E) brain.

C) heart.

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells.

C) helper T cells.

Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except by A) macrophages. B) antibody actions. C) helper T cells D) complement system. E) cytotoxic T cells.

C) helper T cells.

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ______________. A) cerebral circulation B) coronary circulation C) hepatic portal circulation D) pulmonary circulation

C) hepatic portal circulation

In response to a decrease in the stretch of a baroreceptor, sympathetic nervous activity will ________ while parasympathetic nervous activity will ________. A) not change : increase B) decrease : increase C) increase : decrease D) not change : remain constant E) decrease : remain constant

C) increase : decrease

Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel? A) constriction of the blood vessel B) increased viscosity of the blood C) increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel D) decreased radius of the vessel E) increased length of the vessel

C) increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel

Peripheral resistance ________. A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

C) increases as blood viscosity increases

If the heart rate decreases, what happens to blood pressure? A) it increases B) it depends on other conditions C) it decreases D) nothing

C) it decreases

Specific defenses depend on the activities of A) agranulocytes B) monocytes C) lymphocytes D) leukocytes E) erythrocytes

C) lymphocytes

An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T cells release interferon. C) mast cells release histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.

C) mast cells release histamine and heparin.

Which of the following substances is continuously secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation? A) endothelin-1 B) bradykinin C) nitric oxide D) adenosine E) oxygen

C) nitric oxide

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine

C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in A) preventing overstretching of the cells. B) enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells. C) preventing tetanus. D) preventing fibrillation. E) regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells.

C) preventing tetanus.

Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication

C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? A) water B) plasma proteins C) red blood cells D) ions

C) red blood cells

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? A) lumbar trunk B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) cisterna chyli

C) right lymphatic duct

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) always fatal

C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the pituitary. D) bone. E) skin.

C) the pituitary.

Which of the following do NOT influence arterial pulse rate? A) activity B) postural changes C) the vessel selected to palpate D) emotions

C) the vessel selected to palpate

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. A) thymus B) spleen C) tonsils D) lymph node

C) tonsils

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

C) tunica media

Sympathetic nerves have what effect on systemic arterioles? A) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm B) vasodilation C) vasoconstriction D) vasospasm E) vasoconstriction and vasospasm

C) vasoconstriction

Carbon dioxide has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction B) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm C) vasodilation D) vasoconstriction and vasospasm E) vasospasm

C) vasodilation

Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? A) peripheral resistance B) cardiac output C) white blood cell count D) blood volume

C) white blood cell count

Infection with HIV virus occurs through A) eating contaminated food. B) sharing clothes with an infected individual. C) airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. D) Intimate contact with an infected persons body fluids E) causal contact with an infected individual.

D) Intimate contact with an infected persons body fluids

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.

D) It is specific for a given organ.

Select the correct statement about lymph transport. A) Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits. B) Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins. C) Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling. D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) NK E) suppressor T

D) NK

Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels due to A) skeletal muscle contractions. B) respiratory movements. C) strong vasoconstriction of vessel walls. D) both skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory movements. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) both skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory movements.

Which of the following structures contains high pressure baroreceptors? A) aortic arch only B) carotoid sinus only C) right atrium only D) both the aortic arch and carotoid sinus E) aortic arch, right atrium, and carotoid sinus

D) both the aortic arch and carotoid sinus

In cardiac muscle A) calcium ions play an important role in repolarizing the membrane after the depolarization phase. B) calcium ions are not released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C) calcium ions do not bind to troponin molecules D) calcium ions enter the cell through slow ion channels.

D) calcium ions enter the cell through slow ion channels

In fetal circulation, blood may bypass the pulmonary circuit by passing from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta through the short muscular vessel known as the ________. A) fossa ovale B) ligamentum arteriosum C) ductus venosus D) ductus arteriosus E) umbilical arteries

D) ductus arteriosus

Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________ A) shock B) stroke C) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) D) edema

D) edema

What are the two functions of increasing blood flow to the skin during exercise? A) facilitate dissipation of heat; remove water for sweat production B) facilitate dissipation of heat; energy reserve for underlying musculature C) fat utilization for energy production; remove water for sweat production D) facilitate dissipation of heat; provide energy for sweat production E) energy reserve for underlying musculature; provide energy for sweat production

D) facilitate dissipation of heat; provide energy for sweat production

Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation

D) function in the adaptive immune system activation

Metabolic acidosis results in _______. A) rebreathing B) hypoventilation C) hypoventilation and rebreathing D) hyperventilation

D) hyperventilation

Which of the following is a decrease in tissue oxygen? A) ischemia B) reactive hyperemia C) myogenic response D) hypoxia E) active hyperemia

D) hypoxia

Suppressor T cells act to A) suppress antigens. B) erase memory T cells. C) limit antigen proliferation. D) inhibit T and B cell activities. E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

D) inhibit T and B cell activities.

