A&P Nervous System

You can realize that a structure belongs to the diencephalon because "____" is part of its name.

"-thalamus".

Functions of the Nervous System

-Collect information via receptors and stimuli -Process and evaluate information -Initiate response to information via effectors

Name some of the components of the BBB.

-Continuous basement membrane -Tight junctions -Perivascular feet

Name the functions of the Hypothalamus.

-Control of autonomic nervous system -Control of the endocrine system -Control of emotional behavior -Control of food and water intake -Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms

These nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Autonomic motor nuclei

Conducts action potentials away from the cell body of a neuron

Axon

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain...

Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.

Location where action potentials are generated by a neuron, the part of a neuron distinguished by its notable absence of chromophilic substance

Axon hillock

True or False There are no voltage-gated channels in myelin sheaths.

True The voltage-gated channels are found in the neurofibril nodes.

True or False The Cerebrum is composed of both white and gray matter.

True

True or False The spinocerebellar pathway is an ascending somatosensory pathway.

True

What is a neurotransmitter?

A neurotransmitter is a small organic compound released in the synaptic cleft.

What structures are located within the lateral horns?

-Cell bodies of visceral motor neurons -Axons that extend to visceral effectors

Name two places in the brain where gray matter is found.

-Cerebral nuclei -Cerebral cortex

Name the four major regions of the brain.

-Cerebrum -Diencephalon -Brainstem -Cerebellum

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.

Receptive

Protects and regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in peripheral nerve ganglia

Satellite cell

Name the three functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

-Buoyancy -Protection -Environmental stability

Name the four groups of neurotransmitters.

-Acetylcholine -Amino acids -Monoamines -Neuropeptides

List all of the brain structures that are composed of white matter.

-Corpus callosum, Septum pellucidum, Internal capsule

Name two ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft.

-Degradation -Reuptake

Name two factors that influence the velocity of a nerve signal.

-Diameter of the axon -Myelination of the axon

Characteristics of Neurons

-Excitability -Conductivity -Secretion -Extreme longevity -Amitotic

Name the four dural cranial septa.

-Falx Cerebri -Tentorium Cerebelli -Falx Cerebelli -Diaphragma Sellae

Name the five cerebral lobes.

-Frontal lobe -Parietal lobe -Temporal lobe -Occipital lobe -Insula

Name the three parts of the brainstem.

-Midbrain -Pons -Medulla Oblongata

Give two reasons why gray matter is gray.

-No axons, therefore no myelination -Presence of chromatophilic substance

Match the cranial nerve number with its name. -Cranial nerve I -Cranial nerve II -Cranial nerve III -Cranial nerve IV -Cranial nerve V -Cranial nerve VI -Cranial nerve VII -Cranial nerve VIII -Cranial nerve IX -Cranial nerve X -Cranial nerve XI -Cranial nerve XII

-Olfactory -Optic -Oculomotor -Trochlear -Trigeminal -Abducens -Facial -Vestibulocochlear -Glossopharyngeal -Vagus -Accessory -Hypoglossal

Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain).

-Pia mater -Arachnoid mater -Dura mater

Name the three primary brain vesicles.

-Prosencephalon (Forebrain) -Mesencephalon (Midbrain) -Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

List the functions of the Hypothalamus.

-Regulates hunger and thirst -Regulates the autonomic nervous system -Regulates circadian rhythms -Regulates body temperature

List the functions of the Thalamus.

-Relay center for sensory input -Arousal from sleep

Name the five secondary brain vesicles.

-Telencephalon -Diencephalon -Mesencephalon -Metencephalon -Myelencephalon

Which of the following are prevented from entering the interstitial fluid of the brain, due to the blood-brain barrier? -Waste products in the blood -Some hormones -Alcohol -Nicotine

-Waste products in the blood -Some hormones

Match the disorder listed with the cranial nerve associated with that disorder. -tongue deviates to one side when it is stuck out of the mouth -soft palate droops on one side (2 answers but choose vagus) -weakness in elevation of the scapulae -inability to smell -pupillary reflexes are absent -inability to taste bitter (sensed by posterior taste buds of the tongue) -glossopharyngeal -inability to pucker the lips -blindness -inability to laterally rotate the eye -corneal reflex is absent -difficulty turning the eye inferior and lateral -inability to maintain balance and equilibrium

-hypoglossal -vagus -accessory -olfactory -oculomotor -glossopharyngeal -facial -optic -trochlear -trigeminal -abducens -vestibulocochlear

A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.

