A&P-Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems

occipital bone (skull)

back of skull only bone that articulates w/ cervical spine

concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal Circular plates of mineralized (hardened) EC matrix

lumbar vertebra

massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining bean shaped body short and posteriorly projecting spinous process

Four cells in osseous tissue—

osteogenic osteoblasts osteocyte osteoclasts

Key features of radius

"staff" or "spoke" less movable than radius button shaped head annular ligament--Attaches and goes around radial head Radial tuberosity--Distal to the head, attaches to biceps brachii shaft--Gets wider as move distally distal radius--articulates w/ proximal row of carpals (not pisiform) --Scaphoid, delunate, triquetrum attach to the end of distal radius --Plays role in wrist joint (radioulnar joint)

How are the toes numbered?

1-5 starting with the big toe as #1

What is the benefit of having two types of bone in different areas

**Compact is strong & resist bending—>external layer of all bones **Spongy reduces weight of bones --Couldn't move as well if all bone was compact **Spongy serves as protection of red and yellow bone marrow

atypical ribs

1, 2, 10, 11, 12 ribs 11 and 12 are floating Rudimentary cartilage--Not a lot of cartilage as it doesn't touch sternum

osteoblasts

--Bone building cells --Building extracellular matrix that will ossify (calcify)—>making hard bone --Found in higher densities w/ outer surfaces of bone + medullary cavity

interstitial lamellae

--Fragments of osteons --Since osteons are dynamic, they will change, get new ones and break down old ones --Around the structurally sound osteons are fragments of old ones **Fragments include: osteocytes within, canaliculi --Will break down completely and waste will be removed in the bone

Key parts of tibia

--aka "shinbone" --Medial bone of lower leg, more robust and larger than fibula Tibial tuberosity--attaches to patella ligament Medial malleolus-- bump inside of ankle, medial end of tibia The superior surfaces of the condyles--form the superior articular surface called the tibial plateau. -- articulate with the femoral condyles within the knee joint Intercondylar eminence--Attaches w/ ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) and PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) Articular surface--Inferior end, articulating w/ superior tarsal bone (talus) that forms ankle joint

What is a compact bone

--aka Cortical bone, dense bone --dense outer layer of bone --makes up the strong portion of diaphysis/shaft of bone --more solid --resists bending --Forms external layer of all bones & bulk of diaphysis (long portion of long bones)

osteogenic cells

--stem cells in the bone --Found in higher densities w/ outer surfaces of bone + medullary cavity --Will become osteoblasts ****Important in extracellular matrix

four steps when you break a bone

1) Formation of fracture hematoma: --Blood fills area of fracture, but doesn't move OUTSIDE periosteum-->gets stuck (forms a hematoma) 2)Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus-- --intermediate portion called "fibrocartilaginous callus"--building up of cartilage to keep portions of broken bone closely associated --Osteoblasts secrete EC matrix while osteoclasts break down portions 3)Formation of bony callus-- --Bone will replace cartilage in area-->Osteoblasts secreting & osteoclasts breakdown 4)Remodeling of bone--Remodeling can cont for years depending on severity of fracture

2 ways that the skeletal system can be affected by aging

1) Loss of bone mass (demineralization) 2)Brittleness (production of collagen slows )Osteoblasts slow down w/ age--> EC matrix is secreted less quickly-->less collagen is made Less flexibility-->brittleness **Comminated fractures can occur

2 parts of cranium

1) calavaria/skullcap 2)cranial base and facial skeleton

two most common type of fractures

1) colles' fractures Distal forearm (distal end of radius) Can occur in all age groups, but more likely w/ ppl who have osteoporosis 2)Potts' Fracture-- Occurs in the ankle--distal ends of lower limb bones More severe Potts fractures --have extreme torsion of ankle region --Avulsion or complete break off of distal end of tibia--medial malleolus

3 factors that affect bone remodeling/growth?

1) minerals **calcium is main mineral for growth **bone is MAIN storage for calcium 2) vitamins-- --vitamin C= synthesis of collagen --vitamin D= affects how calcium is released 3) hormones --Calcitonin (CT)--released by thyroid, increases osteoblasts activity --Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-opposite of CT, INC osteoclast activity --sex hormones--plays a role in osteoblast secretion (integrity of bone); when decreased--> higher rate for osteoporosis --Human growth hormone (hGH): secreted by pituitary, too much leads to gigantism and too little dwarfism

which 2 bone cells play a role in remodeling?

