A&P PPT &HW

identify structures of vertebrae

-body -lamina -vertebral foramen

Abnormal curvatures of the spine. Which letter in this image designates an abnormal spinal curvature called scoliosis? [Be prepared to identify all labeled abnormal spine curvatures in the image on upcoming exams]

A

The calcaneus bone is the site of attachment of the calcaneal tendon. The calcaneal tendon is also known as the

Achilles tendon

Part B Bone is a type of connective tissue, with specialized cells embedded in a matrix. What does the matrix of bone consist of?

Approximately two-thirds of the weight of bone is composed primarily of calcium salts that form hard, brittle crystals of hydroxyapatite. The other major component of the bony matrix is the collagen fibers that provide tensile strength to bone. The majority of individuals with OI have a defective gene that codes for collagen produced by osteoblasts; they produce either defective or insufficient type I collagen fibers in the bone matrix.

Abnormal Bone Development A variety of endocrine or metabolic problems can result in characteristic skeletal changes. In pituitary growth failure, inadequate production of growth hormone leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones. This condition is becoming increasingly rare in the United States, because children can be treated with synthetic human growth hormone. Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty (Photo a). (The world record for height is 272 cm, or 8 ft, 11 in. It was reached by Robert Wadlow, of Alton, Illinois, who died at age 22 in 1940. Wadlow weighed 216 kg, or 475 lb.) If the growth hormone level rises abnormally after epiphyseal cartilages close, the skeleton does not grow longer. Instead, bones get thicker, especially in the face, jaw, and hands. Cartilage growth and alterations in soft-tissue structure lead to changes in physical features, such as the contours of the face. These physical changes take place in the disorder called acromegaly (ak-roh-MEG-ah-lē). Several inherited metabolic conditions that affect many systems influence the growth and development of the skeletal system. These conditions produce characteristic variations in body proportions. For example, many individuals with Marfan's syndrome are very tall and have long, slender limbs (Photo b). The cause is excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages. The underlying mutation affects the structure of connective tissue throughout the body, and commonly causes cardiovascular events such as the sudden death of athletes during strenuous athletic contests. Part A How is giantism similar to acromegaly?

Both disorders result from abnormal cartilage and soft tissue growth.

Part B ABCDE is an easy mnemonic device that is used while inspecting suspicious moles for indicators of skin cancer. Which of the following letters is NOT correctly matched with its definition?

D = density

Shin Splints What do a runner, dancer, and military recruit have in common? The possibility of a painful stress injury of the tibia called shin splints. Muscles and tendons of the lower leg pull on bone when workout intensity increases, and inflammation is often the result. The tender, mildly swollen shin responds well to rest, ice, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Proper stretching and new shoes also help, as does cross training to vary the impact on the leg. Too much too soon is too hard on the tibia! Shin splints occur as a result of pulled tendons and muscles of the lower leg. What is the best way to avoid shin splints?

Gradually build up the workout schedule and do more cross training in order to avoid doing too much too fast.

Alex's mom has been waiting in the emergency room for over two hours since her son was wheeled off to x-ray. Poor Alex had been carried home from third-grade soccer practice. The coach said she had not witnessed the injury, but it seemed that Alex had twisted and fallen without even having contact with another player. He was unable to bear weight on his left lower leg. A handsome young man, not wearing a white coat, approaches her. "Mrs. Otero, I am the hospital social worker. I am here to speak with you about your son, Alex. Alex has an acute fracture of his tibia and fibula—the bones in his lower leg—but he also has two healed rib fractures and a healing fracture of his upper arm as well. We fear he has been the victim of child abuse, so he is being admitted until we can investigate further." Mrs. Otero is dumbfounded by the suggestion of child abuse. She knows that no one at home has hurt him. Alex had complained about shoulder pain after playing on the monkey bars a few weeks ago, but she had not suspected his upper arm was broken. She considered Alex to be a lot like her. Both were somewhat fragile and prone to breaking bones, although she had not had any more fractures since she was married. They both had soft, discolored teeth. And, oddly enough, the whites of their eyes had a blue tint. Part A Alex and his mother both suffer from osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which means the imperfect formation of bone. Which bone cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?