Autonomic motor

Which occurs first? Absolute or Relative refractory period?

Absolute refractory period

Which type of signal has the ability to travel a great distance without losing its strength?

Action Potential

Involved in emotions, behavioral activities, and moods

Amygdaloid body

Participates in expression of emotion, control of behavioral activities, and moods.

Amygdaloid body (Amygdala)

The groove that extends the length of the spinal cord on its anterior surface is the ____.

Anterior median fissure

Information coming from the spinal cord and PNS, going to the brain

Ascending sensory

-Communication between adjacent gyri -Communication within hemisphere

Association tract

-Helps form the blood brain barrier (BBB) -Regulates tissue fluid composition -Provides structural support and organization to the CNS -Assists with neuronal development -Replicates to occupy space of dying neurons

Astrocyte

Where are synaptic knobs located?

At the tips of the telodendria

Protects nervous tissue by strictly regulating which substances can and cannot enter the ISF of the brain

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Sensory pathways terminate in the _____, and motor pathways terminate at the _____.

Brain, effectors

How are neurotransmitters classified?

By chemical structure

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal

Identify the structure(s) that are innervated by visceral motor neurons.

Cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, glands

The structure that consists of dorsal and ventral roots within the lumbar region of the vertebral canal and the sacral canal (extending from the inferior end of the spinal cord) is the ____.

Cauda equina

"Toward the tail"- synonymous with posterior.

Caudal

Helps produce pattern and rhythm of walking movement.

Caudate nucleus

Stimulate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of walking

Caudate nucleus

There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?

Chemical and Electrical

True or False A sulcus is a fold of brain tissue, and a gyrus is a groove between folds of brain tissue.

False. A gyrus is a fold of brain tissue, and a sulcus is a groove between folds of brain tissue.

Sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides left and right cerebellar hemispheres, contains the occipital sinus.

Falx Cerebelli

As motor tracts descend to the brainstem they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the ____.

Cerebral peduncles

Location of all conscious thought processes and origin of all complex intellectual function

Cerebrum

The enlargement associated with the upper limb is the ____ enlargement.

Cervical

The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the ______ part.

Cervical

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain...

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

Contains the nucleus and cellular organelles

Cell body

Includes the brain, spinal cord, and interneurons

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A groove between the frontal lobe and the remaining lobes

Central sulcus

Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae?

Cerebellum

Name the channel located between the third and fourth ventricle.

Cerebral aqueduct

External sheets of gray matter that cover the surface of the cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

What is the most important part of your brain?

Cerebral cortex

Internal clusters of gray matter within the white matter

Cerebral nuclei

Connects the midbrain to the cerebrum

Cerebral peduncle

CSF is produced here.

Choroid plexus

Dark-staining rough ER found in the cell body that produces membrane-associated proteins

Chromatophilic substance

Processes visual information at a subconsious level

Claustrum

The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the _______ part.

Coccygeal

-Communication between hemispheres -Anterior commisure -Corpus callosum

Commissural tract

This segment is equivalent to the length of the axon and its branches called telodendria, contains voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels.

Conductive segment

Since most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.

Contralateral

When the brain senses and controls the opposite side of the body, it is called ____.

Contralateral

The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the

Conus medullaris

A fiber tract that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

Vertical sickle-shaped fold located on midsagittal plane and projects into longitudinal fissure between left and right cerebral hemispheres

Falx Cerebri

The multiple branching processes of a neuron

Dendrite

The dura mater is composed of _____ connective tissue

Dense irregular

Information going from the brain to the spinal cord and PNS

Descending motor

Attaches pituitary gland to the base of the Hypothalamus

Diaphragma Sellae

Derives from the prosencephalon and eventually forms the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus

Diencephalon

Areas where the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces.

