A&P2 • Connect • Chapter16

suspensory

the ________________ ligament attaches the lens of the eye to the ciliary body.

pain

______________ is a sensory modality mediated by specialized receptors called nociceptors.

photopsin

_______________ is the visual pigment present in cones.

bulbous

_________________ corpuscles consist of flattened elongated capsules specialized for detecting heavy touch, stretching of the skin and joint movement.

transduction

__________________ is the conversion of one form of energy to another. in biology, it is used to describe the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in the nervous system.

thermoreceptor

a _________________ is a receptor that responds to temperature. (heat and cold)

b) sensory projection pathway

an electrical signal generated in the retina travels along a specific pathway in the nervous system to reach the visual cortex in the brain. which term describes that pathway? a) receptor potential b) sensory projection pathway c) receptor field d) phasic receptor

a) sensory projection pathway

an electrical signal generated in the retina travels along a specific pathway in the nervous system to reach the visual cortex in the brain. which term describes that pathway? a) sensory projection pathway b) receptor potential c) receptor field d) phasic receptor

cerumen

earwax, also called _________________, is a protective, sticky secretion of ear canal glands. it waterproofs the ear canal and inhibits bacterial growth.

b) balance + c) orientation in space + d) coordination

equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? choose three of the options below. a) hearing b) balance c) orientation in space d) coordination e) perception of time

d) higher frequencies

higher pitched sounds (more treble) are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? a) smaller amplitudes b) lower frequencies c) larger amplitudes d) higher frequencies

d) conductive

interference in the transmission of sound vibrations results in what type of deagness? a) sensorineural b) Meniere's c) vertigo d) conductive

b) lacrimal gland + c) lacrimal ducts

list the components of the lacrimal apparatus. select all that apply. a) conjuctiva b) lacrimal gland c) lacrimal ducts d) nasal cavity

1) tilt of the head 2) shift of otolithic membrane 3) bending of stereocilia 4) depolarization of hair cells

list the steps (in order) involved in detecting a change in static equilibrium. • shift of otolithic membrane • tilt of the head • depolarization of hair cells • bending of stereocilia

c) saccule + d) utricle

maculae are found in which parts of the inner ear? select two answers from the list below. a) cochlea b) scala tympani c) saccule d) utricle

• taste cells = sensory cells that detect tastants • taste pore = small pits in the epithelium of the tongue into which taste hairs project • basal cells = stem cells that give rise to new taste cells • supporting cells = mature cells within a taste bud that do not play a role in gustation • taste buds = clusters of taste cells, supporting cells and basal cells • lingual papillae = visible bumps on the tongue, some of which contain taste buds

match each structure with its description. taste cells - taste pore - basal cells - supporting cells - taste buds - lingual papillae stem cells that give rise to new taste cells - small pits in the epithelium of the tongue into which taste hairs project - mature cells within a taste bud that do not play a role in gustation - clusters of taste cells, supporting cells and basal cells - sensory cells that detect tastants - visible bumps on the tongue, some of which contain taste buds

• sugars = sweet • alkaloids = bitter • glutamate = umami • sodium = salty • protons = sour

match each substance to the primary taste associated with it. sugars - alkaloids - glutamate - sodium - protons umami - bitter - salty - sour - sweet

• filiform = tiny spikes found mostly on the middle of the tongue • foliate = two parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue • fungiform = mushroom-shaped bumps concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue • vallate = large circular bumps that form a V towards the back of the tongue

match each type of lingual papillae to its anatomical description. filiform - foliate - fungiform - vallate mushroom-shaped bumps concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue - two parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue - tiny spikes found mostly on the middle of the tongue - large circular bumps that form a V towards the back of the tongue

• chemoreceptor = chemicals • thermoreceptor = changes in temperature • photoreceptor = light • nociceptor = tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli) • mechanoreceptor = touch, pressure, stretch, vibration

match each type of receptor to the stimulus it detects. chemoreceptor - thermoreceptor - photoreceptor - nociceptor - mechanoreceptor tissue damage (or potentially damaging stimuli) - chemicals - changes in temperature - light - touch, pressure, stretch, vibration

