A&P of Speech and Hearing Final

If an alveolar pressure of zero is measure above the resting level of the breathing apparatus (say, at 60% VC), what interpretation is reasonable concerning the underlying breathing apparatus forces being applied to the lungs?

(b) or (c) are possible interpretations of an alveolar pressure of zero measured above the resting level of the breathing apparatus

The apneic interval usually last approximately:

1 second

How long (in seconds) is the oral preparatory phase of swallowing?

1 second for liquid bolus, as long as 20 seconds for a solid bolus, depending on how long it is chewed

How much saliva do you produce every 24 hours?

1-2 liters

How many baby (deciduous) teeth are typically in the mandible?

10

How many baby teeth are typically in the maxilla?

10

Typical average fundamental frequencies for young men and women (respectively) are:

130, and 200 Hz

How many permanent teeth are in the mandible (shown above)?

16

How many permanent teeth are in the maxilla?

16

Infants usually begin eating solid foods around:

6 months of age

How long (in seconds) is the esophageal transport phase of swallowing?

8-20 seconds

When the diaphragm muscle contracts, it changes shape from:

A dome shape to a flatter shape

What is the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?

A nucleus is a cluster of cells within the central nervous system, whereas a ganglion is a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Epithelium

A thin, stiff capsule that determines the shape of the vocal folds

Which part of the chest wall generates most of the expiratory muscle effort for running speech produced in an upright body position?

Abdominal wall

Which neurotransmitter is associated with neuromuscular junctions?

Acetylcholine

At a given lung volume (say, 50% VC), alveolar pressure (ranging, say, anywhere from -50cmH2O to +50 cmH2O) can be the result of:

Active expiratory and/or active inspiratory muscular forces plus passive forces

Auditory nerve fibers (afferent)

Afferent nerve fibers that emerge from the base of the inner hair cells, make a first synapse in the spiral ganglion from which fibers are sent via the auditory nerve to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. The afferent nerve fibers, like the hair cells, are organized tonotopically

Pressure measure inside the lungs is called:

Alveolar pressure

In tidal breathing, air flows into the pulmonary apparatus during inspiration because:

Alveolar pressure is made slightly lower than atmospheric pressure by increasing the size of the pulmonary apparatus

What structure serves as the boundary between the oral cavity and the pharyngeal cavity?

Anterior faucial pillars (palatoglossal arch)

The ventricular folds:

Are located above the true vocal folds and contain very few muscle fibers

Which of the following statements is true?

At mid-range lung volumes, the chest wall can assume a wide range of different shapes

People can phonate at a wide range of fundamental frequencies (f0) and sound pressure levels (SPL). However, the range of SPL that can be produced varies quite a bit depending on the F0. Where along the range of F0 is the ability to change SPL most limited?

At the extremes of F0 (very low or high F0)

The lower regions of the esophagus are under the control of the

Autonomic nervous system

The first swallow usually occurs:

BEFORE birth.

In your text, there is the following statement about the rocking motion of the cricoarytenoid joints: "...as the arytenoid cartilages rock on the cricoid cartilage their vocal processes move either upward and outward or downward and inward". Why is the motion simultaneously "upward and outward" or "downward and inward"?

Because the motion at the joints occurs on facets, on the superior surface of the cricoid lamina, that are sloped downward and toward the side

Why can the rib cage wall generate both positive and negative passive forces?

Because the rib cage wall can be stretched (at larger lung volumes) or compressed (at smaller lung volumes) relative to its unlinked rest position

The arch of the cricoid cartilage is a:

Below the bottom of the thyroid lamina

In an extended steady utterance such as a sustained vowel, how do the volumes of the rib cage wall and abdominal wall change throughout the utterance?

Both decrease

Suckling is characterized by:

Both forward and backward (horizontal) movement of the tongue and large vertical movements of the mandible

A voice register is a range of consecutive utterances produced along a pitch scale that area

Both of the above (similar in voice quality and mechanical behavior of vocal fold vibration)

Which of the following statements is true about the rotation at the cricothyroid joints?

Both the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage may rotate relative to the other cartilage

After puberty, lung volumes associated with speech breathing are generally larger in:

Boys

What is the common term for sphenopalatineganglioneuralgia?

Brain freeze

How is the hyoid bone attached to laryngeal cartilages?

By means of membrane and ligaments

The area of the glottis:

Can range from absent (no glottis) to very large

Muscle fibers of the diaphragm muscle insert to the:

Central tendon

Starting at the top of the vertebral column and moving downward to its bottom, the sequence of vertebrae is categorized into regions in the following order:

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Lowering the mandible can

Change the length and change the cross-sectional dimensions of the oral vestibule and oral cavity

Deep layer of lamina propria

Collagen fibers, like a bundle of cotton thread

Alveolar pressure can be increased (made more positive) by:

Contracting abdominal muscles and/or contracting the internal intercostal muscles, or both at the same time (with no other muscles activated)

Figure 2-13 of your text summarizes the signs of passive and active forces that can be generated by different components of the speech breathing apparatus. That summary indicates that the abdominal wall can only generate positive active force. What does this mean?

Contraction of muscles of the abdominal wall can only push the abdominal content inward, which results in upward movement of the diaphragm; muscles of the abdominal wall cannot cause the abdominal wall to protrude

The downward movement of the epiglottis to cover the upper opening into the larynx is produced by:

Contraction of the aryepiglottic muscle, a continuation of the oblique aryepiglottic muscle fibers

The vocal ligament is the upper, thickened end of the:

Conus elasticus

If the cerebral hemispheres were cut into front and back halves, in which anatomical plane was the cut made?