1) osteoblasts= repair 2) osteoclasts== reabsorb portions that need to be replaced

steps of intramembranous ossification

1. development of ossification center 2. calcification 3. formation of trabeculae 4. development of periosteum

thoracic vertebra

12 vertebrae in the chest region with ribs attached intermediate of movable heart shaped vertebral body circular vertebral foramen transverse processes w/ costal facets (smooth bone-->signals its a joint) inferiorly pointing spinous processes articulating vertebrae (when stacked)--> a hole is created --"intervertebral foramen"=exit of spinal cords

phalanages of the hand

14 phalanages in each hand, 3 per finger, and 2 in the thumb Proximal row of phalanges-- 5 bones Intermediate row phalanges-- only 4 (not the thumb) Distal row-- 5 bones

primary curvatures vs secondary curvatures

2 primary curvature (happens in utero)--thoracic & sacral 2 secondary curves (after birth)-- cervical and lumbar

How many bones are in the hand

27 bones in total 8 carpal 5 metacarpal 14 finger/phalanges

Foramen ovale

3rd division of trigeminal nerve Important for--Muscles of mastication intermediate cranial fossa

sacrum vertebra

5 fused vertebrae

cervical vertebra

7 cervical vertebrae Superior moveable small vertebral body triangular-shaped vertebral foramen HAS a TRANSVERSE FORAMINA --vasculature passes through, moving up via subclavian artery to brain

What is the pubis symphysis joint?

A cartilaginous joint sandwiched between left and right pelvic bones --During labor & delivery, it relaxes to make room for the baby Used in forensic anthropology

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except on articular cartilage ) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles. Composed of 2 dif layers-- Tough fibrous outer layer --almost all types of outer layers of bone have protection features More inner osteogenic layer --Osteoblasts and osteoclasts sit in between the bone and periosteum --Important for bones becoming osteoblasts & secreting into EC matrix

Foramen magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord. posterior cranial fossa Cranial nerve 11/accessory nerve--Innervates sternocleidomastoid muscles and trapezius muscle

Crista galli

A projection in the middle of cribiform plate anterior cranial

• Tubercle of the rib

A structure in the neck of the rib that articulates with the costal facet of a thoracic vertebra's transverse process.

How does bone develop in utero?

Bone develops around 6th week of embryonic development --The creation of the Mesenchymal "skeleton "/embryonic connective tissue

Manubrium of sternum

Articulates with ribs 1, 2, & clavicles. Sternocleidomastoid muscles also attach here. top of sternum Aka "the handle"

mandibular condyle of the mandible

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone --Mandible portion of TMJ joint Posterior projection

skeletal system-- movement functions

Assist w/ movement— attachment points allow for moving the bone Easy of movement by how bones are structured --Certain areas that have hollow bone filled w/ fat --Other parts are not as heavy

osteoclast

Bone resorption by breaking down bone tissue -clast= resorption or breakdown Part of normal processes to keep bone tissue healthy by breaking down older tissue --Can be issue if osteoclastic activity is too high—>osteoporosis (break down without new bone by osteoblasts Are huge cells compared to other types of bone cells --Ruffled border— very in-folded type of plasma membrane ***Secretes lysosomal or enzymes (high acid content) to break down bone

mylohyoid line of mandible

Build-up bone at the bottom of the body 2 important glands in this region-- Inferior to line is Submandibular gland Superior to the line =sublingual gland

c1 vs c2 vertebra differences

C1/ atlas-- --small spinous process or body --Long condyles-->articulate w/ the skull --Joint between occipital condyles & c1 allow us to nod (flexion) --irregular vertebra C2/axis-- --irregular vertebra dens/ odontoid process: most prominent feature --Articulate (or almost stacked on each other) w/ C1 --Allows a pivot motion (rotational to shake head)

external acoustic meatus (temporal)

Canal leading to eardrum and middle ear Anterior to mastoid process Aka external auditory meatus Ear sits over it-->Allow sound waves to travel to enter middle ear to reach tympanic membrane/eardrum

What are Perforating/Volkmann's Canals?

