A&P2 BIO142 LAB 3: Blood
A
1. Determine the blood type for 1 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
centrifuge
1. Name the device identified by the blue arrow. [Ex 1, components of blood]
Neutrophil
1. Name the type of WBC labeled A. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
A positive
1. Name the type of blood indicated by 1 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
Platelets
1. Name the type of formed element indicated by the yellow arrows. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
AB
1. Type A can be transfused into a patient with type A and? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibility]
Yes
1. an Rh negative blood be transfused into an Rh - patient? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
No
2. Can Rh positive blood be transfused into an Rh- patient? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
B
2. Determine the blood type for 2 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
plasma
2. Name the portion of blood indicated by the black bracket. [Ex 1, components of blood]
Eosinophil
2. Name the type of WBC labeled B. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
A negative
2. Name the type of blood indicated by 2 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
Red Blood Cell
2. Name the type of formed element indicated by the red arrows. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
AB
2. Type B can be transfused into a patient with type B and? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
AB
3. Determine the blood type for 3 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
packed cell volume (red blood cells)
3. Name the portion of blood indicated by the red bracket. [Ex 1, components of blood]
Basophil
3. Name the type of WBC labeled C. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
O positive
3. Name the type of blood indicated by 3 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
White Blood Cell
3. Name the type of formed element indicated by the blue arrow. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
A, B, AB
3. Type O can be transfused into a patient with type O and? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
O-
3. Which blood type is the ultimate universal donor? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
O
4. Determine the blood type for 4 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
buffy coat which contains white blood cells and platelets
4. Name the portion of blood indicated by the green arrow. [Ex 1, components of blood]
Lymphocyte
4. Name the type of WBC labeled D. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
AB negative
4. Name the type of blood indicated by 4 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
AB
4. Type AB can be transfused into only type__? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
AB+
4. Which blood type is the ultimate universal recipient (include the ABO system into your answer)? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
Red Blood Cell
4. Which of the formed elements that you just named is the most numerous. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
height of packed RBC/height of blood sample *100=47.5%
5. Calculate the hematocrit of this blood sample. [Ex 1, components of blood]
positive
5. Determine the Rh blood type for 5 (positive or negative) [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
monocyte
5. Name the type of WBC labeled E. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
B positive
5. Name the type of blood indicated by 5 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
Type O
5. which blood type can donate to all other types? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
negative
6. Determine the Rh blood type for 6 (positive or negative) [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
normal women: 36%-46% male: 42%-52%
6. For a male, this hematocrit...(is normal, indicates anemia, indicates polycythemia). [Ex 1, components of blood]
Type AB
6. Which blood type can receive blood from all other types? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
4
6. which of the blood types below laks Rh antibodies because it was never exposed to the Rh antigen? [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
negative
7. Determine the Rh blood type for 7 (positive or negative) [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
if Rh negative person was exposed to Rh antigen, that person would generate antibodies to Rh which would be present in the plasma
8. why in the Rh blood group is there a possibility that a person might have antibodies present or absent in the plasma? [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
a clinical sign indicating that the number of circulating RBC's and/or the amount of circulating hemoglobin is below normal. Anemia results in an inability to transport an adequate amount of oxygen to tissues.
Anemia
a serious disorder that results when the bone marrow no longer producing RBC's, so the number of RBC's and the amount of hemoglobin both decrease.
Aplastic anemia
granulocytes. are the least common of the WBC's in a normal blood smear making up only 0-1% of the total leukocytes. The cytoplasm contains many large purple to dark blue granules that visually obscure the view of the S-shaped nucleus.
Basophils
Blood type = A+
Blood Sample 1 Anti-A Serum: + Anti-B Serum: - Anti-Rh Serum: + [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = B+
Blood Sample 2 Anti-A Serum: - Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: + [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = AB-
Blood Sample 3 Anti-A Serum: + Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: - [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = O-
Blood Sample 4 Anti-A Serum: - Anti-B Serum: - Anti-Rh Serum: - [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = AB+
Blood Sample 5 Anti-A Serum: + Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: + [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = B-
Blood Sample 6 Anti-A Serum: - Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: - [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood typing is performed to determine compatibility for blood transfusions. Severe adverse reactions, even death, can result if an incompatible blood transfusion is performed. It is important to understand that the donor's plasma is removed from the blood, so only the RBC's are transfused into the patient who is receiving the blood transfusion.
Blood Transfusion Compatibility
Blood variable: *Basophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: 0-1 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Basophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Blood pH* Normal range: 7.35 - 7.45 Units of measurement: no units
Blood variable: *Blood pH* Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Eosinophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: 2-4 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Eosinophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Hematocrit* Normal range: 36 - 52 Gender Ranges: M: 42-52 F: 36-46 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Hematocrit* Normal range: ________________ Gender Ranges: M: ________________ F: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Hemoglobin (Hb) content* Normal range: 12 - 17 Gender Ranges: M: 14-17 F: 12-15 Units of measurement: gm Hb/dl blood
Blood variable: *Hemoglobin (Hb) content* Normal range: ________________ Gender Ranges: M: ________________ F: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Lymphocytes* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: 20-30 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Lymphocytes* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Monocytes* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: 3-8 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Monocytes* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Neutrophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: 60-70 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Neutrophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *RBC count* Normal range: 4 - 5.5 million Gender Ranges: M: 4.5-5.5 F: 4.0-5.0 Units of measurement: cells/mm3 blood
Blood variable: *RBC count* Normal range: ________________ Gender Ranges: M: ________________ F: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Blood variable: *Total WBC count* Normal range: 4,000 - 11,000 Units of measurement: cells/mm3 blood
Blood variable: *Total WBC count* Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
reduces the amount of plasma relative to the number of RBC's.
