A&P Lab Exam 2

Pinocytosis

"Cell drinking"

phagocytosis

"cell-eating"

A nurse tells a doctor that a patient is cyanotic. Define cyanosis. What does the presence imply?

1. A blue cast in the skin 2. Inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

The skin has two distinct regions. The superficial layer is the _______________ and the underlying connective tissue is the _______________

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis

What is a bedsore (decubitus ulcer)? Why does it occur?

1. Localized area of tissue necrosis and death 2. Pressure areas (points of increased pressure over boney areas) restrict the blood supply to the area.

Four protective functions of the skin are

1. Prevents desiccation 2. Prevents bacterial invasion 3. Protects against thermal damage 4. Protects against UV radiation

Two layers containing dead cells

1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum lucidum

Skin functions

1. excretion of body waste 2. insulation 3. protection from mechanical damage

Thick skin of the epidermis contains _______________ layers.

5

Skin surface is about ____ degrees

92

Diffusion

A passive process, ______________, is the movement of solute molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Proteins cannot be absorbed into the body, but must first be broken down into what components so it can be absorbed?

Amino Acids

Cartilage; hyaline

Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature, lie in lacunae. function: supports and reinforces, resists compressive stress location: forms embryonic skeleton; nose, trachea, and larynx

________________ glands are found primary in the genital and axillary area

Apocrine

Do you think that starch can be absorbed by the small intestine? Why or why not?

Because they are too large/complex molecules.

Do you think that glucose can be absorbed by the small intestine? Why or why not?

Because they are very small and simple molecules

In activity 5: Intestinal Absorption of Nutrients done in the lab what reagent was used to test for the presence of sugars?

Benedicts Reagent

connective tissue proper, dense irregular

Collagen fibers in RANDOM directions function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions location: dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract

consists of cells within an extracellular matrix Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

Connective tissue

derived from mesenchyme Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

Connective tissue

most widespread tissue in the body Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

Connective tissue

Phagocytic cells that occupy the epidermis are called _________.

Dendritic or Lagerhands cells.

Vascular region of the skin

Dermis

as abundant elastic and collagen fibers

Dermis

What cell-to-cell structure hold the cells of the stratum spinosum tightly together?

Desmosomes

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable or differentially permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration, from hypotonic to hypertonic solution.

Major skin area as a whole that produces derivatives (nails and hair)

Epidermis

Fibers in the dermis are produced by

Fibroblasts

In the cutaneous sensations lab, which of the following areas of the body tested (given normal results) was found to contain a higher receptor density and can therefore sense stimuli more accurately?

Fingertips and palm

List the sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin

Free nerve ending (for pain, temp.), tactile corpuses (for touch in hairless skin), lamellar corpuscle (for pressure)

embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)

Gel-like Function: Gives rise to all other connective tissue types Location: In Embryo

Summarize the results of Activity 3, diffusion through nonliving membranes, below. List and explain your observations relative to tests used to identify diffusing substances, and changes in sac weight observed. Sac 1: 40% glucose suspended in distilled water

Glucose diffused from the sac into the water; using the Benedict's test indicated the presence of the glucose that passed through the membrane. Water moved into the sac by osmosis; sac gained weight

Based on your observations, what substances were able to diffuse through the membrane to the water in the beaker? How do you know?

Glucose diffused from the tubing which caused a red/orange color proving that sugar is present. There was no starch present in the tube with potassium-iodide added If there was starch present, then the solution would have been blue-black.

In Activity 5: Intestinal Absorption of Nutrients done in the lab what was used to test for the presence of starch?

Iodine-Potassium iodide

What is used as a starch indicator? It turns blue-black in the presence of starch. When starches are not present, the solution is yellow.

Iodine-potassium iodide solution

when the matrix is firm, as in cartilage and bone, the connective tissue cells reside in cavities in the matrix called:

Lacunae

__________ granules contain glycolipids that prevent water loss from the skin.

Lamellar

Cartilage; fibrocartilage

Matrix similar to but less firm than matrix in hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate. function: tensile strength; ability to absorb shock location: intervertebral discs, knee joints

These cells produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects DNA from UV radiation damage. The cells are: a. dendritic cells b. keratinocytes c. melanocytes d. tactile cells

Melanocytes

simple diffusion

Movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a lower region of their concentration. Its driving force is kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.

diffusion:

Movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration.