Osteoblasts are the bone cells that produce new bone matrix.

Your Skin, A Mirror of Your Health Your Skin, A Mirror of Your Health Changes in skin color, tone, and overall condition commonly reveal disease. Such changes can assist in the diagnosis of conditions involving other systems. A contusion, or bruise, for example, is a swollen, discolored area where blood has leaked through vessel walls. Extensive bruising without any obvious cause may indicate a blood-clotting disorder. Yellowish skin and mucous membranes may signify jaundice, which generally indicates some type of liver disorder. The general condition of the skin can also be significant. In addition to color changes, changes in the flexibility, elasticity, dryness, or sensitivity of the skin commonly follow malfunctions in other organ systems. Skin color may have a diagnostic function. Imagine one of your friends has an obvious orange tint to her skin. What would be a logical conclusion of your observation

She may have a real taste for consuming carrots.

Hip Fracture A hip fracture, or a "broken hip," actually involves the femur, not a hip bone. The two types of hip fractures are femoral neck fractures and intertrochanteric fractures. In a femoral neck fracture, the femoral head is separated from the femur (and its blood supply). There is no disconnection to the blood supply in an intertrochanteric fracture. As a result, such fractures may be repaired with a metal plate and screws. Which is NOT a likely explanation for the increased occurrence of hip fractures in the elderly? Bone density decreases with age. The proximal epiphysis of the femur has a preponderance of spongy bone, which is weaker than compact bone. There is a reduced ability to balance that often accompanies old age. Osteoporosis reduces the ability of bone to be effectively remodeled.

The proximal epiphysis of the femur has a preponderance of spongy bone, which is weaker than compact bone.

Identify the right scapula structure labeled "F". [Be prepared to identify all labeled scapula structures in this image on upcoming exams]

acromion

Skin Cancer Almost everyone has several benign (be-NĪN; noncancerous) tumors of the skin. Moles and warts are common examples. However, skin cancers, which can be more dangerous, are the most common form of cancer. An actinic keratosis, a precancerous scaly area on the skin, is an indication that sun damage has occurred. In untreated individuals, it can lead to squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, basal cell carcinoma, a cancer that originates in the stratum basale is the most common skin cancer. About two-thirds of these cancers appear in body areas subjected to chronic UV exposure. Researchers have identified genetic factors that predispose people to this condition. Squamous cell carcinomas are less common, but are almost totally restricted to areas of sun-exposed skin. Metastasis (spread to distant body sites) seldom occurs in treated squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas, and most people survive these cancers. The usual treatment involves the surgical removal of the tumor, and 95 percent of patients survive for five years or longer after treatment. (This statistic, the five-year survival rate, is a common method of reporting long-term outcomes.) Unlike these common and seldom life-threatening cancers, malignant melanomas (mel-ah-NŌ-muz) are extremely dangerous. In this condition, cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system and/or blood vessels. The outlook for long-term survival is in many cases determined by how early the condition is diagnosed. If the cancer is detected early, while it is still localized, the five-year survival rate is 99 percent. If it is not detected until extensive metastasis has occurred, the survival rate drops to 14 percent. To detect melanoma at an early stage, you must examine your skin, and you must know what to look for. The mnemonic ABCDE makes it easy to remember this cancer's key characteristics: A is for asymmetry: One half of a melanoma is unlike the other half. Typically, they are raised; they may also ooze or bleed. B is for border: The border of a melanoma is generally irregular, and in some cases notched. C is for color: A melanoma is generally mottled, with any combination of tan, brown, black, red, pink, white, and blue tones. D is for diameter: Melanomas are usually more than 6 mm in diameter, or approximately the area covered by a pencil eraser. E is for evolving: Benign lesions look the same over time. Any change in size, shape, or color signals possible melanoma. Part A Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers and they range from benign to malignant. Which of the following types of skin cancers is considered the most common but also the LEAST dangerous?

basal cell carcinoma

Part B Some burn victims benefit from skin grafts cultured from their own skin cells. Which skin cells are the most likely candidates for such a culture?