• astigmatism = inability to simultaneously focus on light rays that enter the eye on different planes • hyperopia = farsightedness • myopia = nearsightedness • presbyopia = reduced ability to accommodate for near vision with age

match each type of visual defect to its description. astigmatism - hyperopia - myopia - presbyopia inability to simultaneously focus on light rays that enter the eye on different planes - nearsightedness - reduced ability to accommodate for near vision with age - farsightedness

• fast (first) pain = sharp, localized pain that occurs at the time of injury • slow (second) pain = dull, diffuse pain that occurs immediately following injury • somatic pain = pain arising from skin, muscles and joints • visceral pain = pain arising from internal organs

match the type of pain to its definition. fast (first) pain - slow (second) pain - somatic pain - visceral pain sharp, localized pain that occurs at the time of injury - pain arising from internal organs - pain arising from skin, muscles and joints - dull, diffuse pain that occurs immediately following injury

d) 3

most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones? a) 2 b) 1 c) 4 d) 3

b) utricle + d) saccule

name the two chambers of the vestibule. (select two terms from the list below) a) semicircular ducts b) utricle c) cochlea d) saccule

a) light

photoreceptors respond best to which of the following types of stimuli? a) light b) vibration c) acid d) heat

1) oval window vibrates 2) pressure wave travels through the perilymph 3) basilar membrane moves up and down 4) inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane 5) stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open K+ channels 6) K+ ions enter hair cell causing depolarization

place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells. • K+ ions enter hair cell causing depolarization • basilar membrane moves up and down • inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane • pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli • stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open K+ channels • oval window vibrates

1) odorant molecules bind to G-protein coupled receptors on some olfactory hairs 2) activation of cAMP second messenger system inside olfactory cells 3) ion channels open in the olfactory cells' membranes 4) influx of cations depolarize 5) action potentials travel down the olfactory nerve

place the following events in the correct order starting with what happens first. • ion channels open in the olfactory cells' membranes • odorant molecules bind to G-protein coupled receptors on some olfactory hairs • activation of cAMP second messenger system inside olfactory cells • action potentials travel down the olfactory nerve • influx of cations depolarize olfactory cells

b) inner ear

pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear? a) middle ear b) inner ear c) outer ear

1) bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina 2) hemidecussation in optic chiasm 3) optic tracts 4) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5) optic radiations 6) primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

put the components of the visual projection pathway in order starting with the retina and ending with the brain. • primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe • optic radiations • bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina • optic tracts • lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus • hemidecussation in optic chiasm

1) rotation of semicircular canals 2) endolymph pushes against cupula 3) stereocilia bend 4) hair cells depolarize 5) action potentials travel down vestibular nerve

put the following events in order to describe how the semicircular canals detect angular acceleration. start with rotation of the semicircular canals. • action potentials travel down vestibular nerve • hair cells depolarize • rotation of semicircular canals • endolymph pushes against cupula • stereocilia bend

1) rhodopsin absorbs light 2) cis-retinal isomerizes to trans-retinal 3) opsin triggers signaling cascade in outer segment of rod cells 4) glutamate release from rod cell decreases 5) bipolar cells detect changes in glutamate release 6) ganglion cells fire action potentials

put the following events in order to describe the effects of light exposure on the retina. start with rhodopsin absorbing light, then finish with ganglion cells firing action potentials. • cis-retinal isomerizes to trans-retinal • opsin triggers signaling cascade in outer segment of red cells • rhodopsin absorbs light • bipolar cells detect changes in glutamate release • glutamate release from rod cell decreases • ganglion cells fire action potentials

sex

red-green color blindness is a _____________-linked recessive trait.