Dehydration
1. Start here a. The cell's nucleus is multi-lobed. Go to 2. b. The cell's nucleus does not consist of lobes. Go to 3. c. The cell's nucleus is obscured by large dark blue granules, giving the cell the appearance of a blackberry: Basophil. 2. The cell's cytoplasm is pink in color. a. Cell's cytoplasm is peppered with small light pink granules; nucleus has 3-5 distinct lobes (polymorphonuclear): Neutrophil. b. Cell's cytoplasm is filled with large red granules; nucleus is bi- lobed: Eosinophil. 3. The cell's cytoplasm is a silvery-blue color. a. Cell contains a round nucleus that occupies almost the entire interior of the cell: Lymphocyte. b. Cell has a horse-shoe shaped nucleus and the cell is about twice the size of a RBC: Monocyte.
Dichotomous key for identifying leukocytes (WBCs).
granulocytes. account for only 2-4% of the total leukocytes. They contain a bi-lobed nucleus and large, orange to reddish colored granules fill the cytoplasm.
Eosinophils
a reduced number of RBC's and reduced amount of hemoglobin due to bleeding.
Hemorrhagic anemia
a reduction in the number and size of RBC's and decreased hemoglobin due to a lack of iron.
Iron deficiency anemia
increases the production of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates RBC production.
Living at high altitude
agranulocytes are the second most prevalent WBC's accounting for 20-30% of the total number, so you will see many of them in a blood smear. They can be large or small depending upon their state of maturation. The small lymphocytes are the most prevalent and are identified by a round nucleus that fills almost the entire cell; often only a small sliver of cytoplasm is present between the nucleus and membrane.
Lymphocytes
agranulocytes are the largest of the WBC's and compose 3-8% of the circulating leukocytes. They are about double the size of a RBC. The classic monocyte consists of a nucleus that has a large, deep indentation, which makes the nucleus have a horse-shoe shape. A large lymphocyte and a monocyte can be easily confused.
Monocytes
granulocytes. are the most numerous of the white blood cells accounting for 60-70% of the total number. They are identified by their nuclei consisting of 3-5 lobes connected by slender strands and small light-pink granules in the cytoplasm. The multi-lobed nucleus is the reason why this cell is also called the polymorphonuclear (poly=many and morpho=structure) leukocyte.
Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes
EXERCISE 6B
PLAY THIS GAME: http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/gamev2/index.html
a disorder in which there is a reduced number of RBC's in the circulation due to a lack of vitamin B12. The deficiency of B12 causes decreased DNA synthesis resulting in RBC's that are abnormally large. Because this anemia results in the production of large cells, it is classified as a megaloblastic anemia.
Pernicious anemia
a general term that refers to an elevated amount of RBC's relative to the entire sample of blood (increased hematocrit).
Polycythemia
a disease of the bone marrow that results in an increased number of RBC's in circulation due to overproduction of cells by the bone marrow.
Polycythemia vera
If a person has the Rh antigen on the RBC membrane, he/she is Rh+. If a person lacks the Rh antigen on the RBC membranes, he/she is Rh-. In the Rh system, a person who is Rh- doesn't produce the Rh antibody until the person is exposed to the Rh antigen. This production of antibody after exposure to antigen makes the Rh system different from the ABO system.
Rh Blood Group
Rh antigen = present Antibody = None
Rh+
Rh antigen = absent Antibody = None until exposed to Rh antigen
Rh-
(height of packed RBC's/ height of blood sample) x 100.
The equation used to determine hematocrit is:
36-46%.
The normal hematocrit range for adult females (living at sea level) is
42-52%.
The normal hematocrit range for adult males (living at sea level) is
Antigen associated with RBC membrane = A Antibody in plasma = B
Type A blood
Antigens associated with RBC membrane = A and B Antibody = None
Type AB
Antigen associated with RBC membrane = B Antibody in plasma = A
Type B blood
Antigen = None Antibodies = A and B
Type O
0 0
WBC Type: *Basophil* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
2 4
WBC Type: *Eosinophil* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
14 28
WBC Type: *Lymphocyte* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
4 8
WBC Type: *Monocyte* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
30 60
WBC Type: *Neutrophil* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
White blood cells lacking visible granules when viewed with the light microscope
agranulocytes
proteins produced by immune cells that are dissolved in body fluids such as blood plasma. When an antibody encounters an antigen, the resulting immune reaction includes the attachment of antibodies to the cell's antigen, which "tags" the cell for destruction by macrophages. In addition, one antibody can attach to more than one RBC resulting in the formation of a cluster of RBC's attached to each other by antibodies; this is known as clumping or agglutination.
antibody
A person's blood type is determined by the presence or absence of genetically inherited substances (proteins or sugars) on the surface of the red blood cell's membrane. These substances are called antigens because they are capable of invoking an immune reaction when the antigen is exposed to a protein called an antibody.
antigens
White blood cells that contain visible granules using the light microscope
granulocytes