A&P Test

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called

an all or none response

Neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cell by

repute into the presynaptic neuron, diffusion out of the synaptic cleft, uptake into astrocytes surround the synaptic cleft, inanition by enzymes such as monomaniac oxidase inhibitors

Each voltage gated NA+ ion channels has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

both activation and inactivation gates are open

The perineurium

bundles axons into fascicles

White matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons

Mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors

The gray matter on the outer surface of there cerebrum is called the

cortex

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

As the strength of a stimulus is increased, the

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases

The center sulcus separates the

frontal and parietal lobe

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia

The following are all parts of a neuron except?

ganglia

The reflex that prevents excessive mention in a muscle is the

golgi tendon reflex

The autonomic nervous system

has two sets of neurons in a series

Axons

have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals or terminal bulbs

The absolute refractory period ends when

inactivation gates of voltage gated NA+ ion channels reopen

The midbrain develops from the embryonic region called the

mesencephalon

Which of the following is mismatched? 2

microglia- provide support for the neuron cell body

When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron.

spatial summation occurs

The junction between two neurons is a

syapse

The autonomic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity (fight or flight).

sympatheic

The lateral fissure separates the _ from the rest of the cerebrum

temporal lobe

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

temporal occurs

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the relay center called the

thalamus

The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the post central gyrus

The sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

Hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve?

vestibulocochlear

An IPSP is inhibitory because

it hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane

There are__ pairs of spinal nerves and _ pairs of cranial nerves

31;12

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla obligate?

It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter

Which of the following statement regarding neuroglia is false?

Neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles

Th short period of time that an action potential can not happen?

absolute refactory period

Which of the following activities is not associated with the cerebrum

acting as a control center of the autonomic nervous system

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called

adaptation

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the

arbor vitae

Microglia

are phagocytic cells in the CNS

Dendrites

are the input part of the neuron

Which of the following events in NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

as sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative

A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood brain barrier is the

astrocytes

Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

axillary

The substance nigra interconnects with the

basal nuclei or striatum

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

cannot produce another action potential

Neurotransmitters

cause the production of local (graded) potentials in the postsynaptic membrane

Most protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

cell bodies

Which of the following is responsible for conscious thoughts?

central nervous system

Nerves fibers in the phrenic nerves that innervated the diaphragm arise primarily from what plexuses?

cervical

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)can result from the influx of

chloride ions

The cerebral medulla

consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

control the heart rate

When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a singe postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a _pathway is formed?

convergent

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys actions potential to the CNS

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is partially due to the

decussation of the pyramid in the medulla

Which of the following situation occurs in electrically editable cells?

depolarization causes voltage gated sodium ion channels to open

The branch of a spinal nerve that innervated deep muscle along the vertebral column is the

dorsal ramus

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as

dorsal root

Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the

ependymal cell

If a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one leg, the crossed extensor reflex causes

extension of the opposite leg

The withdrawl reflex tend to bring the body towards

fetal position

Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

A local (graded) potential

increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis to pituitary gland is the

infundibulum

The basal nuclei funtion to

inhibit unwanted muscular activity

What are the nerve fibers that connect the two loves of the thalamus and pass through the third ventricle?

intermediate mass

A neuromodulator

is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a

local (graded) potenial

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

medulla oblogata

The branchial plexus supplies nerves that function contract which of the following

muscle of the arm and forearm

Using the bicep branchii to flex the forearm requires innervation of the_nerve?

musculocutaneous

The gaps in the myelination of myelinated axons are

node of ranvier

Adduction of the thigh involves the

obturator nerve

An action potential

occurs when the local (graded) potential reaches threshold level

Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form

oscillatory circuits

Which division of the autonomic nervous system regulates resting and vegetative function such as digesting food or tempting of the urinary bladder?

parasympatheic

What is and extensive network of axons, and sometime neuron cell bodies, located outside CNS?

plexus

Neurotransmitters are release from the

presynaptic terminal

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the

presynaptic terminals or terminal bulbs

The adaptive signifiancae of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a sharp object is to

preven the person from falling down

The ability to localize the position of body parts is called

proprioception

Extending forearm, wrist, and fingers requires innervation of the _ nerve.

radial

what are function of the nervous system?

receiving sensory input, controlling muscles and gands, maintaining homestasis, establishing mental activity

A decrease in the number of voltage gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

reduce or inhibit exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synapse

Reciprocal innervation

reinforces the withdrawal reflex by relaxing the antagonistic muscles

Which of the following is mismatched? 3

ruffini's end organs- temperature

What kind of cells are NOT park of the glia of the CNS?

schwann cells

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axons, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

A neuron that contains pain sensation to the central nervous system would be classifies as a

sensory or afferent neruron

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate

Which of the following is mismatched? 1

somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS

Cerebrospinal fluid fills the

subarachnoid space

The part of the brain that controls the reflex of turning you hear towards a sudden bright light, loud sound, or someone grabbing you is the

superior colliculi

What do astrocytes do?

support neurons, promote neuroinflammation, regulate extracellular brain fluid composition, uptake neurotransmitters from the synapse

The optic nerve

transmits action potentials from the retina

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.

ulnar

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

vagus nerve

The motor root of a spinal nerves is also referred to as the

ventral root

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the

ventricles of the brain

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?

whether threshold is reached or not