Canals that allow neurovasculature to enter bone through compact bone and periosteum. --Blood supply needs to move into the bone-->transverse canals that lead to central canal Penetrates: periosteum, compact bone ***neurovasculature allows bone to be dynamic b/c wo blood supply-->cannot change

steps of endochondral ossification (long bone)

Cartilage model develops Growth of the cartilage model Development of primary ossification center Development of medullary cavity Secondary ossification center development Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

In order, what are the moveable vertebra?

Cervical thoracic lumbar Mnemonic-- times you eat breakfast= 7=cervical lunch=12= thoracic dinner= 5= lumbar

what are the components in a singular osteon

Concentric lamellae osteocytes Central canal Lacunae Canaliculi Interstitial lamellae Perforating/Volkmann's Canals Circumferential lamellae

what is the largest component of the extracellular matrix (EC matric)

Crystalized mineral salts

sternal end of rib

Cut end, perfectly flat. Attaches to sternum.

intramembranous ossification:develop of periosteum

Development of the periosteum--outside tissue layer § Still have a layer of osteoblasts between bone and periosteum

canaliculi

Extensions of lacunae --Allow for processes to sit there Filled w/ extracellular fluid & osteocyte processes Functions-- --Important for communication between DIF OSTEOCYTES **since osteocytes are alive but not releasing EC matrix anymore --Exchange of nutrients --Removal of waste asso w/ osteons structural unit

Difference between osteoclasts and the other three types of bone cells

First three cells are part of lifecycle of one type of cell **osteogenic—>osteoblast—>osteocyte **osteocyte=end of life cycle osteoclast—NOT part of life cycle --Formed by creation/coagulation of <50 monocytes --Dif life cycle

Metacarpals (hand)

Form most of the palm hand 1st metacarpal bone--The most stout & thickest 5th metacarpal--freq fracture for ppl that box Metacarpal phalangeal joints--Between metacarpals & proximal row of phalanges **If you were to make a fist, they are your knuckles

endochondral ossification: growth of cartilage model

Grow in length (interstitial growth) and width (appositional) Before complete replacement w/ bone Blood vessels move into the region (especially in the middle portion--primary ossification center

List the three bones of the coxal bone

Ilium Pubis Ischium

lacunae

In the EC matric, Small spaces between concentric lamellae Means "lake" in latin --Think of "little lakers' w/in concentric lamellae Multiple osteocytes (mature cells) within the "lake" Osteocytes SITTING IN the lacunae (pit-like region)

endochondral ossification: development of medullary cavity

In the middle of the bone (in the shaft) Osteoblasts secreting osseous tissue Osteoclasts make the cavity possible --Breaking down cartilage model and any formed bone w/ primary ossification center

Xiphoid process of sternum

Inferior portion Looks dif on each person cartilaginous in young people. Bone after 40. Extends down into the thorax-- about inferior to heart or superior to liver

Identify the locations of the three coxal bones

Ischium (posterior) Pubis bone (anterior placed) Ilium (superior)The flank of your hips --When you put your hands on your hips, you are feeling the ilium

Why is blood supply important for bone?

It allows bone to be dynamic and change.

skeletal system-- support system functions

Keeps us upright Allows bipedal motion Structural framework Attachment point—Ligaments and tendons attach to bones (big bumps at end) --When a muscle is attached, it can contract—>movement

what are the small spaces between concentric lamellae that contains osteocytes

Lacunae

What is the oburator foramen?

Largest foramen of the body one on each coxal bone During life, completely occluded (closed) w/ connective tissue EXCEPT for a small hole (obturator neurovasculature to move through)

mandibular foramen of mandible

Located on the medial surface of each ramus; passageway for the nerve involved in tooth sensation. (Dentists inject anesthetic into this foramen before working on the lower teeth) The dentist can use their finger around this region to feel the "lingula" (projection of bone) & put anesthetic