basal cells

Which bone is the heel of the human foot?

calcaneus

Club Foot The arches of the foot are usually present at birth. Sometimes, however, they fail to develop properly. In club foot (congenital talipes equinovarus), abnormal muscle development distorts growing bones and joints. One or both feet may be involved. The condition can be mild, moderate, or severe. In most cases, the tibia, ankle, and foot are affected. The longitudinal arch is exaggerated, and the feet are turned medially and inverted. If both feet are involved, the soles face one another. This condition affects 1 in 1000 births and is twice as common in boys as girls. Prompt treatment with casts or other supports in infancy helps alleviate the problem. Fewer than half the cases require surgery. Part A A more convex longitudinal arch partly characterizes a foot deformity called congenital talipes equinovarus. Which two bones are tied together by ligaments and tendons to maintain this arch?

calcaneus and metatarsals

Which spinal curve develops as the infant learns to support the head?

cervical

Identify the vertebral column region/curve labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled vertebral structures in this image on upcoming exams]

coccygeal region

Craniostenosis Malformation of the skull resulting from craniostenosis (krā-nē-ō-sten-Ō-sis; stenosis, narrowing), the premature closure of cranial fontanelles. As the brain continues to enlarge, the rest of the skull distorts to accommodate it. A long and narrow head is produced by early closure of the sagittal suture. A very broad skull results if the coronal suture forms prematurely. Early closure of all cranial sutures restricts the development of the brain, and surgery must be performed to prevent brain damage. If brain enlargement stops because of genetic or developmental abnormalities, however, skull growth ceases as well. This condition, which results in an undersized head, is called microcephaly (mī-krō-SEF-uh-lē; micro-, small + cephalon, head). When fontanelles close prematurely, the skull shape becomes distorted. This condition is known as craniostenosis. If the anterior fontanelle closes prematurely, which of the following sutures is most likely involved?

coronal suture

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome The carpal bones articulate with one another at joints that permit limited sliding and twisting. Ligaments interconnect the carpal bones and help stabilize the wrist joint. The tendons of muscles that flex the fingers pass across the anterior surface of the wrist. These tendons are sandwiched between the intercarpal ligaments and a broad, superficial transverse ligament called the flexor retinaculum. Inflammation of the connective tissues between the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones can compress the tendons and the adjacent median nerve. The result is pain, weakness, and reduced wrist mobility. This condition, called carpal tunnel syndrome, is common in occupations that require repetitive wrist motion. Many students complain about severe wrist pain after typing yet another multiple-page report. This pain is the hallmark of carpal tunnel syndrome, which is an inflammation of connective tissue due to repeated movement. Which of the following structures is NOT involved in this disorder?

extensor retinaculum

Identify the bone at the end of the arrow.

fibula

The acetabulum articulates with the

head of the femur

Identify the radius/ulna structure labeled "J". [Be prepared to identify all labeled radius/ulna structures in this image on upcoming exams]

head of the ulna

Part D Alex had incurred previous fractures that were already in the process of healing when he went to the emergency room for his current injury. What is the correct sequence of events in the repair of a fracture?

hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation Initially, there will be swelling of the bone at the original site of the fracture; however, osteoclasts and osteoblasts will remodel the region until little evidence of the fracture remains.

The only bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone is the ______ bone.

hyoid

Part B Marfan's syndrome is a disorder associated with excessive growth in length of limbs and digits, giving the afflicted individual a tall and lanky appearance. What is the clinical term for bone growth in length?

interstitial growth

Which 3 bones are fused together to form the pelvic bone?