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the A) left atrium. B) left ventricle. C) right ventricle. D) interatrial septum. E) right atrium.

D) interatrial septum.

What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit? A) capillary hydrostatic pressure B) central venous pressure C) left ventricular pressure D) mean arterial pressure E) right atrial pressure

D) mean arterial pressure

Viruses A) are considered to be parasitic. B) must reproduce inside cells of the host, are considered to be parasitic, and easily survive in the environment outside the body. C) easily survive in the environment outside the body. D) must reproduce inside cells of the host and are considered to be parasitic. E) must reproduce inside cells of the host

D) must reproduce inside cells of the host and are considered to be parasitic.

The right pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________ . A) oxygenated; right lung B) deoxygenated; superior vena cava C) deoxygenated; left atrium D) oxygenated; left atrium E) deoxygenated; right atrium

D) oxygenated; left atrium

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in DECREASED A) heart rate. B) cardiac output. C) blood flow to the lungs. D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) none of the above

D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes

D) phagocytes

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes

D) phagocytes

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells. D) phagocytes.

D) phagocytes.

Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis

D) phagocytosis

The elastic nature of the largest blood vessel's walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole. A) volume reservoir B) non-distensible structure C) non-compliant structure D) pressure reservoir E) resistor

D) pressure reservoir

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes D) renal regulation

D) renal regulation

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the A) aorta. B) pulmonary trunk. C) left atrium. D) right ventricle. E) pulmonary veins.

D) right ventricle.

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A) metarterioles B) fenestrated capillaries C) continuous capillaries D) sinusoid capillaries

D) sinusoid capillaries

The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels B) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter C) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica externa B) tunica adventitia C) tunica intima D) tunica media

D) tunica media

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) activity of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes in the thorax C) venous valves D) urinary output

D) urinary output

Oxygen has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction and vasospasm C) vasospasm D) vasoconstriction E) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm

D) vasoconstriction

The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________; the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. A) arteries : arteries B) veins : veins C) arteries : veins D) veins : arteries E) arteries : arterioles

D) veins : arteries

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents A) ventricular depolarization. B) atrial repolarization. ventricular contraction. C) atrial depolarization. D) ventricular repolarization.

D) ventricular repolarization.

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

D) venules.

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases B. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases C. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur D. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

D. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? A. decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. B. increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood C. reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid D. increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid

D. increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid

The driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit is ________. A. capillary hydrostatic pressure B. central venous pressure C. left ventricular pressure D. mean arterial pressure E. right atrial pressure

D. mean arterial pressure

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure a) Excess red blood cell production would cause an increase in BP b) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery c) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. d) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure

a) Excess red blood cell production would cause an increase in BP

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells. a) Monocytes b) Basophils c) Lymphocytes d) Neutrophils e) Eosinophils

a) Monocytes

During exercise A) venous return increases. B) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. C) vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles. D) venous return increases and vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Edema may occur when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) endothelial permeability goes up. C) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. D) blood pressure is high. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Inflammation produces localized A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions? A) accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones B) assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries C) helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system D) flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 80. Which of the following is FALSE? A) Mean arterial pressure is 70 mm Hg B) Diastolic pressure is 60 C) Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg D) Heart rate is 80 E) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg

E) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits A) decreased blood volume. B) increased blood pressure. C) increased body stores of sodium ion. D) polycythemia. E) both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

E) both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries.

E) capillaries.

What is a decrease in tissue oxygen called? A) hyperoxia B) ischemia C) hypoxemia D) hyperemia E) hypoxia

E) hypoxia

In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations ______________, which causes a(n) _______________. A) decrease : active hyperemic response B) decrease : increase in tissue ischemia C) decrease : dilation of the arterioles D) increase : active hyperemic response E) increase : constriction of the arterioles

E) increase : constriction of the arterioles

During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? a) both Ca2+ and K+ b) both Na+ and K+ c) Ca2+ d) K+ e) Na+

a) both Ca2+ and K+

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? a) falling blood volume b) increasing stroke volume c) increasing heart rate d) rising blood volume

a) falling blood volume

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the a) heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize. b) heart rate will increase . c) heart rate will decrease. d) cells will depolarize. e) cells will repolarize.

a) heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize.

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of A) decreased membrane permeability to calcium ions. B) increased membrane permeability to chloride ions. C) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions. D) decreased membrane permeability to sodium ions. E) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

E) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. A) active B) natural passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

E) innate

What is a decrease in blood flow that is less than what is necessary to keep up with metabolic demands called? A) hypoxia B) hypoxemia C) infarction D) hyperemia E) ischemia

E) ischemia

Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the ____________. A) aorta B) left external jugular vein C) left subclavian artery D) inferior vena cava E) left subclavian vein

E) left subclavian vein

What are blood vessels that normally bypass capillary beds are called? A) A-V malformations B) pararterioles C) venules D) pre-capillary sphincters E) metarterioles.