Coronal (frontal) plane

The cranial nerve that innervates the cervical (upper) esophagus is

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

The cricoid cartilage has four facets that provide points of connection with other cartilages. These points of connection are called the:

Cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints

In your text the following statement appears: "vocal fold stiffness can be changed by contractions of muscles external to the vocal folds that tend to stretch them and/or pull them more taut from end to end and by contractions of muscles internal to the vocal folds that modify their internal mechanical status" (p. 85); which muscles are most likely to cause these stiffness changes?

Cricothyroid and vocalis muscles

The pars rectus and pars oblique are two components of the:

Cricothyroid muscle

The vocal folds can be lengthened in the forward direction by contraction of the:

Cricothyroid muscle

Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx does not receive its motor innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Cricothyroid muscle

In the supine body position, inspiratory braking is accomplished primarily by the

Diaphragm

What is the largest and most powerful inspiratory muscle?

Diaphragm

What is the muscular boundary between the thorax and the abdomen?

Diaphragm

Which of the muscles of the breathing apparatus has attachments to the sternum, ribs, and vertebrae?

Diaphragm

The chest wall is made up of the

Diaphragm, rib cage wall, abdominal wall, and abdominal content

Which of the following muscles can move the hyoid bone upward and forward or upward and backward?

Digastric muscle

List the layers of the meninges from most superficial (closest to the scalp) to most deep

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What is the difference between a nerve and a tract?

Each is a bundle of axons; Nerves are in the peripheral nervous system, whereas tracts are in the central nervous system

Auditory nerve fibers (efferent)

Efferent fibers that attach to the base of the outer hair cells, cause these hair cells to be displaced and refine and amplify the response of the inner hair cells; the exact mechanism is unknown

Intermediate layer of lamina propria

Elastic fibers that may be likened to a bundle of soft rubber bands

In anatomical views of the middle ear cavity that look either toward the lateral or to the medial wall of the cavity, the nerve that can be seen running through the bony walls is the

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Annular ligament

Fibrous ring of tissue that attaches the tympanic membrane to the underlying ring of bone, in otoscopic view whitish in appearance and not translucent like the tympanic membrane

Vertical muscle

Flattens tongue

Which of the following statements is true concerning the difference in chest wall behavior for speech in the upright versus supine positions?

For speech of normal loudness, the abdominal muscles are active all the time in the upright position, but in the supine position they are largely inactive

Turbulence noise production takes place in and around the vocal folds when they:

Form a narrow constriction in the airway, as in whispering

The front and back attachments of the vocal folds are:

Front = inner surface of the thyroid cartilage, near midline and immediately below thyroid notch; back = vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

Tectorial membrane

Gel-like membrane that is above the hair cells, and into which some of the hair (especially the outer hair cells) are embedded

Stereocilia

Hair-like projections from top of hair cells, which respond to displacement of the endolymph within the scala media by changing their membrane characteristics and in so doing causing the hair cells, to which they are attached, to fire and result in nerve cells conducting impulses to the spiral ganglion

If the cerebral hemispheres were cut into upper and lower halves, in which anatomical plane was the cut made?

Horizontal (transverse) plane

Which of the following is an extrinsic laryngeal ligament?

Hyoepiglottic ligament

Motor innervation for the pharyngeal muscles comes from cranial nerves

IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus) and possibly XI (accessory)

Stop-plosive consonants that are released through the nasal cavities are said to be

Imploded

The vocal fold is described as having a layer structure because:

In a frontal section of the tissue, the vocal fold is seen to have five different tissue types from the most superficial layer to the deepest layer

What is the primary effect of gravity on the breathing apparatus?

In the upright position gravity acts on the rib cage wall in an expiratory direction and on the diaphragm-abdomen in an inspiratory direction, whereas in the supine position gravity acts on both parts of the chest wall in the expiratory direction

Laryngeal airway resistance is largely a function of the smallest cross-sectional area of the airway, which is likely to be located at the level of the true vocal folds; the smaller the cross-sectional area, the higher the resistance. However, the cross-sectional area of the airway is not the only factor in determining laryngeal airway resistance, because a cross-sectional area can be constant, but the resistance will increase with:

Increased airflow

Voice sound pressure level can be increased not only be increasing tracheal pressure, but also by:

Increasing laryngeal opposing pressure and opening the mouth wider

When the tongue is sealed airtight against the hard palate, airway resistance is:

Infinite

In the upright body position, inspiratory braking is accomplished primarily by the

Inspiratory rib cage wall muscles

What three layers make up the cover of the vocal folds?

Intermediate and superficial layer of the lamina propria and the epithelium

The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx is:

Intrinsic muscles have both points of attachments within the larynx, extrinsic muscles have one point of attachment outside the larynx and one point of attachment within the larynx

The elastic membrane that lines the airway in the region of the larynx:

Is separated into a top and bottom part, the bottom part called the conus elasticus and the top part the quadrangular membrane

Which of the following statements is true of active force in the speech breathing apparatus?

It can be applied by the rib cage wall, abdominal wall, and diaphragm

When the diaphragm contracts,

It can lift the rib cage wall and move the abdominal wall outward

Which of the following statements is true about the rectus abdominis muscle?

It is a vertically oriented muscle that forms part of the abdominal wall and inserts to the lower sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 5, 6, and 7

During running speech, the large (5-15 dB) variations seen in a sound pressure level (SPL) contour are primarily the result of:

Large differences in SPL between consonants (such as stops and fricatives) compared to vowels

The upper end of the aryepiglottal folds form part of the:

Laryngeal aditus

The compressive force exerted between the adducted vocal folds is called:

Laryngeal opposing pressure

Which structure separates the true from false vocal folds and contains the saccules that provide fluid for lubricating the true vocal folds?