pigment

rhodopsin is an example of a visual _______________, a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape

d) scotopic

rod cells are primarily responsible for which type of vision? a) photopic b) myopic c) trichromatic d) scotopic

b) special senses

senses in which of the following categories utilize receptors that are specific to a particular area of the body? a) general senses b) special senses c) somesthetic senses d) somatosensory senses

c) smaller amplitudes

softer (quieter) sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics? a) higher frequencies b) larger amplitudes c) smaller amplitudes d) lower frequencies

b) vibrating objects pushing against air molecules

sound is produced by which of the following? a) light bouncing off an object in the environment b) vibrating objects pushing against air molecules c) the emission of thermal radiation d) electrical currents moving through the air

depth

stereoscopic vision, or _______________ perception, allows you to judge how far away objects are.

b) fingertips + c) nipples + d) palms

tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are abundant in which of the following areas? select all that apply. a) axilla b) fingertips c) nipples d) palms e) scalp

near

the _____________ point of vision refers to the closest an object can be to the eyes and still be focused.

taste buds

the ______________ ______________ are found mainly on the lingual papillae and contain the sensory receptors for taste.

ciliary

the ______________ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.

inner

the ______________ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance.

pigment

the _______________ epithelium of the retina absorbs stray light.

choroid

the _______________ is a highly vascular, deeply pigmented portion of the vascular tunic located behind the retina.

pupil

the _______________ is the opening within the iris of the eye.

cornea

the _______________ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous later (tunic) of the eye.

otolithic

the _______________ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion.

vestibular

the _______________ nerve carries information to the vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata.

auditory

the _______________ tube is a flattened tube which, when opened by actions such as yawning or swallowing, equalizes pressure in the tympanic cavity.

vitreous

the ________________ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

nasolacrimal

the ________________ duct connects the lacrimal apparatus to the nasal cavity.

semicircular

the _________________ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements. (angular acceleration)

spiral

the acoustic organ, also known as the _______________ organ, transduces airborne vibrations into neural signals.

d) cornea and iris

the anterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures? a) choroid and retina b) sclera and choroid c) iris and lens d) cornea and iris

a) temporal

the auditory canal is a passageway through which bone? a) temporal b) maxilla c) zygomatic d) frontal

b) ganglion cells

the axons of which retinal cells form the optic nerve? a) rod cells b) ganglion cells c) bipolar cells d) cone cells

membranous

the bony labyrinth of the inner ear is lined with a series of fleshy tubes called the _______________ labyrinth.

d) hearing

the cochlea contains receptors for which sense? a) equilibrium b) olfaction c) vision d) hearing

a) spiral ganglion neurons

the cochlear nerve is formed by the axons of which of the following? a) spiral ganglion neurons b) inner hair cells c) mitral cells d) outer hair cells

receptor

the initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a small, local change in membrane potential called a(n) _______________ potential.

c) start of optic nerve + d) retina

the inner layer (tunica interna) of the eye contains which of the following? select all that apply. a) numerous capillaries b) numerous melanocytes c) start of optic nerve d) retina

tracts

the olfactory ________________ carry sensory information from the olfactory bulbs to the primary olfactory cortex.

mucosa

the olfactory ________________ in the nasal cavity contains the olfactory receptors.

proprioceptors

the position and movements of body parts is detected by receptors called ______________.

tympani

the scala ______________ is the most inferior chamber of the spiral organ.

hair

the sensory receptors of the spiral organ are called ________________ cells because of the long, stiff stereocilia on their apical surfaces.

near

the term "______________ response" refers to the processes involved in focusing on close objects.

a) pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin

the term referred pain specifically refers to which of the following? a) pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin b) pain that rises from activity in the cranial nerves c) pain that triggers emotional and behavioral responses d) pain that has no medically identifiable causes and which is therefore attributed to psychological factors

receptor

the term sensory ______________ refers to any structure capable of detecting a stimulus.