Foramen rotundum

Location where 2nd division of trigeminal nerve exits Maxillary division= front/top teeth (maxillary teeth) intermediate cranial fossa

osteocyte

Mature bone cel --lNo more secretion of EC matrix --Cells are NOT dead—still communicating w/ other osteocytes to upkeep daily metabolize of bone tissue --Osteoblasts secrete the extracellular matrix—>keep surrounding self w/ extracellular matrix/secretion—>lock it self in—>osteocyte The processes of osteocytes (the ends or the tail-like structures) comm w/ processes of another osteocyte --Comm between cells

endochondral ossification: cartilage model develops

Mesenchymal model-->cartilage model Instead of osteoblasts, there's chondroblasts (chondr=cartilage) Perichondrium develops (later replaced by periosteum) Bony collar= forms on sides of cartilage model --starts early in endo. ossification process --Keeps integrity of the cartilage --forms w/ intramembraneous ossification DURING endo. ossification

central canal

Middle of osteon chamber/passage for neuromuscular and lymphatics --Artery (red) --Vein (blue) --Nerve (yellow in diagrams) --Lymphatics that are going to drain areas in terms of the bone

basic characteristics of endochondral ossification

More complex ossification process Most bones are formed using this method Occurs through 3 steps Mesenchymal skeleton-->cartilage model-->bone Cartilage model: grows width and length wise

what is the extracellular matrix made up of?

On histological slide of bone tissue==There's a distinct dark area surrounded by expanding rings Made up of: --15% water --30% collagen fibers (organic material) ***Secreted by osteoblasts (-blast= secretion) --55% crystallized mineral salts (inorganic) **Hydroxyapatite: harden w/ presence of collagen fibers **Cannot harden w/o organic

Maxillary bones/maxilla bones

One of the largest bones of the face Form part of the inferior portion of the orbit Housing the maxillary/upper teeth --Connected to alveolar process: thick ridge of bone that contains tooth sockets Bones on either side of nasal aperture

intramembranous ossification: develop of ossification center

Ossification center: Right where the bone is going develop-->osteoblasts are clustered Mesenchymal stem cells -->osteogenic-->osteoblasts · Osteoblasts=bone forming cells also has a blood supply moving in to cause differentiation of cells

intramembranous ossification: develop of calcification

Osteoblasts (in ossification center) will secrete into extracellular matrix-->traps the cell-->osteocytes (mature cells) calcification/hardening of bone

osteogenic cells develop into__ which when trapped in extracellular matrix becomes__

Osteoblasts, osteocytes

which cell present in osseous tissue is most important in bone reabsorption/breaking down EC matrix

Osteoclasts

the __ surrounds the bone's outer surface (when NOT covered by articular cartilage)

Periosteum

Proximal vs distal end of humerus

Proximal end has BULBOUS HEAD --Articulates w/ scapula--forming "glenohumeral joint" (shoulder joint) Distal end-- epicondyle projections (seen anterior) --Posteriorly-- distinct depression Ulna articulates w/ elbow joint

skeletal system-- protection functions

Protects internal organs ==e.g. skull protects brain, ribs protect heart and lungs Areas w/ less bone protection (e.g. abdomen)—>other structures used for protection (muscles)

mnemonic for carpal bones

Proximal row, distal (lateral to medial) Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate

articular eminence of temporal bone

Raised portion of the temporal bone just anterior to the glenoid fossa. Aka articular tubercle Bump on zygomatic process Mandibular dislocation= dislocation of TMJ joint (Mandible MOVES anterior to tubercle) Plays major role in protecting TMJ joint

basic characteristics of intramembranous ossification

Replacement of mesenchymal skeleton with bone Least complex process Found in: --flat bones of skull (fontanels= soft spots in kids) -- most facial bones --medial part of clavicle

occipital condyles (occipital)

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas) Allows you to nod your head

Petrous portion of the temporal bone

Thick portion of the temporal bone; hearing and balance are housed here Very hard and prominent Underneath are the ear ossicles intermediate cranial fossa

Periosteal arteries and veins

Strong vasculature supply Has a lot of arterial supply-->bone to change throughout life (except cartilaginous region)

Rotator muscles attached to scapula

Supraspinatus muscle-- sits above the spine in supraspinous fossa infraspinatus= sits below the spine of scapula teres minor=sits below the spine of scapula

Cribriform plate

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity. anterior cranial numerous formaina= little dots where olfactory axons cluster

What is the sphenoid bone?

