A&P2 Exam 4
The husband of a patient who is critically ill asks, "Why do they keep checking my wife's pH? Isn't knowing her oxygen level enough?" What is the best response?
"Many of her body's systems only work properly when her pH is within a narrow range, so we monitor it carefully."; The relationship of pH to many body functions is critical, so a good provider pays attention to a patient's pH.
An acid with a pH of 6 has ________ hydrogen ions than pure water.
10-fold more
What percentage of extracellular fluid is accounted for by interstitial fluid and plasma?
100%; All of the extracellular water in the body is accounted for by interstitial fluid (80%) and plasma (20%).
How many hydrogen ions must be secreted into the filtrate in order to reabsorb one bicarbonate?
1; For each hydrogen ion secreted, one bicarbonate ion is consumed in the filtrate and converted to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide can cross the apical membrane by simple diffusion.
In a typical day, what amount of water is taken by mouth?
2250 milliliters; The combined volume of water from food (750 milliliters) and beverages (1500 milliliters)
The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number.
23; haploid
The diploid number of chromosomes in a human is 46. Therefore, the number of chromosomes in a primary spermatocyte or primary oocyte is ________.
46
At what point of pregnancy would the uterine fundus be located between the umbilicus and the xiphoid process?
8 months The fundus is beyond the umbilicus at 7 months and would be between the umbilicus and xiphoid process at 8 months.
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.; a strong base (sodium hydroxide) would be converted to a weak base (sodium bicarbonate).
Which of the following is NOT a change in female anatomy or physiology during pregnancy?
A tightening of pelvic ligaments to help bear the extra weight of the growing fetus; The hormone relaxin relaxes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis, allowing the pelvis to widen in preparation for birth.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?
All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.
When the blood becomes acidic (acidosis) and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions?
Ammonium ions are excreted in urine. Buffered hydrogen ions are excreted in urine. Glutamine is metabolized by deamination, oxidation, and acidification.
________ is the most common type of fetal testing.
Amniocentesis
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water intake and output by the body?
An increase in fluid taken by mouth would reduce the amount produced by metabolism;; The water produced by metabolism is a by-product of energy processing. This amount is not dependent on the amount of water taken by mouth.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding water intake and output by the body?
An irritation to the colon the leads to diarrhea would increase the proportion of water lost through feces. An increase in the amount of beverages taken by mouth would increase the urine output. The proportion of fluid lost by the body as sweat would increase during exercise.
When the blood becomes acidic (acidosis) and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is NOT a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions?
Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption.
What is, overall, the LEAST abundant ion, including all three compartments?
Ca2+; when summing all three compartments. It is particularly scarce in the intracellular compartment, although some cells, such as muscle, do sequester large amounts.
How does carbonic acid alone directly affect the pH of blood?
Carbonic acid does not significantly affect blood pH.;; The difference between strong acids and weak ones is their ability to dissociate in water. Weak acids such as carbonic acid do not completely dissociate, which limits their effect on pH, whereas strong acids such as HClHCl completely dissociate.
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.; CO2 can be blown off, thus decreasing acidity.
gonorrhea
Causes urethritis in males.
How do physiological buffer systems differ from chemical buffer systems?
Chemical buffer systems convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases, while physiological buffer systems remove acids and bases from the body.;; Physiological buffer systems work by regulating the quantity of acids and bases in the body by excreting compounds such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions.
Select the statement which is FALSE.
Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.
Which of these combinations of values would help you determine if your patient was suffering from metabolic acidosis?
Decreased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pH; If the problem is not respiratory, then often carbon dioxide levels are normal. If the kidneys are excreting too much HCO3-, then your pH will decrease.
electrolytes
Dissociate into ions in water.
nonelectrolytes
Do not dissociate in solution.
Select the INCORRECT statement about the uterine cycle.
During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
implantation
Embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.
What is the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production?
Estrogen may have either an inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels.; Estrogen exerts negative feedback on LH production until estrogen levels reach a certain concentration, and then estrogen exerts positive feedback on LH production, which promotes ovulation.
What is NOT the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production?
Estrogen only inhibits LH production so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding decrease in LH levels. Estrogen levels have no effect on LH production. Estrogen only has an excitatory effect on LH release so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding increase in LH levels.