Sac 3: 10% NaCl in distilled water Summarize the results of Activity 3, diffusion through nonliving membranes, below. List and explain your observations relative to tests used to identify diffusing substances, and changes in sac weight observed.

NaCl diffused from the sac into the water; silver nitrate added to the water showed the presence of Cl-. Osmosis caused water to enter the sac because the solution in the sac was hypertonic to the distilled water in the beaker.

Layer of areolar connective tissue

Papillary layer

Dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

Papillary layer`

filtration

Passage of substances across a membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure.

Passive processes or Active Processes a. account for the movement of fats and respiratory gases through the plasma membrane b. explain solute pumping, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis c. include osmosis, simple diffusion, and filtration d. may occur against concentration and/or electrical gradients e. use hydrostatic pressure or molecular energy as the driving force f. move ions, amino acids, and some sugars across the plasma membrane

Passive processes a. account for the movement of fats and respiratory gases through the plasma membrane c. include osmosis, simple diffusion, and filtration e. use hydrostatic pressure or molecular energy as the driving force Active Processes b. explain solute pumping, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis d. may occur against concentration and/or electrical gradients f. move ions, amino acids, and some sugars across the plasma membrane

deep layer of the dermis

Reticular dermis

The ducts of _________ usually empty into a hair follicle but may also open directly on the skins surface.

Sebaceous

Glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the __________ glands.

Sebaceous (and aprocrine sweat)

What single characteristic of the differentially permeable membranes used in the laboratory determines the substances that can pass through them? In addition to this characteristic, what other factors influence the passage of substances through living membranes?

Size of pores. Solubility in the lipid portion of the membrane and/or presence of membrane "carriers" for the substance(s).

Epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division

Stratum Basale

Location of melanocytes and tackle (Merkel) cells

Stratum Basale

Layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off

Stratum Corneum

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the

Stratum Corneum

What layer is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?

Stratum Lucidum

Area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of mitotic cells filled with intermediate filaments

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes

Stratum lucidum

A unique touch receptor formed from a stratum basale cell and a nerve fiber is a ____________.

Tacile or Merkel Disc.

Sac 4: 40% sucrose and Congo red dye in distilled water Summarize the results of Activity 3, diffusion through nonliving membranes, below. List and explain your observations relative to tests used to identify diffusing substances, and changes in sac weight observed.

The Congo red dye did not diffuse from the sac into the water; the water in the beaker did not turn red. The sucrose did not diffuse from the sac; upon boiling, some of the sucrose bonds are hydrolyzed, releasing glucose and fructose. Using Benedict's test then indicates the presence of glucose if sucrose passed through the membrane; the Benedict's test was negative. Water moved into the sac by osmosis; the sac gained weight.

Summarize the results of Activity 3, diffusion through nonliving membranes, below. List and explain your observations relative to tests used to identify diffusing substances, and changes in sac weight observed. Sac 2: 40% glucose suspended in 40% glucose

There was no net diffusion of glucose or osmosis because the water concentration on both sides of the membrane was the same. Net movement occurs only when there is a concentration gradient.

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Two layers of cube-like cells function: protection location: sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

What substance is manufactured in the skin and plays a role in calcium absorption elsewhere in the body?

Vitamin D

A dialysis sac that is permeable to glucose and water is filled with 20% glucose solution and water is placed in a beaker surrounding the sac. Will there be a net transport of glucose across the dialysis sac? If so, in which direction will the glucose move, into the sac or out of the sac?

Yes, glucose will move into the sac

transitional epithelium

a rather peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded, or "plump" cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched

Areolar connective tissue

a soft pack-aging material that cushions and protects body organs

The movement of molecules_________________________ a. reflects the kinetic energy of molecules b. reflects the potential energy of molecules c. is ordered and predictable d. is random and erratic

a. effects the kinetic energy of molecules d. is random and erratic

In _______________ processes, the cell provides energy in the form of ATP to power the transport process.

active

cutaneous thermoreceptors

are free nerve endings that respond to particular ranges of temperatures and changes within those ranges.