1) cochlear nerve 2) cochlear nuclei of medulla 3) inferior colliculi 4) thalamus 5) primary auditory cortex

trace the auditory projection pathway from start to finish by placing these structures in order, starting with the nerve leaving the inner ear. • cochlear nerve • inferior colliculi • thalamus • cochlear nuclei of medulla • primary auditory cortex

true

true or false: inverted images are focused onto the retina by the lens.

false

true or false: sensory receptors are composed of sensory organs

true

true or false: the brain may distinguish between stimulus intensities based on which sensory neurons are firing.

true

true or false: the macula utriculi are oriented horizontally on the floor of the utricle.

b) electromagnetic radiation

vision is the perception of which of the following? a) odorant molecules b) electromagnetic radiation c) body position d) sound waves

a) cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules

what are olfactory hairs? a) cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules b) small bundles of olfactory cell axons that come together to form the olfactory nerve c) stiff hairs that line the anterior nasal passages d) small, spiky projections that cover the tongue

a) adapts quickly to a stimulus + d) produces a quick burst of action potentials

what are the characteristics of a phasic receptor? select all that apply. a) adapts quickly to a stimulus b) adapts slowly to a stimulus c) produces a steady, prolonged response d) produces a quick burst of action potentials

b) utricle + c) saccule + d) semicircular ducts

what are the components of the vestibular apparatus? choose three answers from the list below. a) spiral organ b) utricle c) saccule d) semicircular ducts e) cochlea

c) retinal and opsin separate + d) cis-retinal converted to trans isoform

what are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin? select all that apply. a) trans-retinal converted to cis isoform b) retinal and opsin recombine c) retinal and opsin separate d) cis-retinal converted to trans isoform

a) malleus + c) stapes + d) incus

what are the names of the auditory ossicles? select all that apply. a) malleus b) pinna c) stapes d) incus e) cochlea

c) retina + d) optic nerve

what are the neural components of the eye? select all that apply. a) uvea b) lens c) retina d) optic nerve e) choroid

b) opsin + c) retinal

what are the two moieties of rhodopsin? (select two of the options below) a) photopsin b) opsin c) retinal d) melanopsin

c) how long a stimulus lasts

what does the duration of a stimulus refer to? a) the frequency of the stimulus b) the type of stimulus that elicits the receptor potential c) how long a stimulus lasts d) the origin of the stimulus

b) it becomes all-trans retinal

what happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light? a) it is converted into Vitamin A b) it becomes all-trans retinal c) it becomes cis-retinal d) it emits radiation

a) how many sensory neurons respond + b) how rapidly the sensory neurons fire + e) which sensory neurons respond

what information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus? select all that apply. a) how many sensory neurons respond b) how rapidly the sensory neurons fire c) which receptive fields are stimulated d) how long the stimulus lasts e) which sensory neurons respond

d) sense of taste

what is gustation? a) sense of smell b) process of chewing c) process of swallowing d) sense of taste

a) sense of smell

what is olfaction? a) sense of smell b) sense of taste c) sense of hearing d) sense of pain

d) a gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells

what is the cupula? a) a mound of hair cells within the ampulla b) a dilated sac at one end of the semicircular canal c) a patch of hair cells located on the wall of the saccule d) a gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells

b) to transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles

what is the primary function of the tympanic membrane? a) to block bacteria from entering the inner ear b) to transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles c) to transduce airborne vibrations into neural signals d) to equalize air pressure in the tympanic cavity

c) tissue damage, potentially damaging stimuli

what types of stimuli active nociceptors? a) vibration, touch, pressure, stretch or tension b) warm temperatures c) tissue damage, potentially damaging stimuli d) odors and tastes

b) 400nm - 700nm

what wavelengths of light are visible to the human eye? a) 200 - 400nm b) 400 - 700nm c) 100 - 200nm d) 800 - 900nm

a) inferior oblique + b) superior rectus + c) lateral rectus + d) inferior rectus + e) medial rectus + f) superior oblique

which are extrinsic eye muscles? select six names from the list below. a) inferior oblique b) superior rectus c) lateral rectus d) inferior rectus e) medial rectus f) superior oblique g) medial oblique h) lateral oblique

a) dynorphins + b) endorphins + c) enkephalins

which are naturally occurring analgesics (endogenous opioids)? select all that apply. a) dynorphins b) endorphins c) enkephalins d) prostaglandins e) bradykinin

