A&P Test 4 Chapter 13

An atom with 3 electrons in its outermost (valence) shell may have a total of ________ electrons altogether.

13

We are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacteria, and bacteria are found in the pools we swim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on our skin?

> The low PH of the skin secretions retards the multiplication of bacteria on the skin. > Not all bacteria are harmful or thrive on the skin >Many bacteria are killed by bactericidal substances in the sebum and sweat. >ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective. A) The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium. B) The extremely thin tissue (simple squamous epithelium) of the lungs allows for the quick diffusion of respiratory gases into and out of the body. C) The direction of blood flow through the heart is directed by one way valves. D) The cell-to-cell connections between heart (cardiac) muscle cells are strong. They hold the tissue together for a life time of forceful contractions.

A) The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.

Which statement best describes connective tissue? A) usually contains a large amount of matrix B) typically arranged in a single layer of cells C) primarily concerned with secretion D) usually lines a body cavity

A. Usually contains a large amount of matrix

The bones in the skull have many different names but what are the boundaries of each bone? Where do they start and stop?

Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures.

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? A) amount of mineral salts in the bone B) presence of osteoblasts in the bone C) sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules D) amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone

C) sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell? A) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. B) Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane. C) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane D) Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell.

C. Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes: A) Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. B) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a virtual space between the two. C) Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart. D) Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid.

C. Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart.

Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished? A) movement B) responsiveness C) growth D) digestion

C. growth

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? A) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis B) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles C) help in the formation of cell membranes D) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood

C. help formation of cell membranes

Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Explain why this patient would be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection.

Ciliated cells that live in the respiratory tract propel mucus, laden with dust particles and bacteria, upward and away from the lungs. If the cilia are paralyzed, bacteria remain in the lungs and may cause infection.

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

Cornified keratinocytes

Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. B) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? A) H2O B) NaCl C) NaOH D) CH4

D. CH4

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? A) systemic anatomy B) cardiovascular anatomy C) systemic physiology D) cardiovascular physiology

D. cardiovascular physiology

Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? A) Some enzymes are purely protein. B) Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor. C) Each enzyme is chemically specific. D) Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation.

D. enzymes work by raising the energy of activation

Which of the following does NOT describe uses for the ATP molecule? A) chemical work B) mechanical work C) transport across membranes D) pigment structure

D. pigament structure

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched? A) keratinocytes — provide sense of touch and pressure B) melanocytes —protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays C) dendritic cells — activate the immune system D) tactile cells — protection

Dendritic cells-activate immune system

Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

How can DNA be used to "fingerprint" a suspect in a crime?

Everybody has a different fingerprint because the sequence and fragmentation pattern of a person's DNA is unique to the individual.

T/F: Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.

False

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?

Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure.

Hydrogen Bond

At of age of 6 months, Caleb was diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. As his primary care physician, what would you tell his parents about this disease?

It is an inherited condition where various chemicals are broken down in the brain by a lysosome. Unfortunately, because of the buildup of undigested nerve cell lipids, the symptoms of listlessness and motor weakness will progress to mental retardation, seizures, blindness, and ultimately death.

Johnny fractured the lower third of his right tibia in a skiing accident. The soft tissues in the area were severely damaged and their surgical removal was necessary. After prolonged immobilization, it was found that Johnny was healing very poorly. The explanation offered by the orthopedic surgeon was that vascularization of the fracture site was still inadequate and good healing was absolutely dependent upon an adequate blood supply. Describe how a long bone receives its blood supply and trace the path of nutrient delivery to the osteocytes.

Long bones are nourished by nutrient arteries that frequently enter the shaft. Removal of the soft tissues probably reduced the flow of blood to the affected area. The pathway requires transport of nutrients from blood vessels to periosteum to Volkmann's canals to Haversian canals to canaliculi to lacunae.

The organelle that facilitates peptic bond formation between amino acids.

Microtubules

A bond in which electrons are shared equally.

Nonpolar covalent bond

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the likely diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?

The child most likely has rickets, a condition caused by poor diet, especially one deficient in vitamin D. The parents were told to increase her intake of calcium and vitamin D and to make sure that she gets some sunshine every day.

John, a younger teenager, notices that he is experiencing a lot of pimples and blackheads, which frequently become infected. What is causing this problem?

The hormonal changes are causing the sebaceous glands to become over active, resulting in them becoming clogged and infected.

Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury.

The increased availability of nutrients allows microorganisms to replicate. The skin and mucous membranes are body's first line of defense and are mostly impenetrable to microorganisms, unless broken or damaged by tissue injury.

Sara is giving birth to her first child. She is concerned that her labor is taking longer than she thought it would. Why does giving birth usually take time for the contractions to proceed to the point when the child is born?

The positive feedback loop has to kick in, which enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. The loop increases the levels of oxytocin, which will cause the contractions to increase in Sara.

John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system?

The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to reach the lungs.

How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae?

The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.

A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?

There are vital organs in the abdomen and there is not a lot of protection, such as a pelvis, cranium, or ribs.

T/F: Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.

True

A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Explain the critical role of water to maintain homeostasis.

Water is essential for humans and helps us maintain homeostasis. About 60% to 80% of our cells are made up of water. This man's homeostasis was disrupted when he lost a large amount of water through perspiration (sweat), trying to cool his body.

Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place?

adipose

Which vertebra does not have a body?

atlas

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

basale

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? A) intestines B) brain C) lungs D) liver

brain

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

calcium and vitamin D

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone. A) central canals B) canaliculi C) nutrient foramens D) perforating (Volkmann's) canals

canaliculi

ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

decomposition

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

diaphysis

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common?

elastic fibers

The lining of the marrow cavity

endosteum

Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy.

endothelium

Lines blood vessels and the heart

endothelium

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.

enhancement of labor contractions

A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?

epithelial tissue

Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________.

excretion of metabolic waste

T/F Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

false

T/F The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture.

false

T/F The shallow socket of the shoulder joint restricts the movement of the humerus but does increase the stability of the joint.

false

T/F: Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

false

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?

fibers are not normally visable

Curvatures of the spine serve the body by ________.

giving additional springiness and flexibility to the spine which absorbs shock

Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?

goblet cells

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

A high fever causes an enzyme to lose its three dimensional structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures?

hydrogen bonds

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

keratinocytes

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?

lumbar region

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?

nervous

With a family history of cardiovascular disease, which toast spread would be considered the most "heart healthy?"

olive oil

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

osetogenic cells

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

osteoblast

cells that dissolve the bony matrix

osteoclasts

Which of the following would be most associated with process of warming and humidifying inhaled air?

paranasal sinuses

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

phagocytosis

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________.

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

Some hormones enter cells via ________.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?

saggital

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.

sequence of nucleotides

Makes up the pleura and pericardium

serous membrane

This bone is wing-shaped and extends behind the eyes and forms part of the floor of the cranial vault.

sphenoid

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

stratum basale

This bone houses the apparatus of the internal and middle ear.

temporal

A light skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ________.

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

the cells will lose water and shrink

The glenohumeral joint that articulates the humerus to the pectoral girdle is a highly mobile joint. This mobility comes at a cost because ________.

the joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate

In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________.

to hold the molecular backbone together

Spongey bone contains

trabeculae

T/F Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

true

T/F: Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis the following order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

true

T/F: Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells.

true

T/F: Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape.

true

T/F: Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated.

true

T/F: The apocrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.

true

T/F: The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach.

true

T/F: The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.

true

Cranial bones develop ________.

within fibrous membranes