Dural venous sinuses

When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an ____.

EPSP

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?

Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons.

The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called ____.

Effectors

Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission?

Electrical synapse

What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Filum terminale

Surrounds an individual axon

Endoneurium

-Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord -Assists in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Ependymal cell

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue?

Epidural space

Surrounds the entire nerve

Epineurium

When the brain senses and controls the same side of the body, it is called ____.

Epsilateral

Temporary less negative state due to depolarization (increase of Na+)

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

The function of upper motor neurons is to...

Excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex.

True or False Axons of the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate in the medulla.

False

True or False Motor pathways are also called ascending pathways.

False

True or False Conduction speed is faster for motor neurons than for sensory neurons.

False Conduction is much faster for sensory neurons than for motor neurons.

True or False Astrocytes allow proteins to leak out of the capillaries into the nervous tissue.

False Some proteins are considered neurotransmitters so the astrocytes do not let proteins leak out, it must be processed first.

True or False A cranial nerve originates from the brain and is part of the central nervous system.

False The central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord. A cranial nerve originates from the brain, yet it is part of the peripheral nervous system.

True or False It is okay for plasma to leak out of the capillaries into nervous tissue.

False The components in plasma such as protein and potassium will affect neurons. The BBB keeps capillaries from leaking around neurons.

True or False Myelinated axons and unmyelinated axons have the same conduction speed.

False Unmyelinated axons have slower conductions.

Deeper grooves in the brain

Fissures

What term describes the folds on the cerebellum?

Folia

Name the ventricle located between the brainstem and cerebellum.

Fourth ventricle

Primarily concerned with voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communications, decision making, planning, and personality

Frontal lobe

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS

Ganglion

Excites and inhibits the thalamus to adjust muscle tone

Globus pallidus

Occurs in the receptive segment of a neuron and are due to the opening of chemically-gated channels, includes IPSP's and EPSP's.

Graded (Local) potentials

The inner medulla of the spinal cord consits of ____ matter.

Gray

Derives color from motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies and their associated capillary beds, as well as the neuronal dendrites and some unmyelinated axons

Gray Matter

This structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord.

Gray commissure

Dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons are examples of ____.

Gray matter

Folds in the adult brain

Gyrus (pl. gyri)

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? -High mitotic rate -High metabolic rate -Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen -Extreme longevity -No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of neurons

High mitotic rate

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an ____.

IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the third ventricle of the brain by way of the ____.

Interventricular foramina

Connects medulla oblongata to cerebellum

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Temporary more negative state due to decrease of K+ or increase of Cl-

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

This segment is composed of the axon hillock, contains voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels.

Initial segment

Involved in memory and interpretation of taste, lack of access to this region

Insula

A neuron that does not start at a receptor or end at an effector, the most common type of neuron.

Interneuron

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are ____.

Interneurons

The posterior gray horn contains the cell bodies of ____.

Interneurons

A hole between the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle

Interventricular foramen

Where can the BBB (blood-brain barrier) be found?

It can't. The BBB does not actually exist, it is simply a concept.

The inferior end of the spinal cord lies at what vertebral level in the adult?

L1

A groove between the temporal and parietal lobes

Lateral sulcus

Name the two most superior ventricles.

Lateral ventricles

The ventricle(s) of the brain that is/are located within the cerebral hemispheres is/are the ____.

Lateral ventricles

Between external insula and lateral diencephalon, composed of putamen and globus pallidus.

Lentiform nucleus

Brain structures such as the mammillary bodies, which are involved with the suckling reflex and emotions, are part of the ____ system.

Limbic

A groove between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

The neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called ____.

Lower motor neurons

The enlargement associated with the lower limb is the ____ enlargement.