Laryngeal ventricle

During development from birth to five years of age, the structure that dramatically changes position downward along the vertebral column is the:

Larynx

Adjustments of the velum can change the

Length of the oral cavity

How long (in seconds) is the oral transport phase of swallowing?

Less than half a second

How long (in seconds) is the pharyngeal transport phase of swallowing?

Less than half a second

What muscle of the outer nose has the longest name of any muscle in animals?

Levator labii superioisalaeque nasi

Which muscles have a structure and function very similar to that of the external intercostal muscles, but whose location is restricted to the back of the rib cage wall with one point of attachment to a vertebra and the other point of attachment to the rib immediately below?

Levatores costarum muscle

In which voice register is the vertical phase difference for vocal fold vibration not observes?

Loft

Superficial layer of the lamina propria

Loose, fibrous matrix, akin to soft gelatin

Boyle's Law, as applied to the pulmonary apparatus, states that when the upper airway is closed:

Lung volume and alveolar pressure are inversely related

The pulmonary apparatus is made up of the

Lungs and pulmonary airways

Which gender has longer pharynges, palatal levator muscles, hard palates, soft palates, and noses?

Males

The hypoglossal nucleus is located in the

Medulla

The nucleus ambiguus is located in the

Medulla

The cartilages of the larynx are held together by:

Membranes and ligaments

The only consisted sex related difference is that the magnitude of airflow during nasal production is greater in

Men

The inferior colliculus is located in the

Midbrain

The speech breathing differences observed among people of different body types seems to be most obvious in:

Movement of the abdominal wall

Genioglossus muscle

Moves back of tongue forward; moves front of tongue backward; moves center of tongue downward

Palatoglossus muscle

Moves back of tongue upward, backward, and inward

Hyoglossus muscle

Moves tongue downward and backward

Styloglossus muscle

Moves tongue upward and backward; pulls sides of tongue upward; shortens tongue; pulls tongue tip toward the side

What two layers make up the body of the vocal folds?

Muscle fibers and the deep layer of the lamina propria

Muscle

Muscle fibers, like a bundle of stuff rubber bands

In the text it is stated that, "muscles of the rib cage wall can generate active force in both the inspiratory and expiratory directions". Which statement below is most consistent with this sentence?

Muscles of the rib cage wall can both lift and lower the ribs

Transverse muscle

Narrows and elongates tongue

In an extended steady utterance, which of the following statements is accurate?

Net muscular effort is constantly changing, beginning as negative effort and eventually changing to positive effort

What is the primary difference between neurons and glial cells?

Neurons send signals to each other; glial cells serve a supporting function for neurons, but don't send or receive signals

Are there any sex-related differences in speech breathing?

No

Do the parts of the tongue correspond to specific muscles or muscle groups?

No

Tidal breathing is

Normal breathing

Give an example of a brainstem motor nucleus that is associated with more than one cranial nerve

Nucleus ambiguus

Muscular activities generated during running speech production for the abdominal wall muscles are:

On in upright and off in supine

Muscular activities generated during running speech production for the expiratory rib cage wall muscles are:

On in upright and on in supine

A "+" for nasal manner means that the velopharynx is

Open

Define glottis as it pertains to the larynx

Opening between the vocal folds

Adjustments of the upper and lower lips can change the length and cross-sectional dimensions of the

Oral vestibule

Which phase of swallowing includes an obligatory apneic period?

Pharyngeal transport phase

The anatomical structures that connect the rib cage wall to the lungs are the:

Pleural membranes

The facial motor nucleus is located in the

Pons

The motor nucleus of V is located in the

Pons

The general function of the extrinsic and supplementary muscles of the larynx is to:

Position the larynx in the neck, in both the vertical and front-back dimensions

The muscle that attaches to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and produces the upward and outward rocking motion at the cricoarytenoid joint is the:

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

The ventricular ligament is the lower, thickened end of the:

Quadrangular membrane

The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during rest breathing is called:

Resting tidal volume

Based on what you know about the relationship of parts of the chest wall to the pulmonary apparatus, movements of which chest wall structures are capable of compressing the pulmonary apparatus?

Rib cage wall and abdominal wall

Based on what you know about the relationship of parts of the chest wall to the pulmonary apparatus, movements of which chest wall structures are capable of expanding the pulmonary apparatus?

Rib cage wall and diaphragm

The movements that are permitted at the cricothyroid joints are:

Rotation and sliding of the thyroid cartilage relative to the cricoid cartilage, and of the cricoid cartilage relative to the thyroid cartilage

Consonants that are produced with the least amount of airway constriction are called

Semivowels

Give an example of a brainstem sensory nucleus that is associated with multiple cranial nerves

Sensory nucleus of V

Superior longitudinal muscle

Shortens tongue; turns tip and sides upward

Inferior longitudinal muscle

Shortens tongue; turns tip downward

When people talk about the "loudness" of the sound made by the vibrating vocal folds, the physical basis of the percept is:

Sound pressure level (in dB)

Larger chest wall movements, breathy voice, and expirations that have relatively small numbers of syllables are typical of:

Speaking under high-drive conditions

What set of conditions in the breathing apparatus is typical of running speech?

Speech produced with midrange lung volumes, a constantly changing mix of passive forces and small active forces to meet the target alveolar pressure, rapid inspirations and relatively slow expirations

During running speech production, the abdominal wall is displaced inward and the rib cage wall is displaced outward, relative to their respective positions during relaxation. This chest wall configuration has what consequences?