The sphenoid bone has a wing-like shape and is internally wedged between several other bones in the front part of the cranium. anterior cranial

vertebra prominens (C7)

Transitions to thoracic vertebrae Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle Has large transverse processes

Key parts of ulna

Trochlear notch (anterior)-Articulates w/ humerus olecranon process (posterior)--Build up of bone-->muscle attachment (triceps brachii) radial notch-- where radius fits in, proximal side of bone --Proximal radioulnar joint: Head of radius articulating w/ radial notch/fossa of humerus Shaft of ulna--smaller width as you move distally down bone Forms the elbow joint doesn't articulate w/ wrist bones

Key features of femur

Typical long bone (Longest, Largest & Strongest)--dependent on height weight bearing bone thigh bone head--articulates w/ acetabulum of coxal bones distal end (condyles) articulate w/ condyles of tibia femoral neck--pinched in area below the head of femur Greater trochanter--a projection, opposite side of humeral head(lateral) Lesser trochanter--smaller and medial projection epicondyles --Above each condyle,tibia and fibula collateral ligaments attach

Superior orbital fissure

Under lesser wing of sphenoid Connection between internal portion of the SKULL to the ORBIT intermediate cranial fossa nerves that go into this region-- eye muscles-- Oculomotor (cranial nerve 3) Trochlear cranial 4 Abducens cranial nerve 6 first division of trigeminal nerve (cranial 5) Plays role in sensory innervation of sinuses

Why have collagen that can make bone softer

W/ minerals, make it strong Purpose of collagen --To prevent against tensile pressures --Need flexibility to prevent the bone from shattering while dealing w/ shocks (from movement) experiment—put a bone in a vat of acid to get rid of the mineral—>becomes flexible --Only collagen fibers left

lingula of mandible

attachment of sphenomandibular ligament

What is the extracellular matrix?

a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

What is osteoporosis?

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. OSTEOCLAST activity is normal OSTEOBLAST is ABNORMAL (not replacing new bone as fast as its breaking it down)

What does the femur articulate with?

acetabulum proximally and tibia and patella distally

how is the cranial base divided?

anterior cranial intermediate posterior

endochondral ossification: formation of articular plate & epiphyseal plate

articular cartilage-- Remnant of cartilage model Been there since utero and stays into adult life Avascular-->damage to this cartilage will create joint pain and other problems Epiphyseal/metaphyseal region-- Remnant of cartilage model After cartilage model was replaced-->replacement of bone (and cont repair/replacement of bone for bone length)

What is the trochlear notch?

articulates with trochlea of humerus

lambdoid suture (skull)

between parietal bones and occipital bone Posterior suture Most complex suture-- Can have small, separate bones called "sutural bones" or "wormian bones"

What is a comminuted fracture?

bone breaks into many fragments--> structural integrity is not as good-->large bony calluses left over MOST SEVERE TYPE

what is a complete fracture?

bone is broken all the way through open== more severe, bone extends outside the skin closed= fragments w/in skin

Temporal bone

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. The lower portion of the bone articulates with the mandible, forming the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

Hard palate

bony anterior (front) portion of the palate made of 2 groups of bone: 1) palatine bone: --posterior part --paired set of bones -- doesn't form majority of hard palate 2) maxillary bones: --majority --anterior to palatine bones --forms large part of facial skeleton --includes maxillary teeth

What is the largest tarsal bone

calcaneus (heel bone)

List the tarsal bones

calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms

Capitulum vs trochlea (humerus)

capitulum--Articulates w/ lateral radius trochlea--Articulates w/ medial ulna (trochlear notch)

medullary cavity (long bone)

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow In dry bone (non-living bone)-- ==it's hollow ==No neurovasculature, no bone marrow In an alive bone ==Important due to: --triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow) --Neurovasculature

5 categories of vertebrae

cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) fused-- sacrum (5) Coccyx (4)

bones of pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

what are the two types of bones

compact bone and spongy bone

four types of bone fractures

complete comminuted impacted greenstick

sternum or breastbone

comprised of three fused bones (manubrium, body, xiphoid process). jugular notch= divot @ Inferior portion of neck sternoclavicular joints--divots on either side of sternum, where clavicle meet sternum

Costal cartilages

connect ribs to the sternum, either individually or in groups ribs 1-7:individual costal cartilage to sternum ribs 8-10: Shared costal cartilage --Creates the costal margin (can palpate at bottom of ribs) ribs 11-12:Aka floating ribs --Costal cartilage (rudimentary) does NOT extend to sternum --Gives thorax flexibility, important for breathing

what are the four most important sutures?