Lumbar

Only primary brain vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle, becomes the midbrain

Mesencephalon

Arises from the rhombencephalon and eventually forms the pons and cerebellum

Metencephalon

-Least common type of glial cell -Defends against infectious agents and engulfs debris from dead or dying neurons -Engage in phagocytosis in response to tissue injury

Microglial cell

Glial cells in the CNS derived from circulating monocytes, engage in phagocytosis in response to tissue injury.

Microglial cells

Place the three parts of the brainstem in order from most superior to most inferior.

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.

Connects pons to cerebellum

Middle cerebellar peduncle

The direct motor pathway originates in the...

Motor cortex of the cerebral cortex.

A neuron that ends at an effector

Motor neuron

Also known as a descending tract.

Motor tract

Also derives from the rhombencephalon, eventually forms the Medulla Oblongata

Myelencephalon

A bundle of myelinated axons in the PNS

Nerve

The Hypothalamus is the connection between the ____ system and the ____system.

Nervous system, Endocrine system.

Node of Ranvier, in between myelin sheath, bare region on a myelinated axon where action potentials are propagated

Neurofibril node

-Myelinates and insulates PNS axons -Allows for faster action potantial conduction along an axon in the PNS -Counterpart of oligodendrocyte in CNS

Neurolemmocyte

Can you have a neuron that is both sensory and motor?

No.

A collection of cell bodies in the CNS

Nuclei

Lumps of gray matter buried within white matter, located in all four regions of the brain are called ____.

Nuclei

Responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories

Occipital lobe

-Myelinates and insulates CNS axons -Allows faster action potential conduction along axons in the CNS -Counterpart of neurolemmocyte in PNS

Oligodendrocyte

Involved with general sensory functions such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched

Parietal lobe

A structure that holds up something else

Peduncle

Surrounds a fascicle of axons

Perineurium

Carries signals to skeletal muscles, sympathetic and parasympathetic division.

Peripheral Nervous System- Motor (PNS)

Includes ganglia and nerves, responds to the environmental conditions. (pain receptors in hand)

Peripheral Nervous System- Sensory (PNS)

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates between the ____ mater and the ____ mater.

Pia, Arachnoid

The groove that extends the length of the spinal cord on its posterior surface is the ____.

Posterior median sulcus

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the...

Posterior root ganglion

Which structure is closest to the spinal cord?

Posterior rootlets

Area of the brain that determines which responses are appropriate.

Prefrontal cortex

Located within the temporal lobe, where it receives and processes auditory information

Primary auditory cortex

Located in the insula and is involved in processing taste information

Primary gustatory cortex

Located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells

Primary olfactory cortex

Located within the occipital lobe, where it receives and processes incoming visual information

Primary visual cortex

-Communication between higher and lower brain regions -Corticospinal tracts

Projection tract

What is the only brain signal that does not cross over?

Proprioceptors to the cerebellum are ipsilateral.

Controls muscular movement at the subconscious level

Putamen

This segment includes dendrites and the cell body, which are regions of the neuron that receive stimuli to excite the neuron, contains chemically-gated channels (K+, Cl-) but little to no voltage-gated channels.

Receptive segment

Regulates state of consciousness

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Projects vertically through the core of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Connected with states of consciousness.

Reticular formation

"Toward the nose"- synonymous with anterior.

Rostral

A conduction that jumps from node to node is called ____.

Saltatory conduction

The axons of primary sensory neurons make synaptic connections with...

Secondary neurons in the CNS.

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.

Sensory

The cell bodies of ____ neurons are located in the posterior root ganglion.

Sensory

A mixed nerve refers to one that contains both ____.

Sensory and motor neurons

Motor output to skeletal muscle

Sensory motor

A neuron that starts at a receptor

Sensory neuron

Also known as an ascending tract.

Sensory tract

Name the membrane that separates the two lateral ventricles.

Septum Pellucidum

What divides the lateral ventricles?

Septum pellucidum

Identify the structure(s) that are innervated by somatic motor neurons.

Skeletal muscle tissue

True or False An individual tract within the spinal cord contains either sensory nerve signals or motor nerve signals only.