Stretches (domes) the diaphragm and stretches the expiratory muscles of the rib cage wall

The alveoli, the terminal structures in the pulmonary apparatus, serve the purpose of:

Taking oxygen from inspired air and delivering it to the bloodstream, and taking carbon dioxide from the bloodstream and delivering it to air in the lungs for expiration

The mucosa that covers the tongue houses small structures called:

Taste buds

Deglutition includes all phases of swallowing.

Technically, the term swallowing includes only the pharyngeal transport phase, but it is often used to refer to all phases of deglutition

Which of the following structures of the speech breathing apparatus can generate active force only in the expiratory direction?

The abdominal wall

When the sliding motion occurs at the cricoarytenoid joints:

The arytenoid cartilages are brought closer together as they slide up the long axis of the facets on the superior surface of the cricoid lamina

In extended steady utterances that use a target alveolar pressure that is typical of speech of normal loudness (around 8 cmH2O), why is it predictable that at high lung volumes the net muscular effort will be inspiratory?

The available relaxation pressure will be greater than the target alveolar pressure for the utterance

Where in the nervous system is the central pattern generator for breathing located?

The brainstem

Cortical regions of the brain play a strong role in the control of the oral preparatory and oral transport phases of swallowing.

The brainstem has primary control over the pharyngeal transport and esophageal transport phases of swallowing.

The fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamus are collectively called

The cerebral peduncles

When the breathing apparatus is in its resting position (at the ends of a resting tidal expiration), which of the following is a mechanical result of pleural linkage?

The chest wall is somewhat compressed, and the pulmonary apparatus is somewhat expanded from their unlinked rest positions

What anatomical plane shows the cranial-to-caudal (superior-to-inferior) descent of the internal capsule?

The coronal (frontal) plane

The thyroid cartilage connects directly the following structures in the larynx:

The cricoid cartilage and epiglottis

Which of the following statements is true about tidal breathing in the upright body position?

The diaphragm muscle produces the contractions to expand the pulmonary apparatus for inspiration, and expiration is primarily driven by passive force (although the abdominal muscles are tonically active)

The spinal nerves that innervate muscles of the breathing apparatus emerge from a level of the spinal cord more or less at the same level along the body axis of the innervated muscles. The one exception is:

The diaphragm muscle, innervated from spinal nerves emerging from cervical segments of the spinal cord

The cover of the vocal folds includes:

The epithelium and the superficial and intermediate layers of the lamina propria

The sheet of muscles that fill the spaces between the ribs include:

The external and internal intercostal muscles

Malleus

The first of the three ossicles, attached to the tympanic membrane

The term "active" force means:

The force is developed by contraction (activation) of muscles

The term "passive" force means:

The force is developed primarily by recoil of elastic structures which have been deformed from their rest positions

The development of speech (vocalization) breathing behavior in very young children shows some similarities to and differences from the speech breathing behaviors of adults. One of the most dramatic differences between children and adults is:

The high variability in children of relative contributions of different parts of the chest wall to volume change for utterance expirations

The diaphragm muscle is able to exert active force in:

The inspiratory direction only

Sensory information from the top and bottom structures of the larynx is conveyed (respectively) by:

The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve

When the thyroarytenoid muscle contracts, what happens?

The internal tension of the muscle increases when the length of the muscle is held constant by the action of other muscles, and/or the muscle may be shortened by decreasing the distance between the arytenoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage

The upper opening of the larynx is called:

The laryngeal aditus

The region between the ventricular folds and the laryngeal aditus is often called:

The laryngeal vestibule

Abduction of the vocal folds can be produced by:

The lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles

Which of the following statements is true?

The layer structure of the vocal folds seen in adults is not present in newborns

When rocking occurs at the cricoarytenoid joints, the rotation occurs around:

The long axis of the facets on the upper surface of the cricoid lamina

Manubrium

The long handle of the malleus, descending from the body of the bone, most of which is attached to the tympanic membrane

What is the lower boundary of the larynx?

The lower margin of the cricoid cartilage

Umbo

The lowest point of the manubrium of the malleus, attached to the tympanic membrane at the point of the conically-shaped membrane

Basilar membrane

The membrane on which the organ of corti sits, and which separates the scala media from the scala tympani; displacement of the membrane by the traveling wave causes hair cells to be deformed and results in neural impulses related to audition

Which artery supplies most of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres, and is therefore important to speech and language function?

The middle cerebral artery

Incus

The middle ossicle, which forms joints with both the malleus and the stapes

The thyroarytenoid muscle is said by many to consist of two parts including:

The more lateral thyromuscularis muscle and the more medial vocalis muscle

What part of the neuromuscular junction is analogous to a post-synaptic membrane in a central nervous system synapse?

The motor end plate

Contact pressure between two oral-pharyngeal structures is influenced by

The muscular pressure exerted, surface tension between the two structures, and gravity.

Fundamental frequency (F0) is defined as:

The number of vibrations of the vocal folds occurring over a one second interval

The term "glottis" refers to:

The opening between the vocal folds

What is the difference between the pulmonary apparatus and the chest wall?

The pulmonary apparatus is the part of the breathing apparatus that contains air and allows air to be conducted from one place to another so that gases can be exchanged; the chest wall encases the pulmonary apparatus and includes the rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm, and abdominal content

Abdominal pressure (pressure within the abdomen) can be raised by contraction of:

The rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and diaphragm muscles

What are the two major branches of cranial nerve X that innervate the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve

"Shape" of the chest wall is represented by:

The relative sizes of the rib cage wall and abdominal wall

Which part of the volume-pressure diagram shows the way passive forces contribute to alveolar pressure as a function of lung volume?