coronal sagital squamous lambdoid

Articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints (on the epiphyseal, or ends of long bones) --Shock absorption --Made up of cartilage **Doesn't have a high blood supply **Lack of blood-->tissues do not heal well --Remnant of cartilage that developed during bone formation Plays a role in arthritis

2 parts of long bone

diaphysis-- Aka shaft or body of the bone bulk of the long bone epiphysis-- ends of long bones Important for joint formation

circumferential lamellae

encircles the outer or inner surface (edges) of a bone Important for appositional growth --Growth in terms of bone width (many osteogenic and osteoblasts in this area) Periosteum (outer connective tissue) closely adheres to circumferential lamellae **Components of connective tissue moving-->bony matrix at concentric lamellae

endochondral ossification: development of secondary ossification center

epiphyseal vasculature= vasculature moving TOWARDS extremities of bones --by the time of birth --on both sides-- proximal and distal sides of long bones WONT have ossification UNTIL after birth

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers (long bone)

fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone Fibers that go into bony matrix to allow for a close adherence between periosteum & compact bone

Tibia vs. Fibula - which is lateral?

fibula is lateral Never tell a Little FIb= fibula is the smaller, non-weight bearing bone

differences of first 2 ribs

first rib-- --Most superior --Small/short in size --Robust-- due to muscle attachment --more curved than typical rib important neurovasculature-- subclavian artery & vein & brachial plexus muscle attachments-- anterior scalene and middle scalene second rib-- --A little longer, BUT shorter than typical rib --Very curved --Attaches to posterior scalene muscle

frontal bone of skull

forehead bone; protects cranium; forms superior part of each eye's orbit Most dominant bone Forms vertical forehead

(Two) nasal bones

form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

How are the phalanges numbered?

from 1-5 starting with the pollex (thumb)

What are the cranial bones?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone In a growing individual has an additional component A block of hyaline cartilage --Epiphyseal plate--hyaline cartilage that will grow and be replaced by bone --Increase length of the bone plates will be replaced by bone at: 18 for girls and 21 for boys

Name the bones in the distal carpal row

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Key structures of humerus

head (faces medially) anatomical neck--head of humerus surgical neck-- below anatomical neck, freq fracture site greater tubercle-- opposite to head, 3 rotator muscles attach here lesser tubercle-- smaller projection than greater, same side (medial) as the head; subcapularis rotator muscle attaches here intratubular groove--divot between the tubercles for muscle attachment deltoid tuberosity-- lateral and posterior to head, attachment for deltoid muscle medial epicondyle--More robust than lateral, muscle attachment site lateral epicondyle--muscle attachment, bump on inner elbow capitulum--Articulates w/ lateral radius trochlea--Articulates w/ medial ulna olecranon fossa--articulates w/ olecranon process of ulna

skeletal system-- mineral storage and release

homeostasis function Calcium --Bones store 99% in body --Calcium released into bloodstream for GI tract to function Phosphorus --Stored in bone but not as high as calcium

What is the acetabulum?

lateral socket where the head of the femur articulates

skeletal system-- blood cell production

homeostasis function Red bone marrow" (Hemopoiesis"= in the red bone marrow, blood cell production *Juvenile (young person) bones have a lot of red bone marrow—>much less as an adult ===epiphyses=ends of long bones ===Certain areas in the ribs Yellow bone marrow *Triglyceride storage --Fatty tissue in hollow portions of bones --Fatty storage= energy storage Move into adulthood, red blood marrow-->yellow bone marrow

Identify the location of coracoid process

inferior to clavicle, superior to spine of scapula but more anterior than acromion muscle attachments-- coracobrachialis pectoralis minor

Important parts of posterior cranial fossa

internal acoustic meatus juglar foramen foramen magnum

what are the two types of ossification?