True

The _______ nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles.

Somatic motor

The anterior gray horn contains the cell bodies of the ____ neurons.

Somatic motor

The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _____________ division.

Somatic motor

Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei.

Somatic sensory

Sensation from cutaneous touch, pain, temperature, position, and pressure receptors

Somatic sensory

Occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the receptive segment, generating EPSP's, IPSP's or both.

Spatial summation

Somatic sensation from special sensory organs such as the eye and ear

Special sensory

True or False Cranial nerves are part of the PNS.

True

True or False Dural venous sinuses carry blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

True

In a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the ____.

Subarachnoid space

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid?

Subarachnoid space

Shallow depressions of the brain

Sulcus (pl. sulci)

Connects midbrain to cerebellum

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Swelling on the ends of an axon

Synaptic knob

Arises from the prosencephalon and eventually forms the cerebrum

Telencephalon

The branches at the end of axons

Telodendria

Involved with hearing and smell

Temporal lobe

Occurs when a single presynaptic neuron releases excitatory neurotransmittor to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron at the same location repeatedly in a very short period of time.

Temporal summation

True or False The subdural space is the region between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater.

True

Horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum. Forms a "tent" over the cerebellum.

Tentorium Cerebelli

Neurons of the thalamus that are part of sensory conduction pathways are considered _____ neurons.

Tertiary

True or False Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex receive input from tertiary neurons that have their cell bodies residing in the thalamus.

True

True or False A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus.

True

Where would you find the autonomic sensory nervous system?

There is no autonomic sensory nervous system.

What two things does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

Third and fourth ventricles

Name the ventricle surrounded by the diencephalon.

Third ventricle

Which region(s) of the spinal cord contain lateral horns?

Thoracic

A bundle of myelinated axons in the CNS

Tract

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses?

Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster.

This segment includes the synaptic knobs, contains voltage-gated Ca2+ pumps.

Transmissive segment

A groove that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Transverse fissure

A fluid-filled space, filled with CSF.

Ventricle

What structure lies along the midline of the cerebellum?

Vermis

Motor output to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Visceral motor

A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.

Visceral sensory

Sensation from sensory receptors within visceral organs

Visceral sensory

The majority of the cerebrum consists of ____ matter.

White

The outer cortex of the spinal cord consists of ____ matter.

White

Derives color from the myelin on the abundant myelinated axons

White Matter

Myelinated axons and fiber tracts are examples of ____.

White matter

If you see a tract, will it be white or gray matter? Why?

White matter, because it contains myelin.

Is there any sensory information that bypasses the Thalamus and goes directly into the brain?

Yes, smell.

Can you have a nerve that is both sensory and motor?

Yes.

If your cerebellum is damaged, what happens as a result?

Your brain is still functional, but uncoordinated. Motion and movement appears very unbalanced, and speech is impaired and uncoordinated.

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they ____.

are smaller and capable of mitosis.

The conductive segment of a neuron is its _______, a region that contains many _______ gated channels.

axon, voltage

When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron _____.

calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.

Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________.

descending, effectors

Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from ____.

either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.

In a typical excitable cell, the concentration of Na+ in the ECF is ______ the concentration of Na+ in the ICF.

greater than

The reticular formation is an area of the brain that...

has both sensory and motor components.

In a typical excitable cell, the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid is ______ the concentration if K+ in the intracellular fluid.

less than

The lateral corticospinal tracts include a ________ of the upper motor neuron axons that pass through the medulla, and they govern control of ___________.

majority, muscles used for finely controlled movements

Saltatory conduction occurs in ____.

myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.

In a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the ____.

neurofibril nodes

The counterpart of a neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell) in the CNS is an ______?

oligodendrocyte

Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in ____.

opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.

In neurophysiology, the term summation refers to the addition of ____.

postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.

The function of myelin is to ____.

produce faster nerve impulse propagation.

A posterior root contains...

sensory axons only.

A graded potential is one that ____.

varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus).

Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________.

voltage, axon