ischium, ilium, pubis

Identify the thoracic cage structure labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled thoracic cage structures in this image on upcoming exams]

jugular notch

Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis The vertebral column must move, balance, and support the trunk and head. Conditions or events that damage the bones, muscles, and/or nerves can result in distorted shapes and impaired function. Kyphosis (ki-FO-sis; kyphos, humpbacked, bent) is an abnormal posterior exaggeration of the thoracic curvature, producing a "round-back" appearance (Photo a). This condition can be caused by (1) osteoporosis with compression fractures affecting the anterior portions of vertebral bodies, (2) chronic contractions in muscles that insert on the vertebrae, or (3) abnormal vertebral growth.In lordosis (lor-DO-sis; lordosis, a bending backward), or "swayback," both the abdomen and buttocks protrude abnormally (Photo b). The cause is an anterior exaggeration of the lumbar curvature. This may occur during pregnancy or result from abdominal obesity or weakness in the muscles of the abdominal wall. Scoliosis (skō-lē-Ō-sis; scoliosis, crookedness) is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more of the movable vertebrae (Photo c). Scoliosis is the most common spinal curvature abnormality. This condition may result from damage to vertebral bodies during development or from muscular paralysis affecting one side of the back (as in some cases of polio). In many cases, the cause of the abnormal spinal curvature is not known. Idiopathic (of no known cause) scoliosis generally appears in girls during adolescence, when periods of growth are most rapid. Small curves may later stabilize once growth is complete. For larger curves, bracing may prevent progression. Severe cases can be treated through surgical straightening with implanted metal rods or cables. School nurses provide scoliosis clinics to screen grade-school children. Part A Compression fractures associated with osteoporosis of vertebral bodies can distort the normal thoracic curvature of the vertebral column in a posterior direction. Such a distortion is called __________.

kyphosis

When a person has an abnormal spine curvature called ___________, their head and shoulders are positioned forward, but if their stomach muscles are slacked, have hyperextended knees, and flat feet, they most likely have an abnormal spine curvature called ___________.

kyphosis/lordosis

Identify the adult human skull structure labeled "C". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]

lambdoid suture

Part B In some individuals, body fat accumulates almost exclusively in the belly region. Because of the enlarged belly, the individual has a swayback appearance. The clinical term for this distortion of the vertebral curvature is called __________.

lordosis

In scientific terms, the three auditory ossicles are called the ______, ______, and _____.

malleus; incus; stapes

Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a movable joint between each temporal bone and the mandible. This joint allows your jaw to move whil e you chew or talk. The disadvantage of such mobility is that forceful forward or lateral movement can dislocate the jaw. The connective tissue sheath, or capsule, that surrounds the joint is relati vely loose. A pad of fibrocartilage separates the opposing bone surfaces. In TMJ syndrome, the mandible is pulled slightly out of alignment, generally by spasms in one of the jaw muscles. The person has facial pain that radiates around the ear on the affected side and cannot open the mouth fully. TMJ syndrome is a repeating cycle of muscle spasm → misalignment → pain → muscle spasm. It has been linked to involuntary behaviors, such as grinding the teeth during sleep (bruxism), and to emotional stress. Treatment focuses on breaking the cycle of muscle spasm and pain. Applying heat to the affected joint and using anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, or both, may help. If teeth grinding is suspected, special mouth guards may be worn during sleep. During a particularly stressful point in her life, a student suddenly developed a disorder called temporomandibular joint syndrome. As a result, she frequently experiences pain and grinds her teeth during sleep. Which two bone markings are directly involved in this disorder?

mandibular fossa and condylar process

When an irritant or allergen, such as pepper, pollen, or dust, is introduced into the nasal passages, our bodies work to remove it, often by sneezing. The sneeze expel s the irritant out with the air. Small particles or milder irritants may trigger mucus production by the epithelium of the paranasal sinuses. The mucus stream flushes the nasal surfaces clean, often removi ng irritants. In allergic rhinitis (ri-NI-tus), an overactive immune response to an allergen causes excessive mucosal swelling, mucus production, and sneezing. A sinus infection is another matter entirely. A viral, bacterial, or fungal infection produces an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. As the membrane swells, the small passageways called ostia within the paranasal sinuses n arrow. Mucus drains more slowly, the sinuses fill, and the person experiences headaches and pressure within the facial bones. This condition is called sinusitis. The maxillary sinuses are commonly i nvolved. Sinusitis pain relief is the basis of a large over-the-counter drug market in the United States. The active ingredients in these drugs dry the epithelial linings, reduce pain, and restrict further swelling. A nondrug remedy is the neti (NEH-te) pot. To use this small teapot-shaped vessel, fill it with warm saltwater and gently pour into your nostrils while your head is tilted over the sink. The saltwater fl ows through your nasal cavity, irrigating the nasal passages, and out the other nostril. The process is repeated on the other side. Chronic (long-term) sinusitis may accompany chronic allergies. It may also occur as the result of a deviated nasal septum, in which the cartilaginous structure dividing the nasal is bent. Septal deviation often blocks the drainage of one or more sinuses, producing chronic cycles of infection and inflammation. Part A Sinusitis, an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, is brought on by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. The most commonly affected paranasal sinuses are the most inferior ones, which are called __________