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Key parts of hip bone

ischium pubis ilium iliac crest-Curved part at the top of the hips ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)--Most anterior portion, attachment of Inguinal ligament Articular surface--Attaches to sacrum (part of vertebral column),Used in forensic anthropology to estimate age at death Pubic symphysis--A cartilaginous joint sandwiched between left and right pelvic bones, relaxes during childbirth Obturator foramen--Largest foramen of the body Greater sciatic notch--large notch on posterior side, sciatic nerve runs through to innervate lower limb, Sexual dimorphic feature (more angular in males) Ischiopubic ramus--Portion of pubis bone CONNECT w/ portion of ischium Ischial tuberosity --Most posterior,When you sit down, you sit on these bones, attachment for hamstrings acetabulum --deep depression that articulates w/ femur head

What is the patella

kneecap, sesamoid bone (bone w/in a muscle) Posterior side-- very smoothArticulates w/ patellar surface of femur Anterior side-- buildup of bone --Patellar ligament--part of quadriceps femoris ligament

parietal bone of skull

large tub four sided cranial bone that forms top and sides of cranium

osteocytes

mature bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. Scattered throughout concentric lamellae

clavicle ends—medial vs lateral

medial-- --joins w/ manubrium of the sternum --end more rounded or circular lateral-- --articulates w/ scapula (part of acromioclavicular or AC joint) --wider but flattened end

sagittal suture of the skull

middle vertical, separates parietal bones

costal groove of rib

muscle attachment; arteries, veins, and nerves run in the groove

spine of scapula

on posterior side, a prominent ridge of bone that divides the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

mental foramen of mandible

one of two holes located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. --V3 or sensory branch of third division of trigeminal nerve EXITS (Sensory innervation) THINK-- put your hand on your chin to think-->MENTAL

nasal aperture

opening to the nasal cavity formed by nasal and maxillary bones

Difference between ossification and calcification?

ossification= bone development calcification= hardening of bone **part of ossification process

coronoid process of mandible

part of ramus--anterior projection Distal attachment to temporalis muscle (large muscle sits on side of skull; one of broadest muscles of skull)

nasal septum of the nasal cavity

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer bone and cartilage Ethmoid bone= superior portion Volmer= inferior portionDamage to the bone -->most like be the volmer cartilage=majority of septum

Styloid process (temporal)

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull important for muscle attachment w/ hyoid and tongue muscles -- can get lost post-mortem

Internal acoustic meatus

posterior cranial fossa cranial nerve 7 (facial expressions) Cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear) enters this region, but DOESN'T exit skull-->Plays role in hearing and equilibrium

Juglar foramen

posterior cranial fossa nerves-- Cranial nerve 9--glossopharyngeal Cranial nerve 10-- vagus Cranial nerve 11--accessory Drain the entire brain come together to form internal jugular vein

• Head of rib

posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae

What is the olecranon fossa

posterior pit, accommodates coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed

Soft palate

posterior portion, not supported by bone

endochondral ossification: development of ossification center

primary ossification center-- Usually in the middle of the model Replacement of bone NEEDS vasculature Move via nutrient foramina (holes in the shaft of bone) --indicates the primary ossification center bone taking over cartilage model

Spinous process of vertebra

projects posteriorly from fused lamina bumps down the midline Some are long while others are shorter--depending on location

rib cage

protects the heart and lungs Major part of anterior thorax Each side, there's 12 ribs-->24 in total As you move inferiorly, they differ in size and shape

mastoid process (temporal)

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear (can palpate) Sexually dimorphic trait--males have larger and longer projections Mastoid air cells--Fairly hollow inside the mastoid process (mastoiditis= mucosa gets inflamed) Sternocleidomastoid muscle-- runs through this area --rope like, important muscle in neck

Name bones in proximal row of carpals

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Articulates w/ radius--radiocarpal joint Triquetrum--most medial bone Pisiform--not part radiocarpal joint, but asso. Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon (sesamoid bone)

What does the humerus articulate with?

scapula, radius, ulna

coronal suture of the skull

separates frontal and parietal bones Aka frontal suture More anterior

What is the glenoid cavity?

shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint very shallow fossa-->not a good fit-->less stable but more movement

Squamous Suture (Skull)

side vertical, separates parietal from temporal Less suture like, and more like a plate of bone smashed into the other

cranium vs. skull

skull contains the mandible, cranium does not

lacrimal bones (facial)

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts Where tears collect--Blinking pushes tears from gland to the bone Tears evaporate or drain into nasal meatus region

what is a spongy bone

small needle-like pieces of bone, many open spaces Strength in compression --areas where you have joints (shock absorption) --at ends of bones Forms majority of short, flat and irregular bones --e.g. epiphyses (ends of long bones)e.g. carpal bones (short bones), skull (flat bones), and irregular (vertebrae)