b) cones + c) rods

which are types of photoreceptor cells? select all that apply. a) bipolar cells b) cones c) rods d) amacrine cells

b) scala vestibuli + c) scala tympani

which cochlear chambers contain perilymph? select all that apply. a) scala media b) scala vestibuli c) scala tympani

b) highly pigmented + c) part of the vascular tunic (layer) + d) contains numerous capillaries

which describe the choroid? select all that apply. a) part of the inner tunic (layer) b) highly pigmented c) part of the vascular tunic (layer) d) contains numerous capillaries

a) a thin transparent membrane + b) highly vascularized + d) a mucus membrane

which describe the conjunctiva? select all that apply. a) a thin transparent membrane b) highly vascularized c) fibrous covering of the eye d) a mucus membrane e) avascular

d) an area of the retina lacking photoreceptors

which describes the optic disc? a) a transparent area on the anterior surface of the eye b) the area of highest visual acuity c) a yellowish spot on the retina d) an area of the retina lacking photoreceptors

c) oval window

which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear? a) tragus b) external acoustic meatus c) oval window d) eustachian tube

d) auditory ossicles

which is located in the middle ear? a) auricle b) cochlea c) external acoustic meatus d) auditory ossicles

d) otolithic

which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle? a) tectorial b) tympanic c) basilar d) otolithic

a) more vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane + c) higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve + d) greater number of hair cells excited

which of the following is associated with a louder sound? select all that apply. a) more vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane b) IHCs activated in a narrower band of the cochlea c) higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve d) greater number of hair cells excited

a) lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

which of these mechanoreceptors detect deep vibration? a) lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles b) bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles c) tactile (Merkel) discs d) tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

a) bladder pressure + d) visceral pain

which sensations result from activation of interoceptors? select all that apply. a) bladder pressure b) vision c) hearing d) visceral pain e) pain in the skin

a) vision + b) hearing + d) cutaneous sensations

which sensations result primarily from the activation of exteroceptors? select all that apply. a) vision b) hearing c) bladder pressure d) cutaneous sensations e) visceral pain

b) hearing + d) balance

which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures? select all that apply. a) olfaction b) hearing c) pressure d) balance e) gustation

b) taste + d) smell

which sensory modalities depend on the activation of chemoreceptors? select all that apply. a) vision b) taste c) balance d) smell e) hearing

c) texture + d) light touch

which sensory modalities involve the activation of tactile (Merkel) discs? select all that apply. a) temperature b) pain c) texture d) light touch

b) it narrows the pupil

which statement about the pupillary constrictor is true? a) it consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells b) it narrows the pupil c) it receives sympathetic innervation d) when activated, it allows more light to enter the eye in dimly lit environments

d) it consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells

which statement about the pupillary dilator is true? a) it receives parasympathetic innervation b) it narrows the pupil c) it constricts the pupil in bright light d) it consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells

b) retina

which structure contains photoreceptors? a) lens b) retina c) cornea d) iris

d) lens

which structure focuses incoming light onto the retina? a) iris b) pupil c) cornea d) lens

d) ciliary body

which structure secretes the aqueous humor? a) vitreous body b) scleral venous sinus c) lens d) ciliary body

d) tympanic membrane

which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles? a) cochlea b) incus c) pharyngotympanic tube d) tympanic membrane

• tunica fibrosa = sclera, cornea • tunica vasculosa = choroid, ciliary body, iris • tunica interna = retina, beginning of optic nerve

which structures are a part of each tunic? tunica fibrosa - tunic vasculosa - tunica interna iris - cornea - retina - beginning of optic nerve - iris - cornea - ciliary body

b) cornea + c) sclera

which structures are part of the outer, fibrous layer of the eyeball? select all that apply. a) pupil b) cornea c) sclera d) choroid

a) iris + d) ciliary body + e) choroid

which structures are part of the vascular layer (tunica vasculosa)? select all that apply. a) iris b) sclera c) cornea d) ciliary body e) choroid