maxillary sinuses

Identify the right tibia and fibula structure labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled tibia/fibula structures in this image on upcoming exams] Group of answer choices

medial malleolus

Name the bone structure indicated by the arrow.

medullary cavity

Identify the bone of the adult human skull labeled "J". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]

mental foramen

Stress Fractures Running is beneficial to overall health but places the foot bones under more stress than does walking. Stress fractures are hairline fractures that develop in bones subjected to repeated shocks or impacts. Stress fractures of the foot usually involve one of the metatarsals. These fractures are caused either by improper placement of the foot while running or by poor arch support. In a fitness regime that includes street running, proper support for the bones of the foot is essential. An entire running-shoe market has arisen around the amateur and professional runner's need for good arch support. Stress fractures due to running primarily affect the metatarsals. Which of the following bones does NOT articulate with the metatarsals?

navicular

The _________ of the ulna forms the point of your elbow.

olecranon

Part B While skateboarding, a young person suffered a fracture of the nose that resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones or bone markings is most likely attended to during corrective surgery following this accident?

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

In scientific terms, the thumb is the _________, and the big "great" toe is the __________.

pollex; hallux

Identify the adult pelvis structure labeled "H". [Be prepared to identify all labeled pelvic structures on upcoming exams]

pubis

The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the __________.

reticular layer

Which of the following rib descriptions is FALSE? rib pairs 11-12 are called "floating ribs" rib pairs 8-10 are called vertebrochondral ribs rib pairs 8-12 are called "false ribs" rib pairs 1-8 are called vertebrosternal ribs

rib pairs 1-8 are called vertebrosternal ribs

Which suture separates the right and left parietal bones?

sagittal

An abnormal lateral ("side-to-side") curvature of the spine is called _________, When this curvature occurs for an unknown reason, it is referred to as ___________. Group of answer choices

scoliosis; idiopathic

Burns and Grafts Burns are common injuries that result from skin exposure to heat, friction, radiation, electrical shock, or strong chemical agents. In evaluating burns in a clinical setting, two key factors must be determined: the depth of the burn and the percentage of skin surface area that has been burned. In a first-degree burn or partial-thickness burn, only the surface of the epidermis is damaged. In this type of burn, which includes most sunburns, the skin reddens and can be painful. The redness, a sign called erythema (er-i-THE-muh), results from inflammation of the sun-damaged tissues. In a second-degree burn or partial-thickness burn, the entire epidermis and perhaps some of the dermis are damaged. Hair follicles and glands are usually not affected, but blistering, pain, and swelling occur. If the blisters rupture, infection can easily develop. Healing typically takes one to two weeks, and some scar tissue may form. Third-degree burns, or full-thickness burns, destroy the epidermis and dermis, extending into the subcutaneous layer. Despite swelling, these burns are less painful than second-degree burns, because sensory nerves are destroyed. These burns cannot repair themselves, because granulation tissue cannot form and epithelial cells cannot cover the injury site. Skin grafting is usually necessary. Estimation of Surface Burn Area: A simple method for estimating burn area is the rule of nines. The surface area in adults is divided into multiples of 9 and then the damaged regions are totaled. This rule is modified for children because their body proportions are different. The depth of the burn can be assessed quickly with a pin. Because loss of sensation indicates a full-thickness burn, no reaction to a pin prick indicates a third-degree burn. Burns and Skin Function: Burns that cover more than 20 percent of the skin surface threaten life, because they affect the following functions: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Fluid and electrolytes are lost because the skin is no longer an effective barrier. In second-degree burns, fluid loss may reach five times the normal level. Protection from Infection: Widespread infection (sepsis) can result. Increased fluid loss causes increased cooling by evaporation. As a result, more energy must be used to maintain normal body temperature. Protection from Infection: Widespread infection (sepsis) can result. Part A In a second-degree burn, the entire epidermis and perhaps some of the dermis are damaged. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a second-degree burn?