The relaxation curve

Which aspect of the volume-pressure diagram of the breathing apparatus (Figure 2-16) proves that alveolar pressures that deviate from zero (atmospheric pressure) can be produced without muscular effort?

The relaxation pressure curve shows positive pressure above the resting level of the breathing apparatus, and negative pressures below the resting level of the breathing apparatus

During the sustained vowel, which of the following is the best description of the movements of the chest wall?

The rib cage wall and abdominal wall are moving inward

Why is a much larger movement of the diaphragm-abdominal wall required to displace the same lung volume as a very small movement of the rib cage wall?

The rib cage wall is in contact with a much greater surface area of the lungs as compared to the diaphragm-abdominal wall, therefore smaller rib cage wall movements displace the same lung volume as larger diaphragm-abdominal wall movements

The most significant movement of the cricothyroid joint is:

The rotational movements

Inner hair cells

The single row of cells, extending from base to tip of the cochlea, that are the primary sensory organs for hearing

Pars tensa

The three layer structure that makes up most of the tympanic membrane and contains the middle layer that responds to molecule-sized pressure variations that constitute sound waves.

Rotation at the cricothyroid joint changes the distance between:

The top of the cricoid arch and the bottom of the thyroid laminae

The term "effective mass", when applied to the vocal folds, means that:

The vibration of the vocal folds may be limited to a length of the tissue that is less than their full length

When tracheal pressure overcomes the laryngeal opposing pressure, why is a convergent glottis shape formed early in the cycle of vibration for voice production?

The vocal folds move apart first at the bottom, with the opening continuing toward the top of the folds; this naturally produces a convergent glottis shortly after the beginning of the cycle

Why are there differences in the typical fundamental frequencies of young adult men and women?

The vocal folds of men are longer and more massive than the vocal folds of women

The deepest tissue of the vocal fold is:

The vocalis muscle

One solid piece of evidence that cognitive-linguistic structure of utterances affects the details of speech breathing is:

The volume inspired before an utterance is greater when the following breath group is longer, as compared to shorter

The significance of the costosternal and costoverbral joints is that:

They allow movements of the ribs and therefore of the rib cage wall

What do the sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, and pectoralis major muscles have in common?

They are muscles whose contractions may lift the ribs and/or sternum

What do the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle have in common?

They both have attachments to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage, and their contractions produce the rocking motion at the cricoarytenoid joint (but in opposing directions)

Activation of the cricopharyngeus muscle may cause pressure change within the upper esophageal sphincter.

This muscle is considered by some to be part of the inferior constrictor muscle.

Outer hair cells

Three rows of cells, extending from the base to tip of the cochlea, that serve as the cochlear amplifier

Ribs in the upper part of the thoracic region are attached:

To thoracic vertebrae in the back and to the sternum (via costal cartilage) in front

The part of the pulmonary apparatus that attaches to the larynx is called the:

Trachea

Which anatomical plane shows the anterior-to-posterior extent of the internal capsule

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A muscle whose contraction is likely to produce the sliding motion at the cricoarytenoid joint is the:

Transverse interarytenoid muscle

Cone of light

Triangular light reflection from the tympanic membrane when an otoscope illuminates the external auditory meatus and membrane

Motor and sensory innervation for most of the mandibular muscles comes from the cranial nerve __; One exception is the genioglossus muscle which receives motor innervation from cranial nerve __.

V (trigeminal); I

Bell's palsy is a condition that affects cranial nerve __.

VII (facial)

Motor innervation for most of the lip muscles comes from cranial nerve __.

VII (facial)

In running speech fundamental frequency (F0):

Varies quite a bit and gives the listener an impression of intonation, or the melody of voice

Which of the following statements is true concerning the muscular mechanisms of adjusting fundamental frequency (F0)?

Various intrinsic and possible extrinsic muscles of the larynx can play a role in adjusting F0

The control of tidal breathing is:

Vested in the brainstem

Among the following options, what is the largest lung capacity?

Vital capacity

In a frontal view of the vocal folds (looking into the airway), more or less of the vocal fold tissue at the medial edges may come into contact for full adduction. The amount of left and right vocal fold tissue that comes into contact during adduction can be described as:

Vocal fold thickness

What are the names of the two projections from the base of the arytenoid cartilage?

Vocal process and muscular process

The closest perceptual correlate of the acoustic spectrum of the laryngeal source is:

Voice quality

Motor innervation for most of the tongue muscles comes from cranial nerve __, the exception being the palatoglossus muscle which receives motor innervation from cranial nerve __.

XII (hypoglossal); X (vagus)

Does taste influence the pressures exerted during swallowing?

Yes

The voice source (tone produced at the larynx) is complex and composed of:

a combination of frequencies and sound pressure levels that vary with changes in the magnitude of tracheal air pressure and airflow through the larynx and changes in the adjustment of the vocal folds, such as those that accompany changes in fundamental frequency (pitch), sound pressure level (loudness), and spectrum (quality) of the voice.

Third ventricle:

a flattened, midline part of the ventricular system, roughly at the level of the temporal lobe and posterior base of the frontal lobe. The foramina of Monro drain into the third ventricle. The third ventricle sits between the two thalami, which are often connected through the flattened ventricle by a small band of tissue (the inter-thalamic adhesion).

A high degree of constriction refers to:

a small cross-sectional area of the airway

Changes in the length and cross-sectional dimensions of different regions of the pharyngeal-oral lumen cause changes in the:

acoustic signal that emanates from it

The sound pressure level (intensity) of the voice (correlated with the loudness of the voice) is related to its physical magnitude and is controlled by:

adjustments in tracheal air pressure, laryngeal opposing pressure, laryngeal airway resistance, and laryngeal airflow (that alter the level of excitation provided to the pharyngeal-oral airway), and postural adjustments of the airway that alter radiation impedance.