a) sugars + c) glutamate + d) alkaloids

which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors on taste hairs? select all that apply. a) alkaloids b) sodium c) glutamate d) sugar

c) visual pigment

which term refers to a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light? a) pigment epithelium b) vitreous humor c) visual pigment d) pupillary dilator

b) macula lutea

which term refers to a patch of cells in the center of the retina? a) lens b) macula lutea c) vitreous body d) ciliary body

d) analgesic

which term refers to a substance or mechanism that has pain-relieving properties? a) nociceptive b) inflammatory c) hyperalgesic d) analgesic

b) receptive field

which term refers to the area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus? a) projection pathway b) receptive field c) primary sensory cortex d) labeled line

d) refraction

which term refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different density? a) focusing b) vibration c) photoreception d) refraction

b) binaural hearing

which term refers to the comparison of signals from both the right and left ears to localize the source of a sound? a) optic chiasm b) binaural hearing c) stereopsis d) hemidecussation

b) sensation

which term refers to the conscious perception of a stimulus? a) sensory modality b) sensation c) receptor potential d) transduction

c) crista ampullaris

which term refers to the mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts? a) macula utriculi b) cupula c) crista ampullaris d) macula saccule

d) palpebral fissure

which term refers to the opening between the eyelids? a) lacrimal apparatus b) lacrimal punctum c) tarsal plate d) palpebral fissure

d) tunica fibrosa

which term refers to the outermost layer of the eyeball? a) tunica vasculosa b) tunica vasculosa c) tunica interna d) tunica fibrosa

c) static equilibrium

which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary? a) linear acceleration b) angular acceleration c) static equilibrium d) dynamic equilibrium

b) bleaching

which term refers to the transformation of cis-retinal to trans-retinal after absorption of light? a) emmetropia b) bleaching c) regeneration d) convergence

b) modality

which term refers to the type of stimulus or sensation produced when a sensory receptor is activated? a) threshold b) modality c) format d) effector

b) somesthetic senses + c) general senses + d) somatosensory senses

which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body? (choose three from the list below) a) special senses b) somesthetic senses c) general senses d) somatosensory senses

b) fungiform papillae

which type of lingual papillae are most concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue? a) filiform papillae b) fungiform papillae c) vallate papillae d) foliate papillae

d) foliate papillae

which type of lingual papillae are weakly developed in humans and lose most of their taste buds by age2 or 3years? a) vallate papillae b) filiform papillae c) fungiform papillae d) foliate papillae

b) filiform papillae

which type of lingual papillae is responsible for giving cats' tongues their rough, sandpaper-like feel? a) foliate papillae b) filiform papillae c) vallate papillae d) fungiform papillae

d) cone cell

which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision? a) bipolar cell b) rod cell c) ganglion cell d) cone cell

c) bipolar cells

which type of retinal cell synapses with the photoreceptors and functions as a first order neuron in the visual pathway? a) cone cells b) ganglion cells c) bipolar cells d) rod cells

d) rotational motion

which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts? a) linear acceleration b) tastants c) vibration d) rotational motion

a) tactile (Meissner) corpuscles b) end bulbs (Krause) corpuscles

which types of encapsulated nerve endings detect light touch and help distinguish different textures? a) tactile (Meissner) corpuscles b) end bulbs (Krause) corpuscles c) lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles d) bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

b) bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles + c) lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles + d) tactile (Meissner) corpuscles + e) end bulbs

which types of sensory receptors are encapsulated nerve endings? select all that apply. a) tactile (Merkel) discs b) bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles c) lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles d) tacticle (Meissner) corpuscles e) end bulbs f) hair receptors

a) nociceptors + c) warm receptors + d) cold receptors

which types of sensory receptors consist of free nerve endings? select all that apply. a) nociceptors b) Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles c) warm receptors d) cold receptors

b) texture + d) light touch

which types of stimuli are detected by end bulbs? (Krause corpuscles) select all that apply. a) vibration b) texture c) stretch d) light touch e) deep pressure

outer

while hearing is primarily a function of the inner hair cells, cochlear tuning is a function of the _______________ hair cells.