A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
FALSE
Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
False
The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.
False
When an acid is added to a solution containing a weak base, the weak base will buffer the drop in pH by completely dissociating and accepting all of the hydrogen ions released from the acid.
False Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions (acting as acids) when the pH begins to rise and by binding hydrogen ions (acting as bases) when the pH drops. Buffers can do this because they consist of a combination of a weak acid and a corresponding weak base. Weak acids and bases dissociate (ionize) partially and reversibly, whereas strong acids and bases dissociate completely and irreversibly.
Oocytes complete meiosis II before they are fertilized.
False Female infants are born with primary oocytes that are stalled in prophase I until puberty. At the onset of puberty, the ovaries begin oogenesis. During oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. Oogenesis is achieved through meiosis. However, the ovulated secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and does not complete meiosis II until it is fertilized.
Spermatogenesis is meiotic cell division that produces four genetically identical sperm cells.
False Meiosis is the type of cell division used to produce gametes. However, during meiosis, there are many ways that variation is created between sperm cells. None of the sperm produced would be genetically identical.
The mammary glands are well developed in all females.
False; The mammary glands become active during pregnancy. In females who have never become pregnant, the ductwork is fairly rudimentary.
interstitial
Fluid in the spaces between cells.
Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is TRUE?
Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms.
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
What is the role of the granulosa cells in the ovarian cycle?
Granulosa cells guide the development of the oocyte. directly connected to the oocyte by gap junctions, allowing for direct communication between the oocyte and granular cells. These cells guide each other's development.
What is NOT the role of the granulosa cells in the ovarian cycle?
Granulosa cells produce progesterone. Granulosa cells release LH to trigger ovulation. Granulosa cells become the secondary oocyte once the antrum is formed.
This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 →
H2CO3 + NaCl HCl is a strong acid and will completely dissociate in water, as will the salt NaHCO3. The bicarbonate ion will bond to the free hydrogen ion forming carbonic acid, while the remaining ions will form aqueous salt (NaCl).
A patient is hyperventilating. The "blowing off" of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. How can the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system function to correct this imbalance?CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
genital herpes
Human herpes simplex virus.
genital warts
Human papillomavirus.
Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
Which of these combinations of values would NOT help you determine if your patient was suffering from metabolic acidosis?
Increased PC02 levels in the blood and decreased pH, Increased blood HCO3- levels and decreased pH, and Decreased PC02 levels in the blood and increased pH levels
Which of the following statements best describes the round ligament?
It connects the uterus to the labia majora. The round ligament exits the body wall through the inguinal canal and inserts into the labia majora.
Which of the following is NOT an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovulation?
It inhibits the formation of secretory glands in the mucosal endometrium during the secretive stage. It stimulates production of a new functional layer of the endometrium. It thins the cervical plug to facilitate the passage of sperm.
Which of the following statements does NOT describes the round ligament?
It is a large ligament that supports the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. It anchors the ovary to the pelvic wall. It anchors the uterus and the ovary.
Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment.
It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.
Which of the following is an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovulation?
It maintains the corpus luteum.; LH maintains the corpus luteum. Increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increased levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of the corpus luteum.
What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?
It secretes progesterone and some estrogen for about three months. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum prevents another menstrual cycle by releasing progesterone and estrogen until the placenta can take over and maintain those hormone levels.
Select the statement which is false regarding independent assortment.
Its effects are significant in meiosis and in mitosis. It only occurs in meiosis II. It is a significant source of genetic variation that occurs in meiosis I and meiosis II.
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
What is the most abundant intracellular cation?
K+; most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid.
Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?
LH
capacitation
Leads to enhancement of sperm motility and increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes.
cleavage
Leads to the development of a morula and then a blastocyst.
gastrulation
Leads to the establishment of the three primary germ layers.
fertilization
Leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual.
Select the statement which is TRUE.
Meiosis II is essentially the same process as mitosis except the genetic material will not replicate before division takes place. Meiosis II is essentially the same process as mitosis except the starting cells are haploid (n). Further genetic variation typically does not occur after meiosis I.
Which of the following INCORRECTLY matches the primary germ layer with the formed structures?