The mature larynx is subject to modification throughout adulthood as a result of:

aging processes that stiffen it, degrade its joints, decrease its muscle mass, alter its composition, and otherwise make its function less efficient, especially in males.

Vocal fold vibration is self-sustaining because certain conditions exist, including:

alternations in the shape of the glottis (ranging from convergent to divergent), alternations in the intraglottal pressure (ranging from relatively high to relatively low), and the presence of vocal fold tissue recoil force (ranging from lower than intraglottal pressure to higher than the intraglottal pressure).

A decrease in the cross-sectional area of the pharyngeal-oral lumen generally causes:

an increase in airway resistance

Posterior (dorsal) columns:

ascending tracts in the dorso-medial portion of the spinal cord, carrying sensory information on tough, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature from dorsal horn cells to the brainstem

A fiber tract that connects the primary somatosensory cortex in the left hemisphere with Broca's area (in the left hemisphere) is called an:

association tract.

A postsynaptic membrane may be exposed to many excitatory and inhibitory inputs:

at the same time.

Contraction of posterior cricoarytenoid muscles rocks the arytenoid cartilages:

away from the midline

The superior longitudinal, vertical, inferior longitudinal and transverse muscles are intrinsic muscles of the tongue

because their origins and insertions reside INSIDE the tongue

The palatoglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus are extrinsic muscles of the tongue

because their origins reside OUTSIDE the tongue, despite origins inside the tongue

Certain features of the swallow differ with:

body position.

A fiber tract that connects the primary sensory cortex in the left hemisphere to the primary sensory cortex in the right hemisphere is called a:

commissural tract

Dorsal root ganglion:

contains the first sensory synapse for information from sensory receptors in the body; giving off axons headed to the spinal cord. These ganglia are part of the peripheral nervous system (just outside of the spinal cord)

Laryngeal function during running speech activities is complex in that adjustments are made to:

control fundamental frequency, sound pressure level, and spectrum of the voice, to control abduction of the vocal folds for breathing and the delivery of forces downstream of the larynx, and to control actions of the larynx that constitute articulatory behaviors.

Wernicke's area:

cortical area in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (typically left hemisphere), including the posterior planum temporale, often though of as the language-reception center of the cerebral hemispheres

Primary auditory cortex:

cortical area in the upper lip of the superior temporal gyrus, as well as in the "shelf" extending from this upper lip toward the middle of the cerebral hemispheres, containing the basic auditory frequency analysis cells projected from the hair cells through the auditory pathways.

As the mouth increases in size (as the lips move apart), pharyngeal-oral acoustic impedance usually:

decreases.

Anterior corticospinal tract:

descending fibers of corticospinal tract, giving off fibers to make synapses with anterior (ventral) horn cells. Fibers in the anterior corticospinal tract originate in the cortex on the same side as the tract (they are the fibers that do not decussate in the medulla)

Lateral corticospinal tract:

descending fibers of corticospinal tract, giving off fibers to make synapses with anterior (ventral) horn cells. Fibers in the lateral corticospinal tract originate in the cortex of the opposite side, crossing over in the medulla at the decussation of the pyramids

Following a single swallow, it is most common to:

expire

The larynx undergoes relocation and remodeling during a developmental period that:

extends into adolescence and is characterized by sexual dimorphism and a rapid growth spurt in males that lowers their fundamental frequency significantly in relation to females.

During speech production the articulators tend to move:

faster in men than in women.

A single postsynaptic membrane may have neurotransmitter receptors:

for many different neurotransmitters.

Primary motor cortex:

frontal lobe cortex just anterior to the central fissure, containing cells that control muscle contraction; axons from these cells constitute the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts. Cells are arranged somatotopically

The scheme for subdividing the tongue is considered to be a:

functional scheme.

The lowest and highest values that can be produced in fundamental frequency and sound pressure level of the voice are not independent of one another, with the fundamental frequency range being:

greatest in the midrange of sound pressure levels and the sound pressure level range being greatest in the midrange of fundamental frequencies.

Supramarginal gyrus:

gyrus in inferior, posterior parietal cortex, immediately above the sylvian fissure, where processing of word meaning and integration of speech sounds with word meaning is thought to occur.

Angular gyrus:

gyrus in posterior parietal cortex, located at the posterior termination of the sylvian fissure. Thought to be important in processing high-level language functions such as metaphor, as well as mathematical concepts.

The semicircular canals are fluid-filled ducts containing the hair cells that are the sensory receptors for:

head position

The vestibule is a fluid-filled structure that contains the structures (and hair cells) that are sensitive to:

head position relative to the body

The resting pressures in the upper and lower esophageal sphincters are:

higher than the resting pressures in the esophagus and stomach.

Variability in speech production movements:

increases with age in adults.

As the tongue moves upward toward the hard palate, pharyngeal-oral acoustic impedance usually:

increases.

The walls of the laryngopharynx and oropharynx can be moved inward by contraction of the:

inferior constrictor muscle and the middle constrictor muscle.

An infant's pharyngeal-oral apparatus continues to grow at least:

into adolescence and possibly adulthood.

Lateral ventricles:

largest of the paired spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid, extending into all four cerebral hemispheres. The caudate nucleus is at the lateral edge of the body of the lateral ventricles; the reverse-"C" shape of the lateral ventricle is mirrored by the shape of the caudate nucleus. Also, the corpus callosum is just superior to the top part of the lateral ventricle; immediately above the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle is the hippocampus

The duration of speech segments becomes:

longer with age in adults.