Types of loose connective tissue proper

areolar, adipose, reticular

Speed of molecular movement _________ a. is higher in larger molecules b. is lower in larger molecules c. increases with increasing temperature d. decreases with increasing temperature e. reflects kinetic energy

b. is lower in larger molecules c. increases with increasing temperatures

Dense regular connective tissue...

binds the bones together or connect skeletal muscles to bones

cardiac muscle

branching, striated function: as it contracts, the muscle propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control location: the walls of the heart

All the following are examples of connective tissues except: a. bones b. ligaments c. neurons d. tendons

c. neurons

_______________ is a yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis.

carotene

List the following in order from least complex to most complex: organ, cell, tissue, and organ system

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Describe five different characteristics of epithelial tissue

cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, and regeneration

_________ ________ are unevenly distributed throughout the dermis and subcutaneous layer of the skin and are activated by temperatures from 10-30 degrees celsius

cold receptors

Fibers include

collagen (white), elastic (yellow), reticular (fine)

the most abundant fiber is

collagen fiber

Characteristics of connective tissue include:

common origin, degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix

anchors, packages, and supports body organs Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

connective tissue

four main types of connective tissues

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

simple epithelia

consists of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

stratified epithelia

consists of two or more layers of cells

kinetic energy

constant motion

A(n) __________ in molecular size and a(n) ______ in temperature result in an increased rate of diffusion.

decrease, increase

Cold receptors are sensitive to ___________ temperature and warmth receptors signal information about ______ temperature.

decreasing, increasing

What type of connective tissue proper is in ligaments and tendons?

dense regular

connective tissue proper, elastic

dense regular with elastic fibers Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching Location: walls of large arteries; bronchial tubes

Defined as the movement of solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

diffusion

endocrine

ductless glands

Lines the body cavities and covers the body's external surface Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

epithelium

classified based on the shape and arrangement of the cells Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

epithelium

forms endocrine and exocrine glands Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

epithelium

The four primary tissue types

epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

connective tissue proper loose, adipose

fat function: provides reserve fuel, aids in heat loss, protection of organs location: around kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, breasts

Fats must be broken down into what components in order for it to be absorbed by the body?

fatty acids

connective tissue proper dense regular

fibroblast cell; collagen fibers and elastic fibers Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles Location: tendons and ligaments

osmosis

flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane

vesicular transport

fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside membranous sacs called vesicles

connective tissue

found in all parts of the body; most abundant and widely distributed of the tissues

RBC placed in a hypertonic solution will __________

gain water and undergo hemolysis

connective tissue proper loose, areolar

gel-like with three fiber types Function: wraps and cushions organs ; plays important role in inflammation

exocrine

gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts

A semipermeable sac containing 4% NaCl, 9% glucose, and 10% albumin is suspended in a solution with the following com- position: 10% NaCl, 10% glucose, and 40% albumin. Assume that the sac is permeable to all substances except albumin. State whether each of the following will (a) move into the sac, (b) move out of the sac, or (c) not move. glucose: albumin: water: NaCl:

glucose: a, moves into sac albumin:c, does not move water: b, moves out of sac NaCl: a, moves into sac

Muscle tissue

highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement

In Activity 5: Intestinal Absorption of Nutrients the semipermeable membrane (dialysis sac) was used to simulate and model the permeability of what structure in the human body?

intestinal tract

epithelial tissue

is a sheet of cells that covers the body surface or lines a body cavity

ground substance

is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans

A solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic if

it contains more non penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell

A solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic if:

it contains more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell

The msot abundant epidermal cells

keratinocytes

skeletal muscle

long function: voluntary movement, locomotion location attached to bones or occasionally skin

two types of connective tissue proper

loose and dense

All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as: a. cartilage b. ground substance c. mesenchyme d. reticular

mesenchyme

Pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

muscle

major function is to contract Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

muscle

forms nerves and the brain Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

nervous tissue

transmits electrical signals Which one? a. Connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue

nervous tissue

Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, __________ are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.

neurons

bones (osseous tissue)

osteocytes lie in lacunae function: stores calcium location: bones

Free nerve endings within these temperatures ranges will detect hot and cold sensations, but further temperature increases and decreases will activate _____ ______.

pain receptors

dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

papillary layer

In ____________________, parts of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm extend and engulf a relatively large or solid material.

phagocytosis

concentration gradient

present when molecules are unevenly distributed, resulting in an area of higher concentration and an area of lower concentration.