Mesoderm : kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and bones Ectoderm : epidermis and central nervous system Endoderm : digestive and respiratory epithelium and glands All of the above are correct. Organogenesis gives rise to recognizable adult organ systems from the three primary germ layers by the end of the embryonic period at 8 weeks.
Mr. Heyden's low blood pressure will trigger certain compensatory mechanisms. Which statement below best reflects the changes in hormone levels that will occur?
Mr. Heyden's ADH, aldosterone, and renin will increase; Elevation of renin, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone indicate that Mr. Heyden's body is trying to compensate for his falling blood pressure and blood loss.
Mr. Heyden's blood K+ levels are high. Which of the following best explains his high K+ levels?
Mr. Heyden's damaged kidneys can no longer adequately remove K+ from his blood.; The kidneys' main role in K+ regulation is to remove excess K+.
What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?
Na+; most abundant cation in the interstitial fluid.
Which of the following chemicals should be added to the solution at (b) in order to create a buffered solution that will resist pH change?
Na2CO3 The addition of CO3−2 to the solution, along with the HCO−3 that is already present, will produce a buffer solution that will resist pH change. Buffers are solutions containing an acid and its conjugate base (which has one less hydrogen).
Which of the following substances is NOT a key component of the major buffer system in extracellular fluids?
NaH2PO4, NaOH, and protein
Which of the following substances is a key component of the major buffer system in extracellular fluids?
NaHCO3 The bicarbonate buffer system is the only important ECF buffer and consists of a solution of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, a weak base).
Which of the following is a change in female anatomy or physiology during pregnancy?
Nasal stuffiness and difficulty breathing Increased urine output because of increased metabolic wastes generated by the mother and fetus An increase in blood volume by as much as 40%
What role does oxytocin NOT play in promoting labor?
Oxytocin antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on uterine muscle. Oxytocin promotes the formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells. Oxytocin stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form oxytocin receptors.
What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor?
Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract; Oxytocin from fetal cells, and eventually the posterior pituitary, stimulates the uterus to contract both directly and through the release of prostaglandins.
chlamydia
Pathogen responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.
respiratory alkalosis
Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.
metabolic acidosis
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.
metabolic alkalosis
Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.
respiratory acidosis
Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning genetic screening?
Screening can be done before conception by carrier recognition or during fetal testing.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning genetic screening?
Screening can be done only in the first trimester of pregnancy. Screening is illegal in over half of the world. Genetic screening is rarely done because it yields very little accurate information.
Usually the body needs to excrete excess acid. Sometimes, however, the body is in alkalosis. In the collecting duct, there are special cells (type B intercalated cells) whose sole job is to deal with alkalosis. What would you expect these cells to do?
Secrete bicarbonate ions and reabsorb hydrogen ions; Type B intercalated cells are located in the collecting ducts, where final adjustment of pH occurs. Keep in mind, though, that alkalosis is rare and that most of the time the body needs to get rid of excess acid. So most of the time the activity of type A intercalated cells in the collecting ducts (which secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3- like PCT cells) predominates.
Why are the male testes located in the scrotum, outside the abdominopelvic cavity?
Spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive. the production and maturation of sperm, requires a temperature lower than core body temperature.
Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE?
Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.
Select the INCORRECT statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation.
The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?
The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.
Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?
The endometrium enters its secretory phase.
Which of the following differentiates the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle?
The follicular phase occurs directly before ovulation, and the luteal phase occurs directly after ovulation. The follicular phase is the period in which the dominant follicle prepares for ovulation and secretes large amounts of estrogen. The luteal phase occurs after ovulation as the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen.
Select the INCORRECT statement about the special fetal blood vessels.
The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery. The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale. The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries.
Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?
The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would NOT do which of the following?
The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions & The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions.
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions; when the kidney secretes hydrogen ions it also generates a bicarbonate ion, which further aids in decreasing the acidity of the plasma.
intracellular
The main fluid compartment located within the cell.
extracellular
The main fluid compartment outside the cells.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?
The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about uterine tubes?
The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length. The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization. The ampulla is the narrow constricted region.
Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function.
The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.
Which of the following is true of a patient with arterial blood pH of 7.6?