skin grafts

Identify the structure of the adult human skull labeled "A". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]

sphenoid

Name the vertebral process indicated by the arrow.

spinous

Melanocytes __________.

store melanin in melanosomes

In which layer of the skin are melanocytes found? (Figure 5-8)

stratum basale

What is the classification of this bone according to its shape?

sutural

Nips, Tucks and Shots Nips, Tucks, and Shots According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, millions of cosmetic procedures are performed every year in the United States. The most common cosmetic surgery sought by men is rhinoplasty (nose reshaping); for women, it is breast augmentation. Rhinoplasty can improve the appearance of the nose or relieve breathing problems. Remodeling of bone and cartilage can be done through an open (external) incision or endonasally (inside the nose). Breast augmentation and reconstruction following breast cancer surgery now use shaped implants made of silicone or saline that more closely resemble the look and feel of the natural breast. However, implants can make it harder to obtain a clear image of the breast during mammography screening. "Nips and tucks" remove excess skin and underlying fat in the face, chin, back of the arm, belly, buttocks, and thighs. Abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) reduces loose abdominal skin after multiple pregnancies or significant weight loss. A visible scar remains across the lower abdomen. Liposuction removes subcutaneous adipose tissue through a tube inserted deep to the skin while the person is anesthetized. Liposuction might sound like an easy way to remove unwanted fat, but in practice, it can be dangerous. There are risks from anesthesia, and bleeding (adipose tissue is quite vascular), sensory deficits, infection, and fluid loss can also occur. Other popular cosmetic procedures are minimally invasive and can be done in the outpatient setting with local anesthesia. For example, millions of botulinum toxin A (Botox) shots are given annually to reduce wrinkles. Botox weakens muscles by blocking the signals from nerves to those muscles. Dermal fillers, such as hyaluronic acid or collagen, are injected to plump up sagging skin. However, the effects of these fillers are short lived because the fillers are cleared by dermal macrophages. Which of the following layers is targeted by liposuction?

the hypodermis

Part C There currently is no cure for OI, and treatments are often aimed at preventing or controlling symptoms. One common treatment is rodding surgery, where a metal rod is inserted into a long bone to strengthen and prevent deformity. Using what you know about the structure of a typical long bone, what part of the long bone is the most likely place for this rod to be inserted?

the medullary cavity of the diaphysis The medullary cavity is a central space inside the diaphysis and is where the rods are inserted during rodding surgery.

Decubitus Ulcers Problems with dermal circulation affect both the epidermis and the dermis. An ulcer is a localized shedding of an epithelium. Decubitus (dē-KYŪ-bih-tus) ulcers, or bedsores, affect patients whose circulation is restricted, especially when a splint, a cast, or lying in bed continuously compresses superficial blood vessels. Such sores most commonly affect the skin covering joints or bony prominences, where dermal blood vessels are pressed against deeper structures. The chronic lack of circulation kills epidermal cells, removing a barrier to bacterial infection. Eventually, dermal tissues deteriorate as well. The prevention and care of bedsores is an expertise of nursing. Prevention entails frequently changing the patient's position. Treatment involves the use of hyperbaric (high-pressure) oxygen to deliver maximum oxygen to blood traveling through compressed tissues. Healthy skin cells require a constant supply of blood. In decubitus ulcers, or bed sores, this blood supply is hindered because superficial blood vessels are compressed. Which layer(s) of the skin hold(s) such compressed blood vessels?

the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis

Identify the vertebra structure labeled "B". [Be prepared to identify all labeled vertebral structures in this image on upcoming exams]

transverse process

Identify the bone of the adult human skull labeled "I". [Be prepared to identify all labeled skull structures in this image on upcoming exams]

vomer