After puberty, major laryngeal mutation that occurs after puberty:

lowers the male voice by about an octave

Voice production relies on quasiperiodic vocal fold vibration that is governed by:

nonlinear interaction between an energy source (the breathing apparatus) and the structures being vibrated (the vocal folds).

Recoil force of the speech breathing apparatus is

o Always present o Greater as the breathing apparatus is moved farther from its rest position o Can be either negative (in the inspiratory direction) or positive (in the expiratory direction) o All of the above

Why is a portion of glottis called "membranous", and another portion called "cartilaginous"?

o Because the opening between the vocal folds includes parts between the arytenoid cartilages, and parts between the membranous tissue (epithelium, gel-like tissue, ligamentous tissue and muscle) o Because approximately 60% of the length of the glottis is bounded by non-cartilaginous tissue, with the remaining 40% bounded by cartilaginous tissue o Because the vibrating portion of the vocal folds may include the vocal processes which are part of the arytenoid cartilages o All of the above

Which of the following structures ossify during development from birth through old age?

o Hyoid bone o Thyroid cartilage o Cricoid cartilage o All of the above

What kind of afferent information may affect the volume (depth) and rate of tidal breathing?

o Information on oxygen in the blood and carbon dioxide in the cerebrospinal fluid o Information on the presence of airway irritants o Information on visual and auditory events in the external environment o All of the above

The thyroid cartilage:

o Is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages o Has a depression in the front, called the thyroid notch, where the two lamina of the cartilage meet o Has upward- and downward-directed horns at the back of the lamina o All of the above

Contraction of the cricothyroid muscle:

o Lengthens the vocal fold by increasing the distance between the forward and backward attachment of the fold o Moves the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage away from the thyroid notch o Decreases the distance between the upper edge of the arch of the cricoid cartilage and the lower edge of the thyroid lamina o All of the above

Primary somatosensory cortex:

parietal lobe cortex just posterior to the central fissure, containing cells that receive sensory information via ascending tracts, and ultimately from the thalamus. Cells are arranged somatotopically.

Broca's area (area 44):

posterior, inferior gyrus on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe (typically left hemisphere), thought to be important for the planning of articulatory sequences.

A fiber tract that connects cortical cells with cells in the brainstem is called a:

projection tract.

The fundamental frequency of the voice (correlated with the pitch of the voice) is the:

rate of vocal fold vibration and is controlled by stiffness and effective vibrating mass of the vocal folds, as well as by supporting adjustments of the breathing apparatus.

Males and females show laryngeal differences in voice production differences that have:

roots in different hormonal changes, different rates of ossification and calcification of laryngeal cartilages, different patterns of valving by the vocal folds, and different cultural expectations.

The cochlea is a fluid-filled, coiled structure that contains the hair cells that are the:

sensory organs for hearing

The basal ganglia includes:

several subcortical nuclei, some of which are grouped together. Among these grouped nuclei, the lentiform nucleus includes the putamen and globus pallidus nucleus, and the striatum includes the putamen and caudate nucleus.

Swallowing usually occurs at lung volumes that are:

slightly larger than the resting expiratory level

Articulatory rate and overall speaking rate (inclusive of pauses):

slow with age in adults.

After age 60, swallowing generally becomes:

slower.

The stomach is made up of:

smooth muscle

In general, the forces associated with swallowing are higher and the movements are slower than those associated with:

speaking.

Consonants that involve a stop (obstruction) component include

stop-plosive consonants and affricate consonants

Anterior median fissure:

the anterior fissure, running the length of the spinal cord, that divides the cord into left and right halves

Posterior (dorsal) horn (gray matter):

the back half of the H-pattern of cell bodies (gray matter), seen in a transverse section of the spinal cord, where sensory neurons are located; these cells receive information from peripheral receptors as well as from other spinal cord neurons

Apnea is:

the cessation of breathing

Laryngeal function is concerned mainly with:

the degree of coupling between the trachea and pharynx, protection of the pulmonary airways, containment of the pulmonary air supply, and sound generation.

Fourth ventricle:

the diamond-shaped cavity into which the cerebral aqueduct drains cerebrospinal fluid. Along the superior-to-inferior dimension, the fourth ventricle extends roughly from the middle of the pons to the bottom of the medulla. The ventral wall of the fourth ventricle (the "floor") is the dorsal surface of the pons and medulla, and the posterior wall (the "roof") is the cerebellum. The fourth ventricle is therefore a fluid-filled barrier between the lower brainstem and the cerebellum.

Central fissue (fissure of Rolando):

the fissure (sulcus) that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes; just anterior to the central fissure is the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe, just posterior to the central fissure is the primary somatosensory cortex

Sylvian (lateral) fissure:

the fissure (sulcus) that marks the boundary between the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe anteriorly, and parietal lobe posteriorly

Anterior (ventral) horn (gray matter):

the front half of the H-pattern of cell bodies (gray matter), seen in a transverse section of the spinal cord, where motor neurons are located; these cells send motor nerves to muscles

Laryngeal function for speech production includes:

the generation of transient (very brief duration) utterances, extended sustained utterances (both noise and voice), and running speech activities.

White matter:

the lightly colored tissue surrounding the H-shaped gray matter around the central canal. This white matter consists of fiber tracts conducting impulses in all directions (ascending, descending, cell-to-cell at the same level of the spinal cord)

A bolus is:

the mass of solid substance (food) or volume of liquid to be swallowed

Cerebral aqueduct:

the narrow canal that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle. The top of the canal is at the top of the midbrain and the bottom (where it opens into the fourth ventricle) is roughly at the midpoint of the pons. In the midbrain the cerebral aqueduct separates the posterior part, containing the superior and inferior colliculi, from the anterior part which contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV as well as the substantia nigra and crus cerebri.