The patient has alkalosis and is out of the normal homeostatic range. The normal pH range of arterial blood is 7.4 to 7.45. A higher pH is a sign of alkalosis.
Which of the following is false of a patient with arterial blood pH of 7.6?
The patient has alkalosis but is in the normal homeostatic range. The patient has acidosis but is in the normal range. The patient has acidosis and is outside of the normal homeostatic range.
Of the following statements, select the statement that is true of uterine function.
The rhythmic, reverse peristalsis of the uterus can propel sperm toward the egg. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth.
Which of the following will NOT occur immediately after ovulation?
The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only. The corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans.
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.
The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is FALSE?
The urinary system is activated at birth. The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth. The ductus venosus is disconnected at the severing of the umbilical cord and all visceral blood goes into the vena cava.
syphillis
Treponema pallidum.
As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.
True
Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.
True
Down syndrome is an example of nondisjunction of chromosomes.
True
In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonfunctional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.
True
Male erection is a response to a parasympathetic reflex, and ejaculation is a response to a sympathetic reflex.
True
Male testicular functions are regulated by FSH and LH.
True
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.
True
Sexually transmitted infections are the most important cause of reproductive disorders
True
The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
True
The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week.
True
The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts.
True
The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True
The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.
True
The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
True
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.
True
ADH secretion can be stimulated by either blood osmolarity changes or blood pressure changes in the heart or large vessels.
True Hypothalamic osmolarity receptors can trigger ADH secretion. Also, decreases in plasma volume, which affects blood pressure, are detected by receptors in the atria and large vessels and cause ADH secretion.
The X and Y sex chromosomes are NOT homologous.
True The X and Y sex chromosomes are not homologous in the true sense. The Y, which contains the gene (or genes) that determines maleness, is much smaller than the X chromosome. The X bears over 1400 genes, and a disproportionately large number of them code for proteins important to brain function. Because the Y carries only 200 genes (as of the last count), it lacks many of the genes present on the X.
Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell?
Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus. The unequal cytoplasmic division that results in one egg and three polar bodies ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus. Lacking nutrient-containing cytoplasm, the polar bodies degenerate and die. This is very different than the result of sperm formation.
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?
Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change. Bases buffer acids, and acids buffer bases.
The genotype of a normal man is ________.
XY
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.
a bicarbonate ion
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.
a drop in blood pH; increase in CO2 results in the formation of more carbonic acid, which leads to an increase in acidity
Erection of the penis results from ________.
a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Total body water is a function of which of the following?
age, amount of body fat, & body mass
What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?
alkaline solution; NaOH is an example of a basic compound.
The trophoblast is NOT responsible for forming the ________.
allantois lining of the endometrium archenteron
Which extraembryonic membrane forms the structural base of the umbilical cord during embryonic development?
allantois; The allantois is the structural base of the umbilical cord that, once fully formed, will be composed of connective tissues, blood vessels, and covered with amniotic membrane.
What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk?
alveoli; Alveoli deep in breast tissue produce milk, which is passed to the openings in the nipple.
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is NOT from the fetus?
amnion yolk sac umbilicus
Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that completely surrounds the embryo?
amnion; The amniotic fluid, found in the amnion and intimate with the embryo, protects the embryo from physical trauma and maintains a constant homeostatic temperature.
Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following?
amount of water ingested
Genetic variation of individual chromosomes DOES NOT occur during __________.
anaphase I metaphase I prophase II
What is the pigmented ring of skin surrounding the nipple?
areola; The pigmented ring of skin surrounding the nipple, which is situated slightly below the center of each breast, is called the areola.
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is ________.
associated with microencephaly and intellectual disorders of the fetus
At what point in pregnancy does the glandular tissue of the breasts become fully developed?
at 9 months The glandular tissue of the breasts is fully developed at nine months of pregnancy.
At which point in the uterine cycle are the ovarian hormone levels at their lowest?
at the beginning of the menstrual phase; The ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation.
When does ovulation occur in the uterine cycle?
at the end of the proliferative phase; A surge in luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, around day 14.
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.
be unable to produce viable sperm
What is the primary buffer in the plasma?
bicarbonate buffer system Bicarbonate is the form that CO2 is transported in the blood stream. Using carbonic anhydrase to shift between bicarbonate and carbonic acid, the pH of the blood stream can be quickly regulated.
The pH of the ECF is maintained in homeostatic balance by which chemical buffer system?
bicarbonate; it is the only significant buffer system that maintains ECF pH homeostasis.
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is NOT to ________.
block the pain of childbirth prevent morning sickness ensure the implantation of the blastula
Normally menstruation occurs when ________.
blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
The concentration of sodium ions are highest in _______
blood plasma
Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?
bulbo-urethral gland Fluids from the bulbo-urethral gland enter the urethra further down than the prostate. These fluids lubricate and neutralize urine traces in the intermediate and penile urethra.
Which gland is matched with its type of secretion?
bulbourethral glands: lubricating secretion, prostate gland: milky, acidic semen, seminal vesicles: 70% of seminal volume
How does the embryo obtain adequate nutrition after implantation but before the formation of the placenta?
by digesting endometrial cells; The implanted trophoblast forms an outer layer called the syncytial trophoblast that invades and digests uterine cells.
The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both NOT examples of __________.
cells of the somatic mesoderm, which help to form the dermis of the skin venous shunts, which serve to bypass the liver sinusoids cells of the mesoderm that form the heart and blood vessels
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?
chorion
Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.
colostrum
In cervical cancer, which cancer cells that cover the cervical tip are NOT most likely to be abnormal?
columnar epithelial cells cuboidal epithelial cells transitional epithelial cells
Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus?
constipation, chronic coughing, obesity & All of the listed responses are correct.
Which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum secretion
During a cesarean section, an incision is made through all EXCEPT which of the following?
decidua basalis; The decidua basalis is the term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. C-sections are usually performed in the lower abodmino-pelvic region. Recall that the placenta is normally attached in the upper portion of the uterus.
Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy?
decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes; The cilia within the fallopian tubes function to move an ovulated oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.
Effects of estrogen DO NOT include ________.
deepening of the voice growth of the larynx increased oiliness of the skin
Erection of the penis DOES NOT result from ________.
dilation of the veins in the penis, a sympathetic activation of bulbospongiosus muscles, & parasympathetic activation of the bulbourethral glands
Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more?
dilation stage
Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
ductus arteriosus-ligamentum teres
At what stage of labor is the baby essentially facing sideways (in reference to the mother)?
early dilation; the widest dimension of the baby's head is in a left-right line, or facing to the mother's side.
Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation. This drug is NOT an example of a(n) ________.
endocrine disruptor carcinogen neurotoxin
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.
enhancement of labor contractions
Gene mutations in the X chromosome would NOT tend to become visibly expressed ________.
equally frequently in both sexes more frequently in females in neither males nor females
Which of the following tend(s) to initiate Braxton Hicks contractions, or "false labor"?
estrogens A rise in the release of estrogens from the placenta tends to suppress progesterone's calming effects on uterine muscle, producing relatively weak Braxton Hicks contractions, or "false labor."
Because of the increased bulkiness of the anterior abdomen and the change in a pregnant woman's center of gravity, what type of spinal curvature do many pregnant women develop?
excessive lordosis of the lumbar spine; Lordosis of the lumbar spine can become exaggerated in pregnancy.
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
expulsion stage
At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?
fertilization
Under normal circumstances, what method leads to water intake?
food, metabolism, & beverages
Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs?
foramen ovale The foramen ovale is a direct passage through the interatrial septum, so blood may bypass the nonfunctional lungs. It closes at birth.
Which of the following is a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
foramen ovale-fossa ovalis ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligaments
In the newborn, the foramen ovale transitions to a wall-like depression called the ____
fossa ovalis
The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ________ stage.
gastrula
Primary germ layers are formed while the embryo is in the __________ stage of development.
gastrula; The gastrula refers to the stage of development during which gastrulation occurs. This process involves the migration of cells through the primitive streak to form the three primary germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Which of the following is incurable?
genital herpes
Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is NOT stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?
gonadotropin inhibin prolactin
Effects of estrogen include ________.
growth of the breasts at puberty
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would NOT ________.
have impaired function of interstitial cells be impotent (unable to have an erection) not develop secondary sex characteristics
Which of the choices below is a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
hypothalamus interstitial cells anterior pituitary gland
If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?
in about 10 days
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.
in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
The role of ADH is to __________.
increase water reabsorption; at the collecting ducts in the kidneys.
Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues?
infants (myriad problems)
The mammary glands are classified as being part of which of the following systems?
integumentary system; Mammary glands are part of the integumentary system. It is disputed whether they developed from sweat glands (the most common belief) or sebaceous glands.
The concentration of bicarbonate ions are highest in ____
interstitial fluid
The concentration of potassium ions, phosphate ions, and protein anions are highest in _____
intracellular fluid
In which compartment of the body is the majority of water stored?
intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment; holds about 62.5% of the body's water, or 40% of the body's total weight, making it the largest of the three compartments.
The majority of the fluid in the body is the __________.
intracellular fluid; makes up about 40% of the body weight and comprises over half of the fluid in the body.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________.
involves FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis DOES NOT ________.
involves positive feedback control of spermatogenesis involves posterior pituitary release of two regulating hormones involves the release of testosterone from the anterior pituitary
The pH scale __________.
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; ranges from 0 to 14, is a logarithmic scale
Which organs are most important for the long-term regulation of acid-base homeostasis?
kidneys; regulate pH over long-term time periods.
Which is a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline vesicular follicle growth development of endometrial cells
After birth, the ductus arteriosus becomes the ___
ligamentum arteriosum
After birth, the umbilical vein will become the ____
ligamentum teres
The fetal ductus venosus will form the __ in the newborn
ligamentum venosum
During a cesarean section, an incision is made through all which of the following?
linea alba, perimetrium, superficial fascia
As pregnancy continues, the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity, possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.
lordosis
Which hormone is most responsible for triggering ovulation?
luteinizing hormone (LH) Estrogen levels increase during the follicular phase, which triggers a surge of LH. This surge of LH triggers ovulation.
The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________.
maintaining HCO3 - balance Excretion of bicarbonate is a long-term mechanism that the kidneys contribute to acid-base regulation.
The umbilical arteries in the fetus become the ____ in the newborn.
median umbilical ligaments
The constancy of the chromosome number for an organism from one generation to the next is maintained through ________.
meiosis
Which of these meiosis stages is functionally the most similar to mitosis?
meiosis II; Meiosis II is fundamentally identical to mitosis. Prophase II, anaphase II, metaphase II, and telophase II have the same events as their corresponding stages in mitosis.
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?
metabolic acidosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation the low bicarbonate indicates this is a metabolic acidosis. Since CO2 is below the normal range, this indicates there is a respiratory compensation.
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation with the loss of bicarbonate ions, this is a metabolic acidosis. If compensated, it would be a respiratory compensation.
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation; this is known as a ketosis (due to the breakdown of fat for metabolism), and the respiratory system would increase respiration to compensate for the excess hydrogen ions.
A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation since HCO3¯ is 30 (above the normal range of 22 to 26 mEq/L), this is definitely a metabolic alkalosis. There is no respiratory compensation since CO2 is within the normal range.
Which acid-base imbalance would NOT be caused by over accumulation of CO2 in the blood?
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic acidosis
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
metabolic alkalosis; ingestion of an antacid would increase the bicarbonate, causing a metabolic alkalosis.
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
metabolic alkalosis; loss of HCL acid from the stomach would cause a metabolic alkalosis.
A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?
milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10; Excess acid can be buffered by the addition of an alkaline or base.
The constancy of the chromosome number for an organism from one generation to the next is NOT maintained through ________.
mitosis, cytokinesis, DNA synthesis
When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, _________.
more carbonic acid is formed
Gene mutations in the X chromosome would tend to become visibly expressed ________.
more frequently in males
Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?
nitrogen
Increased levels of which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism driving increased water intake?
osmolality of extracellular fluid; Increasing osmolality of ECF stimulates the hypothalamic thirst center by both increasing dry mouth and directly activating osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
Under normal circumstances, what method does NOT lead to water intake?
osmosis; only describes the conditions that dictate the water movement across membranes. Osmosis does not describe any measurable water intake during normal circumstances.
At what point is meiosis II incomplete for the female gamete?
ovulation puberty implantation
The umbilical vein carries blood that is rich in __________ from the placenta to the fetus.
oxygen The umbilical cord is comprised of the umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries. Lending to knowledge from the cardiovascular system and a comparison of veins and arteries: Arteries take blood away from the heart and veins return blood back to the heart. Here, the umbilical vessels are in relationship to the fetus; therefore, the umbilical vein transports oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-poor blood from the fetus to the placenta.
Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?
oxytocin
Which of the following blood workups would most likely demonstrate metabolic acidosis?
pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3 -: 20 mEq/L The pH indicates acidosis, but the PCO2 is low. The cause is not likely to be respiratory acidosis. The HCO3 - concentration indicates that the cause here would be metabolic acidosis.
Which of the following blood workups would most likely NOT demonstrate metabolic acidosis?
pH: 7.55; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3 -: 20 mEq/L pH: 7.50; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3 -: 30 mEq/L pH: 7.33; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3 -: 30 mEq/L
The __________ develop into the female duct system.
paramesonephric ducts
If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place?
passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra; Since the ductus (vas) deferens is severed during a vasectomy, sperm cells can no longer pass from the epididymis to the penis.
If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can still take place?
passage of sperm cells from the rete testes to the epididymis duct passage of sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testes passage of sperm cells from the epididymis duct to the epididymis tail
A patient with trichomoniasis, if they have any symptoms at all, will NOT most likely exhibit which of the following?
pink rash all over the body sterility painful lesions on the genitals
At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?
placental
Which of the following DOES NOT serve(s) as the direct trigger to begin the more vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor?
placental estrogen, progesterone, relaxin
During what stage is the afterbirth delivered?
placental stage; The uterus will expel the placenta, or afterbirth, within 30 minutes after expulsion of the baby.
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.
placental tissue
Which type of inheritance involves genes located on autosomal chromosomes?
polygene inheritance multiple-allele inheritance incomplete dominance inheritance
When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________.
positive feedback
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
potassium
H+ crosses the apical membrane by:
primary active transport & secondary active transport, in exchange for Na+
Which of the following is considered a role of primary sex organs?
production of sex hormones two main roles: production of the gametes and production of the sex hormones
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels.
progesterone
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
prolactin
Which hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk in nursing mothers?
prolactin; Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands of the nursing mother to produce milk. After birth, the infant's suckling stimulates release of prolactin-releasing factors in the mother, encouraging continued milk production.
Genetic variation of individual chromosomes occurs during __________.
prophase I; During prophase I, genetic recombination can occur as arms of homologous chromosomes become spliced with one another.
Which of the following serve(s) as the direct trigger to begin the more vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor?
prostaglandins; Prostaglandin release from the placenta in response to oxytocin serves as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor.
Which of these empties materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?
prostate, seminal gland & ductus (vas) deferens
Which of the following is a chemical buffer system?
protein, bicarbonate, & phosphate
The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________.
pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs The most oxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart. Normally blood from the right side of the heart is supplied to the lungs for oxygenation. Because this does not need to happen, this oxygenated blood is shunted to the left atrium or directly to the aorta.
If an untrained person induces an abortion and severely punctures the posterior vaginal wall, there is a potential risk of the puncture wound extending onward into the wall of the ______.
rectum The uterus is located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder.
Which of the following conditions might NOT contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy?
reduced blood flow to the ovaries reduced number of granulosa cells decreased rate of formation of vesicular follicles
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________.
relax the pubic symphysis
Oxytocin ________.
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
renal system; By altering the reabsorption and excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions, the kidneys control the pH of body fluids.
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.
respiratory acidosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation Since pCO2 is above the normal range, it is the cause of the acidosis. HCO3 −− is increased to compensate, which is a metabolic compensation.
Starvation would NOT cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation, metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation, & respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 −− and excrete H+ a patient with emphysema would retain CO2
Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by over accumulation of CO2 in the blood?
respiratory acidosis; occurs during periods of hypoventilation. This allows CO2 to build up in the lungs, lowering blood pH and increasing PCO2.
Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?
respiratory alkalosis
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3; during hyperventilation caused by severe anxiety, carbonic acid is excreted from the lungs in the form of CO2, thus causing an alkalosis. Kidneys would compensate by excreting HCO3.
Severe anxiety would NOT cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would retain HCO3 metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation by the lungs respiratory acidosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
HCO3- crosses the basolateral membrane by:
secondary active transport, in exchange for Cl- & secondary active transport, coupled with Na+
Which of the following is NOT considered a role of primary sex organs?
secretions for copulation, copulation, and site of fertilization
Which of the following structures produces the greatest amount of the secretions found in semen?
seminal glands; account for some 70% of semen volume and function to increase sperm motility and fertilizing ability.
Which of the following is/are NOT contained within the spermatic cord?
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, & rete testis
Which type of inheritance involves genes not located on autosomal chromosomes?
sex-linked inheritance; Inherited traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes are said to be sex-linked.
In cervical cancer, which cancer cells that cover the cervical tip are most likely to be abnormal?
squamous epithelial cells very permeable and are found in tissues where filtration or the exchange of substances is a priority.
The __________ is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________.
stratum functionalis; stratum basalis The stratum functionalis is shed as the spiral arteries retract into the stratum basalis. The stratum basalis then regenerates the functional layer back onto the basal layer.
Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation. This drug is an example of a(n) ________.
teratogen
Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord?
testicular arteries and veins cord contains the testicular arteries and veins as well as associated nerves, lymphatics, and the ductus deferens.
Which hormone promotes the formation of male secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair; enhanced hair growth on the chest; and a deepening voice?
testosterone
Which of the following hormones does NOT control the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
testosterone FSH LH
Which of the choices below is NOT a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
thalamus
During spermiogenesis ________.
the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization
Which body system of a pregnant woman shows the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?
the cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system has to increase its transport capabilities in order to supply the fetus with nutrients during development.
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.
the control of respiratory ventilation
menstruation does NOT occur when ________.
the corpus luteum secretes estrogen blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase blood levels of FSH fall off
Which embryonic structure DOES NOT produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
the cytotrophoblast the epiblast the hypoblast
During which of the following stages does the amnion rupture, an event also known as the mother's "water breaking"?
the dilation stage; During dilation, increasing pressure of the baby's head on the amnion ruptures the amnion and releases amniotic fluid.
Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________.
the follicular phase
The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill," contains an estrogen and progesterone, or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones, taken in the pill and circulating in the blood, works because ________.
the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation
Which of the following glands are responsible for producing 70% of semen volume?
the seminal vesicles
Which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
the syncytiotrophoblast
Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.
they have the same number of chromosomes
What is NOT the function of meiosis?
to produce cells with double the chromosome number of the original cell, to produce genetically identical cells through the two nuclear divisions, to produce four cells, each with identical chromosomes
What is the function of meiosis?
to produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium Sperm and egg cells have half the chromosome number of the spermatogonium or oogonium. This is necessary so that they can combine to form a 2n zygote.
A pregnant woman with preeclampsia becomes edematous and hypertensive. An effective way to treat these symptoms might be ______.
to use drugs that cause systemic vasodilatation; Blood pressure is directly affected by blood vessel diameter.
A pregnant woman with preeclampsia becomes edematous and hypertensive. An effective way to treat these symptoms might NOT be ______.
to use drugs that increase capillary permeability to use drugs that increase albumin secretion by the liver
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
true
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
true
Which fetal vessels or shunts will become the medial umbilical ligaments in the newborn?
umbilical arteries In the newborn, the umbilical arteries close and form the medial umbilical ligaments.
Which of the following takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta?
umbilical vein The umbilical vein takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta, while the two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta.
Which gland is NOT matched with its type of secretion?
urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine The bulbourethral gland produces a clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine.
What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?
urine; accounts for 60% of water lost. This amount is regulated in the nephrons of the kidney.
Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.
uterine tubes
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.
uterine tubes
With respect to their role in fetal circulation, the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus are examples of a(n) _________________.
vascular shunt The concept of a vascular shunt is one that routes materials from one point to another, bypassing a particular area. In this case, the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus function to bypass blood from the developing fetal liver and lungs.
Which of the following chemicals should NOT be added to the solution at (b) in order to create a buffered solution that will resist pH change?
water, HCl, and additional H2CO3
A patient with trichomoniasis, if they have any symptoms at all, will most likely exhibit which of the following?
yellow-green vaginal discharge and strong odor