Important parts of anterior cranial fossa

sphenoid cribriform plate crista galli

Bony Parts of the scapula (shoulder blade)

spine of scapula= on posterior side, a prominent ridge of bone that divides the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa acromion= tip of the shoulder, highest bony part of scapula, articulates w/ clavicle coracoid process= inferior to clavicle but more anterior that acromion; muscle attachment site glenoid fossa/cavity-- a depression that articulates w/ head of humerus

vertebral bodies are mainly composed of what type of bone

spongy

Parts of the clavicle

sternal end, acromial end

Typical Ribs (3-9) features

sternal end--Connects to costal cartilage to sternum --Anterior Head of rib--Articulates w/ body of vertebrae Tubercle of the rib-Articulate w/ transverse process of vertebrae **ONLY thoracic vertebrae ARTICULATES w/ ribs Costal groove--Cradle for intercostal neural vascular--artery, vein and nerve travels in this area

What does the clavicle articulate with?

sternum, scapula

what is osteon

structural unit of compact bone (haversian system) Aligned in same direction along lines of stress --Well organized on lines of stress --e.g. certain type of stress occurs on a bone—>osteons form to protect it --dynamic/changes throughout life --tree like appearance

Important parts of intermediate cranial fossa

superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale petrous portion of temporal bone

Identify the location of acromion

superior part of scapula, more posterior than coracoid

Functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production, mineral storage

coccyx vertebra

tailbone Remnant/vestige of the tail 3-4 coccygeal fused vertebrae

What is the most superior tarsal bone

talus

• Mandibular teeth

teeth of the lower jaw incisors canine--1 per quadrant 2 premolar 3 molar

Zygomatic bone

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek (aka cheekbone)

orbit (eye socket)

the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves Composed of many bones-- part of ethmoid bone (internal) part of sphenoid lacrimal bone Supraorbital nerve exits at a notch at superior part of orbit infraorbital nerve exits from inferior foramen

body of sternum

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum divots along body is where ribs meet sternum --Anterior portions come around w/ costal cartilages to touch sternum --We have 12 ribs but ONLY 10 articulate w/ sternum

mandibular fossa (temporal)

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits-->allows you to open/close mouth and project/retract your mouth Cranial portion of temporomandibular joint

body of mandible

the horizontal portion of the lower jaw

Supraorbital margin of frontal bone

the sharp ridge that forms the border between the forehead and inside of the orbit Aka brow ridges Part of frontal bone Some people have more pronounced Often a sexually dimorphic trait

zygomatic arch

the slender arch formed by the temporal process of the cheekbone that bridges to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

medial border of scapula

thin border on medial side 3 muscles attach here-- Rhomboid minor ( about level of spine) Rhomboid major (Inferior to minor) Levator scapulae (superior to spine)

Endosteum (long bone)

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity Similar to periosteum but in one part of bone --Similar (connective tissue) structure, many osteoblasts & osteoclasts

Key parts of fibula

thinner bone compared to tibia Muscle attachment Not weight bearing (very skin shaft) Proximal portion (head)--More robust Neck--Thin/ pinched in part of bone Lateral malleolus--Distal end of fibula --articulates w/ talus (forms one part of ankle joint)

What is a greenstick fracture?

type of fracture where the bone bends and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children ONLY OCCURS w/ kids b/c bones haven't fully ossified-->bend w/o breaking

What is an impacted fracture?

type of fracture where the broken bone ends jam into each other

ulna vs radius

ulna = pinky side (medial) --U-shaped head --doesn't articulate w/ wrist radius = thumb side (lateral) --button head

ramus of mandible

vertical part of mandible

if radiographs of the leg bones (tibia and fibula) of an 18 YO basketball player show clear epiphyseal plates and NOT epiphyseal lines are likely to grow taller

yes

intramembranous ossification: develop of trabeculae

§ Still have osteoblasts in the area-->cont development of NEW BONE § Osteoclasts break down old bone § Formation of trabeculae (spicules of bone) --Mainly makes spongy bones --· In utero and in kids, red bone marrow w/in these spaces