E) metarterioles.

Parasympathetic nervous activity has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction B) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm C) vasospasm D) vasodilation E) neither vasoconstriction and vasodilation

E) neither vasoconstriction and vasodilation

What is a drop in mean arterial pressure that results from standing up called? A) recumbent hypotension B) metastatic hypotension C) paroxysmal hypotension D) resultant hypotension E) orthostatic hypotension

E) orthostatic hypotension

The lymphoid vessels run from _______ to _________. A) peripheral tissue; capillaries B) capillaries; arteries C) veins; arteries D) peripheral tissue; water E) peripheral tissue; veins

E) peripheral tissue; veins

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics, except that it A) works harder. B) produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts. C) has a thicker wall. D) is round in cross section. E) pumps a greater volume.

E) pumps a greater volume.

Elevated levels of the hormone ANP will produce increased A) venous return and preload. B) sodium ion levels in blood. C) blood volume. D) blood pressure. E) salt and water loss through kidneys.

E) salt and water loss through kidneys.

Vasopressin has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasospasm B) vasoconstriction and vasospasm C) vasodilation D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasoconstriction

E) vasoconstriction

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E) vein

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E) veins

The lymphocytes are most important in a. fighting infection b. eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid c. transporting lipids from the digestive tract d. helping maintain normal blood volume e. transporting gases to and away from lymph noddes

a. fighting infection

There are ______ pulmonary veins. a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8

b) 4

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by a) skin defenses b) adaptive immunity c) innate immunity d) fever e) immunological surveillance

b) adaptive immunity

Pacemaker cells in the SA node a) also contract with the rest of the cells in the heart wall. b) can spontaneously depolarize. c) are special neurons that convey signals from the brain to the heart. d) have a well-defined resting potential. b) can spontaneously depolarize.

b) can spontaneously depolarize.

Lymphocytes a) decrease in number during infection. b) respond to antigens. c) destroy red blood cells. d) are primarily found in red bone marrow. e) are actively phagocytic.

b) respond to antigens.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in a) the atrioventricular node b) the sinoatrial node c) both the left and right ventricles d) the wall of the left ventricle

b) the sinoatrial node

What problem will occur in a newborn in whom the foramen ovale has failed to close? a) The hepatic portal system will not be able to return blood to the vena cava. b) Blood will be able to flow freely between the two ventricles. c) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will be able to mix freely. d) This is not a problem; it is normally open until adulthood. e) None of the answers are correct.

c) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will be able to mix freely.

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the a) PR complex. b) P wave. c) QRS complex. d) S wave. e) T wave.

c) QRS complex.

The opening that permits blood to flow between the atria of the fetal heart is (the) a) ductus venosus. b) ductus arteriosus. c) foramen ovale. d) ligamentum arteriosum. e) none of the above.

c) foramen ovale.

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ______ cells. a) NK b) thymus c) plasma d) helper T e) liver

c) plasma

Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit? a) inferior vena cava, right atrium, aorta b) superior vena cava, right atrium, left ventricle c) right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium d) left ventricle, pulmonary veins, right atrium

c) right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by a) arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries. b) the coronary sinus. c) the coronary arteries. d) contact with blood in the pumping chambers. e) arteries that branch from the subclavian arteries.

c) the coronary arteries.

Peripheral resistance: a. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel b. increases as blood vessel diameter increases c. increases as blood viscosity increases d. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

c. increases as blood viscosity increases

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from a) depolarization of the ventricles b) depolarization of the SA node c) repolarization of the atria d) depolarization of the atria

d) depolarization of the atria

In fetal circulation, oxygenated blood goes to the fetus in the a) umbilical vein. b) umbilical arteries. c) placental arteries. d) ductus arteriosus. e) none of the above.

d) ductus arteriosus.

which of these is not a property of AIDs? a) it kills at least 17,000 people per year in the United States b) it is spread most often through sexual contact c) it attacks the t helper (CD4) cells d) it is declining world wide e) it is almost always eventually fatal

d) it is declining world wide

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would a) activate antibodies b) opsonize pathogens c) cause inflammation d) produce a fever e) activate complement

d) produce a fever

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, a) cardiac output will increase. b) the atria will contract more forcefully. c) the ventricles will beat faster. d) the ventricles will beat more slowly.

d) the ventricles will beat more slowly.

Nonspecific defenses include a) physical barriers b) those present at birth c) interferons d) inflammation e) all of the above

e) all of the above

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are a) arterioles. b) arterioles and capillaries. c) venules and capillaries. d) venules. e) capillaries.

e) capillaries.

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ___ cells? a. suppressor T b. NK c.cytotoxin T d. Helper T e. B

e. B

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed __________________.

opsonization

What is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

phagocytes

The umbilical vein carries blood ____________.

rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus