Aatomy ad Physiology II

Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?

It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.

Which of these is NOT a property of the epithalamus?

It is the roof of the fourth ventricle.

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

Parkinson's disease.

The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

afferent

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaves the central nervous system (CNS) and enters the circulation at the __________.

arachnoid granulations

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

are local hyperpolarizations

The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________.

axon hillock

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the

axon hillock

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus

At a(n) ________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the postsynaptic membrane

chemical

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

In order to communicate with multiple cells at the same time, an axon may branch along its length, producing side branches called __________.

collaterals

The ________ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.

efferent

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the

interventricular foramen.

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

oligodendrocytes.

Which of these neurotransmitters does NOT bind to a plasma membrane receptor?

nitric oxide

Which neurotransmitter has widespread effects on a person's attention and emotional state?

serotonin

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

nodes of Ranvier.

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is

olfaction

A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called

the postsynaptic neuron

The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the

threshold

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the

vagus nerve.

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to

verbally identify an object placed in her left hand.

Which cranial nerve sends balance sensations to the brain?

vestibulocochlear

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the

septum pellucidum.

Following a head injury, Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to

Broca's area.

________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

Bell's palsy

Tony hit his head in a car accident. The physicians diagnosed him with a subdural hemorrhage. Which of the following correctly states where the bleeding has occurred in his brain?

Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

Neuroglia

When you take a pain reliever, which of the following best describes, in general terms, how this affects the threshold of neurons?

Taking a pain reliever increases the threshold.

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

Wallerian

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus

are part of the limbic system

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.

association

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

astrocytes

When a person has a stroke, blood leaks into the brain tissue. Which type of neuroglia cells would make structural repairs to the damage?

astrocytes

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia

Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

calcium

Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division.

centrioles

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the

cerebellar cortex.

When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences?

cerebellum

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum.

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum

The pons is involved in all of the following EXCEPT __________.

control of food intake

A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called

depolarization

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes

depolarization.

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when

extra sodium ions enter a cell

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

falx cerebri.

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

glossopharyngeal and vagus

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory?

glutamate

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The medulla oblongata relays auditory stimuli to the

inferior colliculi.

Which type of ion channel is always open?

leak

The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the

limbic system.

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

microglia

The presence of ________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.

myelin

The primary somatosensory cortex is found on the __________.

postcentral gyrus

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

prefrontal cerebral cortex.

Rapid impulse conduction from "node" to "node" is called

saltatory propagation

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated

spatial summation.

Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease.

substantia nigra

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the

superior and inferior colliculi

The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the

synapse

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

telodendria