Adipose tissue (fat)

provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of stored energy

active transport

requires carrier proteins that combine specifically with the transported

transitional epithelium

resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal function: stretches location: ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra

connective tissue proper loose, reticular

reticular fibers function: frms soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports cells such as WBC, mast cells, and macrophages location: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

These glands are found all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet . They produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair

sebaceous glands

stratified columnar epithelium

several cell layers, cubioda and columnar function: protection, secretion location: rare in body, male urethra

The portion of a hair that projects from the surface of the skin is known as the: a. bulb b. matrix c. root d. shaft

shaft

Cartilage; elastic

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix function: great flexibility location: external ear, epiglottis

This tissue can look like the hexagonal tiles of a bathroom floor. It also forms the air sacs of the lungs.

simple squamous epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of cells with different heights function: secretion of mucous location: upper respiratory tract, trachea, male ducts

Simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cubelike cells function: secretion and absorbtion location: kidney

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of tall cells function: absorption, secretion of mucous and enzymes location: digestive tract, "stomach to rectum", gallbladder

Simple Squamous epithelium

single layer, flattened cells function: allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in site where production is not important location: Air sacs of the lungs

All the following are functions of the skin except: a. excretion of body waves b. insulation c. protection from mechanical damage d. site of vitamin A synthesis

site of vitamin A synthesis

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Largest organ in the body

skin

smooth muscle

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets function: propels substances (foodstuffs or urine), involuntary control location: walls of hollow organs

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. __________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened. a. columnar b. cuboidal c. squamous d. transitional

squamous

In the cutaneous sensations lab, a medical monofilament was used in which of the following activities?

stimulus sensitivity testing

epidermal layer exhibiting the most rapid cell division

stratum basale

location of melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

stratum basale

From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis of thin skin are:

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the: a. stratum basale b. stratum spinosum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum corneum

stratum corneum

layer including scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, that constantly slough off

stratum corneum

two layers containing dead cells

stratum corneum

layer named for the numerous granules present

stratum granulosum

layer that secretes a glycolipid that prevents water loss from the skin

stratum granulosum

The layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing dead keratinocytes

stratum lucidum

This layer of the epidermis contains translucent cells filled with keratin fibrils. It is only found in thick skin.

stratum lucidum

area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear

stratum spinosum

Immediately deep to the dermis is the ___________________ or _______________.

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

Bendicts reagant is used to test for the presence of _______. The solution is a red-orange precipitant when they are present. Blue is none is present.

sugars

monofilaments are used to

test for the presence or absence of sensation

fluid-phase endocytosis

the cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules

receptor-mediated endocytosis

the main mechanism for specific endocytosis of most macromolecules

diffusion

the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.

secretory vesicle

the substance to be removed from the cell is first enclosed in a protein-coated vesicle

faciitated diffusion

the substances move by a passive transport process

stratified squamous epithelium

thick membrane with several cell layers "keratinized" function: protection location: esophagus, mouth, vagina

lunule

thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth

pseudostratified epithelium

this is a simple columnar epithelium (one layer of cells) but it gives false appearance of being stratified

This tissue type is capable of changing its shape and stretching. It lines the urinary bladder and ureters.

transitional epithelium

method of measuring the sensitivity to touch an area of the skin. Defined as the smallest amount of separation between two points touching the skin that produces two distinct impressions of touch

two-point discrimination

simple diffusion

unassisted diffusion of solutes through a selectively permeable membrane

Which of the following would require an input of energy?

vesicular transport

endocytosis

via vesicular transport substances move into the cell

exocytosis

via vesicular transport substances move out of a cell

_______ _______ are deeper and less numerous than cold receptors

warmth receptors

hemolysis

when red blood cells burst as the water floods into them, leaving "ghosts" in their wake