Central canal:

the narrow canal that extends from the bottom of the medulla through the spinal cord, through which cerebrospinal fluid flows. The canal is seen in cross-section of any segment of the spinal cord as a small hole surrounded by the anterior and posterior horns of the central gray matter.

The walls of the pharynx can be moved outward by contraction of:

the stylopharyngeus muscles.

The vocal ligament is the thickened upper end of the conus elasticus and runs between:

the thyroid cartilage and the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages.

Abduction of the vocal folds can be produced by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and means that:

the vocal folds are moving away from the midline

Foramen of Monro:

these are small, paired ducts that connect the frontal-lobe part of the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. The foramina are located at the top, forward edge of the thalamus

Ventral roots:

these are the peripheral motor nerves emerging from the spinal cord, with their origin in anterior (ventral) horn motor neurons. The ventral roots run through the ganglia and extend to motor endplates where they innervate muscles

Dorsal roots:

these are the peripheral sensory nerves entering the spinal cord, after a synapse in the dorsal root ganglion (in most cases), which go to the posterior (dorsal) horn to make a synapse with a sensory cell

Other structures that can change the size/shape of the pharyngeal tube are the:

tongue and epiglottis, among others.

Contraction of lateral cricoarytenoid muscles rocks that arytenoid cartilages:

toward the midline

Contraction of the arytenoid muscles pulls the arytenoid cartilages:

towards each other

The effect of bolus temperature on swallowing is

unclear

You can voluntarily increase the pressure exerted during the swallow by:

using more effort.

Pulse, modal, and loft are terms applied to three different voice registers that correspond to three different modes of:

vocal fold vibration and voice qualities encountered when speaking from the lowest to highest fundamental frequencies within the speaking range.

Lowering the mandible can

· Lower the tongue · Lower the lower lip

CN XI

· Motor o Contraction of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

CN IX

· Motor o Contraction of stylo-pharyngeal muscle · Sensory o Taste/sensation to posterior 2/3 of the tongue o Sensation from parts of the ear o Monitoring of chemical and blood gasses

CN VII

· Motor o Contraction of: § Facial muscles § Stapedius muscle o Control of: § Salivary glands · Sensory o Taste (anterior 2/3 of the tongue) o Sensation (external ear)

CN V

· Motor o Contraction of: § Jaw openers and closers § Tensor veli palatini and mylohyoid muscles · Sensory o Tactile to face and tongue o Pain/temperature to face and tongue

CN X

· Motor o Contraction of: § Pharyngeal constrictors § Other pharyngeal muscles § Levator veli muscle § Glossopharyngeus muscle § Smooth muscle of pharynx, larynx, and heart § Intrinsic laryngeal muscles · Sensory o Sensation from § Pharynx § Esophagus § Meninges, heart, and gut § Parts of the ear

CN XII

· Motor o Contractional of all intrinsic muscles of the tongue and all extrinsic muscles of the tongue EXCEPT the glossopharyngeus muscle

Phases of swallowing

· Oral preparatory phase o A solid bolus is masticated o A liquid bolus is contained in the anterior oral cavity o The back of the tongue elevates to separate the oral cavity from the pharyngeal cavity · Oral transport phase o The velum begins to elevate o The bolus moves toward the pharynx · Pharyngeal transport phase o The velopharynx closes o The constrictor muscles contact sequentially o The upper esophageal sphincter begins to open o The larynx elevates and closes o The epiglottis moves backward and downward · Esophageal transport phase o The bolus moves by peristalsis o The bolus enters the upper esophageal sphincter

CN VIII

· Sensory o Audition o Vestibular

Describe three movements of the mandible made possible by the temporomandibular joint

· Upward and downward (hinge-like) o Upward § Internal pterygoid § Masseter § Temporalis o Downward § External pterygoid § Geniohyoid § Digastric (anterior belly) § Mylohyoid · Left and right (gliding) o Internal pterygoid o External pterygoid o Masseter o Temporalis · Forward and backward (gliding) o Forward § External pterygoid o Backward § Masseter § Temporalis

Upper lip muscles

· Upward movement o Levator labii superiorus o Levator labii superiorus nasi (lip segment) o Zygomatic minor · Downward movement o Orbicularis oris o Depressor anguli oris · Evert (outward) movement o Levator labii superiorus

Lower lip muscles

· Upward movement o Orbicularis oris o Mentalis o Levator anguli oris · Downward movement o Depressor labii inferiorus o Platysma · Evert (outward) movement o Depressor labii inferiorus o Mentalis

Mouth corner muscles

· Upward movement o Orbicularis oris o Zygomatic major o Zygomatic minor o Levator anguli oris o Incisivus labii superiorus · Downward movement o Orbicularis oris o Depressor anguli oris o Incisivus labii inferiorus o Platysma · Upward and sideways o Orbicularis oris o Zygomatic major o Levator anguli oris · Downward and sideways o Orbicularis oris o Platysma · Backward and sideways o Orbicularis oris o Buccinator o Risorius o Zygomatic major o Levator anguli oris o Platysma · Upward and inward o Orbicularis oris o Incisivus labii inferiorus · Inward and toward midline o Orbicularis oris o Incisivus labii superiorus o Incisivus labii inferiorus

Which six cranial nerves are important for swallowing (provide number and name)?

· V (trigeminal) · VII (facial) · IX (glossopharyngeal) · X (vagus) · XI (accessory) · XII (hypoglossal)

Coarticulation

· the influence of one sound on another · forward (right-to-left) coarticulation o /t/ in two · Backward (left-to-right) coarticulation o /s/ is caboose